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GÜLBANK Skip to content Tarikat meclislerinde, bazı dinî ve resmî törenlerde belli bir makam veya eda ile okunan dua.
Farsça’da “gül sesi” mânasına gelen kelimeye sözlüklerde birbirine yakın anlamlar verilmiştir. Dihhudâ, gülbâm ile gülbang in Farsça’da aynı mânaya geldiğine işaret ettikten sonra “coşkulu bir şekilde yüksek sesle bağırma, savaş esnasında askerlerin attığı nâra, bülbül sesi, müjde, bir makam adı” olarak kullanılışlarına dair birçok örnek vermektedir (Luġatnâme , XXIII, 354). Mütercim Âsım gülbangi, “Mehterler nevbete başlarken ve selâtîn ü vüzerâ süvâr olurken çavuşlar yek-dehen demsâz olurlar” şeklinde “alkış”a yakın olarak tarif eder (Burhân-ı Kātı‘ Tercümesi , II, 111). Türkçe sözlüklerde kelimeye, “bir cemaat tarafından bir ağızdan makamla çağrılan dua ve sürûd ve âhenk veya tekbir ve tehlîl; vaktiyle mektebe yeni başlayan çocuğun hânesi kapısının önünde mektep çocuklarının ettikleri dua” (Kāmûs-ı Türkî , s. 1175); “âyinlerde ve bazı merasimde müteaddit adamlar tarafından dua ve alkış tarzında hep bir ağızdan bağrışma” (Türk Lugatı , IV, 103) gibi karşılıklar verilmiştir. Gülbank okunması için daha çok “gülbank çekme” deyimi yaygındır.
Gülbank kelimesi Türk edebiyatında bu anlamların yanında başka mânalarda da kullanılmıştır. Nef‘î’nin, “Tuta dünyâyı hep gülbang-i kûs-ı nusret âvâzı” mısraında gülbank “zafer havaları vuran kös sesi, zafer nârası” anlamındadır. “Hükm-i âsafla arşı aldı erbâb-ı salâh / İşitip gülbang-i İslâm’ı adû etti enîn” (Sürûrî) beytinde şair gülbank kelimesini tekbir ve tehlîl yerine kullanmıştır. Yahya Kemal’in bir mehter marşı olarak bestelenen “Yeniçeriye Gazel” adlı şiirinde yer alan, “Vur pençe-î Alî’deki şemşîr aşkına / Gülbangi âsumânı tutan pîr aşkına” beytinde ise “dua ve zikir” anlamındadır. Şeyh Galib’in bir na‘tındaki, “Gülbang-i kudûmün çekilir arş-ı Hudâ’da / Esmâ-i şerîfin anılır arz u semâda” beytinde Hz. Peygamber’in adının arş ve semada yankılanması gülbank kelimesiyle ifade edilmiştir. Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında ezan için ayrıca “gülbang-i Muhammedî” ve “gülbang-i müselmânî” tamlamaları kullanılmaktadır (Dihhudâ, XXIII, 355).
Gülbankler yapılacak işin hayırlı, uğurlu olması veya sağlık, esenlik, başarı dileğiyle ve kalıplaşmış bir ifade tarzıyla Allah’a yalvarıp yakarmayı dile getiren dua metinleridir. Osmanlı cemiyet hayatında çeşitli toplantılar yanında dinî törenlerde, özellikle tarikat âyinlerinde okunan birbirinden farklı gülbank metinlerinin en belirgin vasıfları, dualar gibi seci ve iç kafiyelerin de yardımıyla ve belli bir eda ile yüksek sesle okunmaya elverişli melodik bir yapıya sahip bulunmalarıdır. Gülbankler, genellikle bitirilen işin ardından gülbank çekmekle görevli kişi tarafından okunur.
