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GULÂMU SA‘LEB Skip to content Ebû Ömer ez-Zâhid Muhammed b. Abdilvâhid b. Ebî Hişâm el-Bağdâdî el-Bâverdî (ö. 345/957)
Lugat ve hadis âlimi.
261 (874-75) yılında Bağdat’ta doğdu. Aslen Horasan bölgesinin Bâverd şehrinden olduğu için Bâverdî nisbesiyle, bir müddet nakış işi yaptığı için Mutarriz lakabıyla, dünya malına değer vermediğinden dolayı Zâhid unvanıyla anılır. Kendi adını unutturan Gulâmu Sa‘leb (Sa‘leb’in oğlu) lakabını ise hocası Sa‘leb’le uzun süren beraberliği ve yakın dostluğu sebebiyle almıştır.
Çocukluğu ve ilk eğitimiyle ilgili fazla bilgi yoktur. Tahsiline Bağdat’ta başlayan Gulâmu Sa‘leb, gençlik yıllarından itibaren mesleğini bırakarak kendini tamamen ilme verdi. Dönemin en tanınmış iki dil âlimi olan Kûfeli Sa‘leb ile onun rakibi Basralı Müberred’e talebe oldu. İlk hocası Sa‘leb’den çok şey öğrendi; ondan nakillerde bulundu ve kitaplarını rivayet etti. Ayrıca Mûsâ b. Sehl el-Veşşâ, İbrâhim b. Heysem el-Beledî, Ahmed b. Saîd el-Cemmâl ve Bişr b. Mûsâ el-Esedî gibi âlimler de hocaları arasında zikredilmektedir.
Gulâmu Sa‘leb bir süre devlet adamlarının çocuklarına hocalık yaptı. Bu arada kâtipler başta olmak üzere birçok önemli sima kendisinden özellikle hocası Sa‘leb’in eserlerini okudu. Ders almak üzere gelenlere, Muâviye’ye olan sevgisinden dolayı yazdığı Feżâʾilü Muʿâviye adlı eserini okumalarını şart koştuğu rivayet edilir (İbnü’l-Kıftî, III, 172). Kaynaklarda öğrencisi ve eserlerinin râvisi olarak geçen otuza yakın isim arasında Ebû Ali el-Hâtimî, Ebû Ali el-Kālî, İbn Hâleveyh, Ebû Ubeydullah el-Merzübânî ve Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî gibi ilim adamları bulunmaktadır.
9 Zilkade 345 (12 Şubat 957) tarihinde Bağdat’ta vefat eden Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in kabrinin Ma‘rûf-i Kerhî’nin mezarının karşısında olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ebü’l-Abbas el-Yeşkürî’nin onun ilmî başarılarını öven bir kasidesi vardır (Yâkūt, XVIII, 233-234).
Bağdat gibi önemli bir ilim ve kültür merkezinde bulunma fırsatını çok iyi değerlendiren Gulâmu Sa‘leb bu şehrin önde gelen âlimleri arasında yer almış, hem Basra hem de Kûfe âlimleriyle irtibatı ve özellikle Sa‘leb gibi güçlü bir dil âlimine talebe olması sebebiyle kıraat, tefsir, hadis, dil ve edebiyat gibi çeşitli ilimlerde ilerleme imkânı bulmuş ve kısa zamanda şöhrete kavuşmuştur.
Gulâmu Sa‘leb samimi bir dindar, dürüst bir âlim, sorumluluk duygusu taşıyan ve öğrencilerinin çeşitli meseleleriyle yakından ilgilenen fedakâr bir insandı. Devamlı şekilde ilimle meşgul olduğu için geçimini sağlayacak imkânları elde edememiş ve sıkıntı içinde yaşamış, buna rağmen eline geçen parayı başkalarıyla paylaşmaktan geri durmamıştır. Onun meşhur sözlerinden biri de şudur: “Dostların hakkını gözetmemek insanı küçültür; onların hakkını vermek ise insanı yüceltir. Allah’a şükrederek dostların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya gayret ediniz ki mükâfatını göresiniz.”