“Terceman” kelimesi de zaman zaman gülbank ile eş anlamlı olarak kullanılır. Ancak terceman ile gülbank arasındaki en önemli fark tercemanın yatağa girildiğinde, uykudan kalkıldığında, tıraş olurken, yeni ay görüldüğünde, bir kabir veya türbe ziyareti esnasında bir kişi tarafından okunabilmesidir. Gülbank ise topluca yapılan bir merasim sırasında belirli bir âdâb içinde şeyh, dede, baba veya bu işle görevli kişilerce çekilir. Genellikle Türkçe olan ve daha çok Bektaşîler’le fütüvvet ehli arasında yaygın olan tercemanların bilhassa manzum olanlarının bir kısmının müellifi belli olduğu halde gülbankler anonimdir. İsmail Erünsal’ın özel kütüphanesinde bulunan yazma bir cönkte “dâr, tâc, vudû, gusül, ikrar, vedâ, eşik, çamaşır, post, meydan, teslim, niyaz, tîğ-bend, ziyâret-i türbe, tevbe, su, lokma, yatak, çırağ, hak, hayırlı” başlıkları altında yirmi bir terceman metniyle bir sabah gülbangi yer almaktadır (fotokopisi için bk. İSAM Ktp., nr. 40701).
Osmanlı hayatında gülbank okuma geleneğinin gelişip yayılmasında tekkelerin ve tasavvuf erbabının önemli tesiri olmuştur. Doğum, ad koyma, sünnet olma, mektebe başlama, tarikata giren yeni dervişe arakıyye giydirme, evlenme gibi törenlerde ve cenazelerde bir şeyh veya hoca efendi tarafından gülbank okunurdu.
Mevleviyye, Bektaşiyye ve Halvetiyye’nin bazı kollarının yanı sıra Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda da gülbank okunması yaygın bir âdetti. Fütüvvet ehli esnaf arasında yapılan yâran toplantılarıyla çıraklık, kalfalık, ustalık gibi esnaf teşkilâtı merasimlerinde de gülbangin önemli bir yeri vardı. Yeniçeri gülbanklerinin bir örneği mehter törenleriyle günümüze ulaşmıştır.
Gülbank metinleri genellikle Türkçe’dir. Mevlevî gülbanklerinin baş tarafında bazan Mes̱nevî ’den seçilmiş beyitler yanında nâdir olarak da Arapça ibareler yer alır (örnekler için bk. Gölpınarlı, Mevlevî Âdâb ve Erkânı , s. 104, 127, 130). Çok uzun gülbank metinleri bulunduğu gibi birkaç cümleden ibaret olanlar da vardır. Gülbankler daima “Allah Allah illallah, Allah Allah eyvallah, bism-i şâh Allah Allah” gibi kalıplaşmış bir ifade içinde tekrar edilen “Allah” lafzı ile başlamaktadır. Gülbank, hangi işin ardından çekilecekse ona işaret eden bir veya birkaç cümle ile devam eder, arkasından klasik dua cümleleri yer alır ki bu kısım gülbangin en uzun bölümünü teşkil eder. Nihayet Hz. Peygamber ve Hz. Ali’nin adlarıyla, gülbank çekenin bağlı olduğu tarikat silsilesinin önde gelen bazı şeyhleri, özellikle de son şeyhin ismi anılır. Bu kişilerden medet ve himmet talep edilmesinin ardından gülbank, “Demine devranına hû diyelim” sözüyle sona erer. Dinleyenlerin bir ağızdan yüksek sesle “hû” diyerek karşılık vermesiyle gülbank çekme işi tamamlanır. Bu son “hû” nefes yettiğince uzatılır. Mevlevîler’de gülbank çekilirken hazır bulunanlar sonuna kadar sessizce dinler ve sadece son “hû”ya iştirak ederler. Bektaşî ve Alevîler’de ise gülbank çekme sırasında muhib ve dervişler niyaz vaziyeti alırlar, yani ayakta bulunanlar ayağını “mühürler”, ellerini niyaz vaziyetinde tutarlar; oturanlar sağ ellerinin parmak uçlarını sol ellerinin parmak uçları üstüne koyacak şekilde yere değdirip üzerine secde eder ve gülbank sonuna kadar bu durumda kalırlar; gülbank bitince “hû” diyerek niyazdan kalkarlar. Ayrıca bu esnada belli bir âhenk ile “Allah Allah” diye zikrederek gülbange iştirak ederler. Diğer tarikatlarda dervişler, secde durumunda “Allah Allah” diye zikredip gülbank çekmeye katılırlar.
Mevlevî tarikatında çok önemli yeri olan gülbanklere dair çeşitli bilgiler bu konuda yazılmış âdâb ve erkân kitaplarında mevcuttur. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Mevlevî Âdâb ve Erkânı adlı eserinde (s. 127, 130) sımat/somat (sofra-yemek), aşure, seyahat, şeb-i arûs, zifaf, hatim, eşik, seyahat ve cenazeye dair çeşitli gülbank metinleri vermiştir. İsm-i celâl zikrinden sonra çekilen şu gülbank Mevlevî gülbangine örnek olarak verilebilir: “Vakt-i şerîf hayrola, hayırlar fethola, şerler defola, Allahü azîmüşşân ism-i zâtının nûru ile kalbimizi pür-nûr eyleye. Demler safâlar ziyâde ola. Dem-i Hazret-i Mevlânâ, sırr-ı Şems-i Tebrîzî, kerem-i İmâm-ı Alî hû diyelim hû!” Mevlevîlik’te önemli yeri bulunan şeb-i arûs töreninin sonunda şeyh efendi önce, “Bîşterâ bîşterâ cân-ı men / Peyk-i der-i hazret-i sultân-ı men” beytini, ardından da şu gülbangi okur: “Vakt-i şerîf hayrola, hayırlar fethola, şerler defola. Leyle-i arûs-ı rabbânî, vuslat-ı halvet-serâ-yi sübhânî hakk-ı akdes-i hüdâvendigârîde ân-be-ân vesîle-i i‘tilâ-yı makām ve füyûzât-ı rûhâniyyet-i aliyyeleri cümle peyrevânı hakkında şâmil ü âm ola. Dem-i Hazret-i Mevlânâ, sırr-ı Şems-i Tebrîzî, kerem-i İmâm-ı Alî, hû diyelim hû!”
Gülbank ve terceman bakımından en zengin malzemeye sahip olan Bektaşîlik’te hemen her tören için ayrı gülbankler tertip edilmiştir. İkrar, aşure, nevruz, çerağ, ad koyma, sünnet, lokma erkânı, sofra, gasil, cenaze, defin gülbankleri bunların belli başlılarıdır. Tarikata ait âdâb kitaplarıyla cönklerde pek çok örneği bulunan bu gülbanklerin bir kısmı, kısmen sadeleştirilip metin farklılıklarına da işaret edilerek Bedri Noyan tarafından Bektâşilik Alevîlik Nedir (Ankara 1987) adlı kitapta verilmiştir. Erkânın tamamlanmasından sonra okunan “büyük gülbank” (s. 268-273) karakteristik bir Bektaşî gülbangidir. Bu gülbangin hemen hemen aynı unsurları taşıyan kısa bir örneği şöyledir:
“Bism-i şâh, Allah Allah! Akşamlar hayrola, hayırlar fethola, şerler defola. Müminler ber-murâd ola, münkirler mâtola, münafıklar berbâd ola. Allah Allah! Demler dâim, cemler kāim, ibadetler sahih ve sâlim ola. Gönüller şâdola, meydanlar âbâd ola, meclisler küşâd ola. Allah Allah! Er Hak Muhammed Ali cümlemize muîn ve zahîr ve dest-gîr ola. On iki imam ve on dört ma‘sûm-ı pâkân efendilerimizin hayır himmetleri üzerlerimizde hâzır ve nâzır ola. Hemîşe iltifat-ı ulyâları ve rûhâniyyet-i aliyyeleri yâr ve yâverimiz ola. Çağırdığımız demde feryâd-reslerimiz ola. Muhabbetleri dâim ve kāim ola. Allah Allah! Nazar-ı şerîfleri zâhirlerimizi mâmur, bâtınlarımızı pür-nûr eyleye. Hazret-i Hakk-ı veliyy-i