Güçlü hâfızaya sahip sika râviler arasında yer alan Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in ezberinden yazdırdığı kitaplarının binlerce sayfayı bulduğu kaydedilir. Onun güçlü hâfızası bazı kimseleri tereddüde sevketmiş, hatta her sorulana cevap vermesinden dolayı onu yalancılıkla suçlayanlar da olmuştur. Söylediklerinin doğru olup olmadığını anlamak için kendisini denemek üzere çeşitli konularda soru soranlar, uzunca bir aradan sonra aynı soruları tekrar sorduklarında aynı cevapları almışlardır. Hadisçilerin Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in güvenilir bir râvi olduğunu ortaya koymuş olması dil ve edebiyattaki güvenilirliğine de kesinlik kazandırmakta, onu yalancılıkla itham etmenin ise tamamen kıskançlıktan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Bazı kaynaklar Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in Emevî taraftarı olduğunu ve Feżâ’ilü Muʿâviye adlı eserini Muâviye hayranlığından dolayı yazdığını belirtmekteyse de onun bu kitabı, yaşadığı ikinci Abbâsî döneminde Arap unsurunun geri planda kaldığını görmesi üzerine, Muâviye’nin Araplar’ı hak ettikleri yere getiren Emevî Devleti’nin kurucusu olması sebebiyle yazdığı da ifade edilmektedir. Feżâ’ilü Muʿâviye ’nin hem Hz. Ali ve evlâdına hem de Muâviye’ye karşı aşırı sevgiye ve aşırı hücum ve iftiralara reddiye niteliğini taşıması bu kanaati doğrulamakta, aynı zamanda Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in cesaret ve insaf sahibi bir âlim olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan Gulâmu Sa‘leb’i İmâmiyye Şîası’na nisbet edenler varsa da bu iddia inandırıcı hiçbir belgeye dayanmamaktadır (Gulâmu Sa‘leb, Fâʾitü’l-Faṣîḥ [nşr. Muhammed Abdülkādir Ahmed], nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 15-16).
Fazla şiiri bulunmayan Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in kaynaklardaki bazı beyitlerinden güçlü bir şair olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Eserleri. Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in kaynaklarda zikredilen eserlerinin sayısı otuzdan fazla ise de bunların çoğunun mevcudiyeti bilinmemektedir. Günümüze ulaşan eserleri şunlardır:
1. el-ʿAşerât fî ġarîbi’l-luġa . Arapça’da az kullanılan (nâdir) kelimelere dair bir eser olup altmış babdan ibarettir. Her babın on kelime ihtiva etmesi düşünülmüşse de mevcut şekliyle bazı bablarda daha az kelime bulunduğu görülmektedir. Ebû Abdullah el-Kazzâz (ö. 412/1021) tarafından tamamlanan eseri Yahyâ Abdürraûf Cebr yayımlamıştır (Amman 1984).
2. Kitâbü Fâʾiti’l-Faṣîḥ . Müellif bu eserini, hocası Sa‘leb’in yanlış kullanılan kelimelere dair yazdığı el-Faṣîḥ’i tamamlamak üzere kaleme almış, onda bulunmayan bazı kelimelerle, bazı babları eserine eklemiş ve hatalı gördüğü yerleri düzeltmiştir. Kitâbü Fâʾiti’l-Faṣîḥ , Muhammed Abdülkādir Ahmed tarafından önce bir dergide (MMMA [Kahire] , XIX [1973], s. 309-337), ardından da müstakil kitap olarak neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1406/1986). Eseri ayrıca Abdülazîz Matar da yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1976).
3. Kitâbü’l-Müdâḫal (el-Müdâḫalât ). Bir çeşit sözlük olan, “müselsel” ve “müşeccer” diye de bilinen bu tür eserlerde (Ahmed eş-Şerkāvî İkbâl, s. 341) her bab bir kelimeyle başlar, bu kelime bir başkasıyla açıklanır ve bu şekilde devam edilerek kelime sayısı 100’e tamamlanır. Genellikle her babın son kelimesiyle ilgili olarak şiirden bir örnek verilir. Otuz babdan meydana gelen ve müellifi tarafından Ḥallü’l-Müdâḫal (ʿİlelü’l-Müdâḫal ) adıyla şerhedilen eseri ilk defa Abdülazîz el-Meymenî (MMİADm. , IX [1929], s. 449-460, 532-544, 601-616), daha sonra da Muhammed Abdülcevâd (Kahire 1956, 1958) neşretmiştir.
4. Kitâbü Yevm ve leyle fi’l-luġa ve’l-ġarîb (Kitâbü’l-Yevm ve’l-leyle ve’ş-şehr ve’s-sene ve’d-dehr ). Gündüz, gece, aylar, haftanın günleri ve seneyle ilgili kelimeleri bir araya getiren eser Muhammed Cebbâr el-Mu‘aybid tarafından yayımlanmıştır (MMMA [Kahire] , XXIV/2 [1978], s. 229-338).
5. Yâḳūtetü’ṣ-ṣırâṭ fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾân . Müellifin günümüze ulaşmayan Kitâbü’l-Yevâḳīt ’inin bir bölümü olduğu sanılan eserin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde iki nüshası bulunmaktadır (Lâleli, nr. 255/4, vr. 57a -76b ; Reşid Paşa, nr. 348/3, vr. 46a -74b ). Kaynaklarda el-Yâḳūtetü fî ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla zikredilen eserin de bu kitabın veya Kitâbü’l-Yevâḳīt ’in bir bölümü yahut aynı olması muhtemeldir.