mutlak rütbe-i a‘lâları der-i sahrâ-yı mahşer bâ-şehîdân-ı Kerbelâ cümlemizi haşr ü cem‘ eyleye. Allah Allah! Tâcü’l-ârifîn, gavsü’l-vâsılîn, sultânü’l-âşıkīn, pîrimiz, üstâdımız, melce-i melâzımız Hz. Seyyid Muhammed Hünkâr Hacı Bektâş-i Veliyy-i Horasâniyyü’n-Nîşâbûrî -kaddese’llāhü sırrahü’l-âlî ve’l-celî- efendimiz hazretlerinin himmet-i ulyâları ve rûhâniyyet-i aliyyeleri üzerimizde sâyebân ola. Sülûkünde sâbit-kadem edip kötü işlerde bulundurmaya. Nâmerde muhtâç ettirmeye. Zevk-i vicdân, ilm ü irfân, kemâl-i hâl, fütûhât-ı kısmet kerem ve inâyet eyleye. Allah Allah! Mefhar-i ehl-i îmân Hazret-i Balım Sultan, Sarı İsmâil Sultan, Hacim Sultan, Seyyid Ali Sultan, Abdal Mûsâ Sultan, Kaygusuz Sultan, Şahkulu Sultan, Mansûr Baba Sultan ve gelmiş geçmiş dedebaba sultanlar ve bilhassa mürşid-i muhteremimizin (burada zamanın dedebabasının adı söylenir) himmetleri hâzır, kerâmetleri bâhir, velâyetleri nâzırımız ola. Her geldikçe hakkımızda hayırlısını ihsan eyleye. Güç işlerimizi âsan, müşkil işlerimizi halleyleye. Allah Allah! Nefeslerimizi keskin, tîğlerimizi bürran, dîdelerimizi bînâ, kalplerimizi musaffâ eyleye. Çerağ sahiplerinin çerağları rûşen ola. Hayır sahiplerinin hayrı kabûl ola. Kurban sahiplerinin kurbanları makbûl ola. Allah Allah! Deryada ve karada olan ehl-i îmân can kardeşlerimize sıhhat ve selâmet ihsân eyleye. Ve bu tarîk-ı aliyyeden güzerân eden ehl-i îmân canların rûh-ı revânları şâd ü handân ola. Allah Allah! Huccâc-ı müslimîne ve guzât-ı müsâfirîne hayırlı selâmet ihsân eyleye. Namazlarımız, niyazlarımız, erkânlarımız pesendîde-i bârigâh-ı kibriyâ ola. Hastalarımıza şifâ, borçlularımıza edâ, bi-gayri hakkın esir ve mahbus olanlarımıza hayırlısıyla halâs nasîb eyleyip gāib hazînesinden merzûk eyleye. İnâyet-i seyyid-i kâinat, sırr-ı Murtazâ Alî, dem-i pîr hünkâr Hacı Bektâş-i Velî ve çerâğ-ı kānûn-ı evliyâ ebed ola. Gerçek erenlerimizin demine, devrânına hû!”
Alevîlik’te de Bektaşîlik tesiriyle geliştiği anlaşılan benzer bir gülbank edebiyatından söz edilebilir. Ancak Alevî gülbankleri Bektaşîliğe göre kısa ve basit olup daha sade cümlelerden ibarettir.
Mehmet Yaman’ın Alevîlik hakkında yazdığı bir kitapta (bk. bibl.), bu zümrenin törenlerinde çekilen gülbanklerden bir kısmını dua adıyla anması ve metinleri sadeleştirip bazı ilâvelerde bulunması, geleneksel gülbank yapısına müdahale olarak dikkat çekicidir. Aynı müdahale yer yer Bedri Noyan’da da görülmektedir. Alevî gülbankleri, bazı terceman ve şiirler ilâvesiyle yeni yayımlanmış eserlerden derlenerek Ömer Uluçay tarafından Gülbang, Alevilikte Dua adıyla neşredilmiştir (Adana 1992).
Cehrî zikir yapan Halvetiyye, Kādiriyye, Rifâiyye gibi tarikatlarda da hemen hemen aynı vesilelerle yapılan merasimlerde benzer şekillerde kısa gülbankler çekilir. Gülbank çekmekte olduğu kadar zemin ve zamana metinler tanzim etmekteki kudretiyle de tanınan son Cerrâhî şeyhlerinden Muzaffer Ozak’ın verdiği sofra gülbangi şöyledir: “Elhamdülillâh Allah. Elhamdülillâh yâ Allah. Elhamdülillâh lâ ilâhe illallah hû lâ ilâhe illallah Allah. Bu gitti ganîsi gele, Hak berekâtın vere. Yensin eksilmesin, taşsın dökülmesin, kotaranlar, pişirenler, getirenler nur olsun; içleri, dışları sürûr olsun; gönülleri aşk-ı ilâhî ve aşk-ı resûl ile dolsun. Yediğimiz nimet ibadete kuvvet olsun, gözümüz sırlar görsün. Üçler, yediler, kırklar, cümle veliyyullahın himmetleri üstümüzde olsun. Devletimiz adl ile tâ kıyamet pâyidar olsun. Ordularımız düşmana galip olsun. Düşmanlarımız kahr u tedmîr olsun. Ümmet-i Muhammed’in âsileri ıslah olsun. Hastalar şifâyâb, dertlere derman olsun. Âşıklar vuslat bulsun. Bi-hürmeti aşk-ı ilâhî, nûr-ı nebî, kerem-i Alî, gülbang-i Muhammedî, selâmet-i hâzırûn, selâmet-i gāibûn, üçler, yediler, kırklar, İslâm’a boyun eğsin cümle ırklar. Kalksın aradan dertler. Dem-i evliyâullah, sırr-ı enbiyâullah bi-şefâatihim ecmaîn. Vâris-i Hayder-i kerrâr, sâkī-i aşk-ı ilâhî pîrimiz Sultan Nûreddîn-i Cerrâhî dem-i devrânına hû diyelim hû, tekabbel minnâ kerem-i mevlâ yâ Allah hû!” (Ozak, s. 58).
Bektaşîliğe bağlı olduğu için Ocağ-ı Bektâşiyân adıyla anılan Yeniçerilik teşkilâtı merasimlerinde de çeşitli vesilelerle gülbank okunurdu. Hatta 94 veya 99. cemaat ortasında Hacı Bektaş babalarından biri Hacı Bektaş vekili olarak bulunurdu (Uzunçarşılı, s. 150). Bunun yanında, sabah ve akşam saatlerinde ordunun selâmet ve muvaffakiyetine dua etmek için dervişler görevlendirilirdi. Dervişlerin en kıdemlisi, yeniçeri ağasının atının önünde giderken yüksek sesle “kerîm Allah” sözünü tekrar eder, diğerleri de buna “hû” diyerek mukabele ettiği için (a.g.e. , s. 159-160) bunlara “cemâat-i hû-keşân” denilirdi. Ayrıca ocağın başçavuşları ve çavuşları da zaman zaman kendi ortalarında gülbank çekme vazifesini görürlerdi. Nitekim yeniçeri aşçıları olan seğirdim ustaları arasındaki en yaşlı üç başçavuştan biri, etlerin kasaplardan teslim alınmasından önce Etmeydanı’nda yapılan törende meydan şeyhi olarak gülbank taşının üzerine çıkıp gülbank çekerdi (DİA , XI, 497-498). Uzunçarşılı, mevâcib defterlerinin birinci sayfasında yazılı olan bir gülbank metnini kaydetmiştir (Kapukulu Ocakları , s. 433-434). Bu gülbank besmele ile başlayıp Fâtiha ile bitmesi bakımından diğerlerinden ayrılır.