6. Cüzʾ min rivâyeti Ebî ʿÖmer ez-Zâhid Ġulâmi S̱aʿleb fi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’l-edeb . The Chester Beatty Library’de bulunan eseri (nr. 3495/10, vr. 95a -109a ) A. J. Arberry yayımlamıştır (MMİADm. , XXIV [1949], s. 234-243, 372-384). Eserin üçüncü cüzü Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de bulunmaktadır (Mecmua, nr. 16, vr. 18a -88a ).
7. Kitâbü’l-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd . İki varaklık bir bölümü Rabat’ta mevcuttur (el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 100/8).
Bunlardan başka kaynaklarda Gulâmu Sa‘leb’e nisbet edilen bazı eserler de vardır (Sezgin, VIII, 155-158). 1. Kitâbü’l-Yevâḳīt (el-Yâḳūte veya el-Yâḳūt ). İrticâlen yazdırdığı eserlerinden olup daha sonra buna el-Miḥrâbiyye adıyla bir zeyil yazmıştır.
2. Kitâbü’l-Müstaḥsen . Bu esere de Fâʾitü’l-Müstaḥsen adıyla ilâvede bulunmuştur.
3. Fâʾitü’l-ʿAyn . Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn ’ına zeyildir.
4. Fâʾitü’l-Cemhere . İbn Düreyd’in el-Cemhere adlı sözlüğüne yaptığı ilâveleri ve tenkitlerini ihtiva etmektedir.
5. Şerḥu Kitâbi’l-Faṣîḥ . Sa‘leb’in el-Faṣîḥ ’inin şerhidir.
6. el-Mücâlesât . Sa‘leb’in el-Mecâlis adlı eserinin kendi rivayetiyle gelmiş bir bölümü olması muhtemeldir.
7. en-Nevâdir .
8. Mâ enkerethü’l-aʿrâb ʿalâ Ebî ʿUbeyd fîmâ revâhü ev ṣannefehû .
9. Tefsîru esmâʾi’ş-şuʿarâʾ (Ġarîbü esmâʾi’ş-şuʿarâʾ ).
10. Kitâbü Ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ maʿa şürûḥ ʿalâ Müsnedi İbn Ḥanbel . Hadis kitaplarındaki garîb kelimelere dair daha sonra yazılan eserlere örnek olmuştur (bk. GARÎBÜ’l-HADÎS ).
11. Kitâbü’l-İcâzât . Bir hadis kitabı olduğu kaydedilen bu eserden Radıyyüddin İbn Tâvûs el-İḫtiyârât min kitâbi Ebî ʿÖmer ez-Zâhid fi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla seçmeler yapmıştır.
Ayrıca lugata dair birer risâle olduğu sanılan şu eserleri de zikredilmektedir: Kitâbü’l-Mercân , Kitâbü’l-Müveşşaḥ (el-Mûḍiḥ ), Kitâbü’t-Tüffâḥa , Kitâbü’l-Meknûn ve’l-mektûm , el-ʿAsel ve’n-naḥl , es-Sâʿât , el-Büyûʿ , eş-Şûrâ .
Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in Kitâbü’l-Ḳabâʾil adlı bir eserinin olduğu ve bunun VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda Halep kütüphanelerinden birinde yazmasının bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir (a.g.e. , VIII, 158).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Gulâmu Sa‘leb, Fâʾitü’l-Faṣîḥ (nşr. M. Abdülkādir Ahmed), Kahire 1406/1986, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 7-39.
a.mlf., el-ʿAşerât fî ġarîbi’l-luġa (nşr. Yahyâ Abdürraûf Cebr), Amman 1984, nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 5-20.
a.mlf., Kitâbü Yevm ve leyle fi’l-luġa ve’l-ġarîb (nşr. M. Cebbâr el-Muaybid, MMMA [Kahire] , XXIV/2 [1978] içinde), neşredenin girişi, s. 231-236.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Şüveymî) , s. 340-345.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , II, 356-359.
Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ (nşr. İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî), Zerkā 1405/1985, s. 206-210.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XVIII, 226-234.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , III, 171-177.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , IV, 329-333.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XV, 508-513.
Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , I, 164-166.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1273, 1903, 1980, 2053-2054.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , II, 370-371.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 123-124; Suppl. , I, 183-184.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , X, 266-267.
Sezgin, GAS , VII, 354-355; VIII, 154-158; IX, 147-148.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 448-450.
K. Avvâd, Aḳdemü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye fî mektebâti’l-ʿâlem , Bağdad 1982, s. 225.
Ahmed eş-Şerkāvî İkbâl, Muʿcemü’l-meʿâcim , Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 341-342.
Abdülazîz el-Meymenî, “Ebû ʿÖmer ez-Zâhid”, MMİADm. , IX (1929), s. 601-616.
Ch. Pellat, “G̲h̲ulām T̲h̲aʿlab”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 1093.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 188-189 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.