Mehter icrasının sonunda mehterbaşı bir gülbank okuduğu gibi yağlı güreşlerde ve pehlivanlar eşleştirilirken cazgırlar tarafından da gülbank okunmaktadır. Bu gelenek, başta tarihî Kırkpınar güreşleri olmak üzere bütün yağlı güreş karşılaşmalarında bugün de devam etmektedir.
M. Seyfettin Özege’nin Eski Harflerle Basılmış Türkçe Eserler Kataloğu ’nda yer alan Gülbank adlı tek kitapçık, Şemsü’l-Mekâtib Farsça ve Osmanlıca muallimi Hâfız Şem‘î’ye aittir (İstanbul 1314). Adından başka konuyla hiçbir ilgisi olmayan bu otuz sayfalık risâlede müellifin tevhid, na‘t, tebrik, duânâme ve gazellerinin ardından İmam Ali, İmam Şâfiî, Mevlânâ, Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî, Nizâmî gibi tanınmış kişilerin çeşitli kitaplardan derlenmiş vecize ve beyitlerinin tercümelerine yer verilmiştir. Aynı katalogda görülen Hüseyin Hâşim’in Gülbang-i Zafer (İstanbul 1314), Sâdık Vicdânî’nin Gülbang-i Cihâd-ı Ekber (Ankara 1333), Nâmık Ekrem’in Gülbang-i Hürriyyet (İstanbul, ts.) ve müellifi belirtilmemiş olmakla birlikte üzerindeki kayıttan Posta Nezâreti ketebesinden Niyazi adlı bir kişi tarafından yazıldığı anlaşılan, Balkan Harbi’ndeki Yunan savaşında kazanılan zaferin terennüm edildiği manzum Gülbang-i Zafer (İstanbul 1315) adlı risâleler de konuyla ilgili olmamakla birlikte kelimenin diğer alanlarda kullanılışına birer örnek kabul edilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Burhân-ı Kātı‘ Tercümesi , II, 111.
Kāmûs-ı Türkî , s. 1175.
Türk Lugatı , IV, 103.
Ahmed Rifat, Mir’âtü’l-makāsıd , İstanbul 1293, s. 276-282.
Terceman ve Gülbank Mecmuası , İSAM Ktp., nr. 40701.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 94, dipnot 8.
Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , s. 150, 159-160, 421-422, 433-435.
Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1954, s. 102-103.
Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, Mevlevî Âdâb ve Erkânı , İstanbul 1963, s. 101-102, 104, 126, 127, 130, 131.
a.mlf., Tasavvuftan Dilimize Geçen Deyimler ve Atasözleri , İstanbul 1977, s. 141-142, 332-335.
Özege, Katalog , II, 462.
Muzaffer Ozak, Ziynet-ül-kulûb , İstanbul 1973, s. 58.
Bedri Noyan, Bektâşilik Alevîlik Nedir , Ankara 1987, s. 146-152, 168-172, 244-245, 268-274, 298, 302-305, 309, 321-322.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, I, 369-370.
Ömer Uluçay, Gülbang, Alevilikte Dua , Adana 1992.
Ahmet Talat Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar (haz. Cemal Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 178.
Mehmet Yaman, Alevîlik İnanç-Edeb-Erkân , İstanbul 1993, s. 163, 170-171, 193-195.
Süleyman Uludağ, Tasavvuf Terimleri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1995, s. 209, 524-525.
Mustafa Uzun, “Türk Tasavvuf Edebiyatında Bir Duâ ve Niyâz Tarzı Gülbank”, İLAM Araştırma Dergisi , I/1, İstanbul 1996, s. 71-87.
Pakalın , I, 683-685; III, 459.
Dihhudâ, “Gülbâng”, Luġatnâme , XXIII, 354-355.
“Gülbâng, Gülbang”, TDEA , III, 391.
Nuri Özcan, “Cenaze Gülbangi”, DİA VII, 357-358.
Abdülkadir Özcan, “Etmeydanı”, a.e. , XI, 497.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 232-235 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.