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GÜLŞENİYYE Skip to content Halvetiyye tarikatının İbrahim Gülşenî’ye (ö. 940/1534) nisbet edilen bir kolu.
İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin Kahire’de Bâbüzüveyle’de kurduğu tekke ile temelleri atılan tarikat, Osmanlı topraklarında XVI. yüzyıldan sonra faaliyet göstermeye ve yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. İbrâhim Gülşenî, mürşidi Dede Ömer Rûşenî’nin kendisine bir gül vererek, “Sen ol bâğ-ı bekānın gülşenisin” demesi üzerine mahlası Heybetî’yi Gülşenî olarak değiştirmiş, tarikatın adı da bu kelimeye nisbet edilmiştir. Gülşeniyye’nin silsilesi İbrâhim Gülşenî, Dede Ömer Rûşenî, Pîr-i Sânî Seyyid Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî, Pîr Sadreddin, Ahî İzzeddin, Ahî Mîrem vasıtasıyla Halvetiyye tarikatının pîri Ömer el-Halvetî’ye ulaşır.
İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin Kahire’deki dergâhına kendisinden sonra Hayâlî Efendi olarak da bilinen oğlu Emîr Ahmed Çelebi postnişin oldu. Daha sonra onun soyundan gelen Ali Safvetî, Hasan-ı Ahsen, İbrâhim, Ahmed, Ali, Muhyîzâde Emîr Hasan efendiler de burada görev yapmışlardır. İbrâhim Gülşenî diğer iki halifesinden Âşık Mûsâ Efendi’yi Edirne’ye, Sarı Saltuk diye de anılan Sâdık Efendi’yi Diyarbekir’e göndermiştir. Gülşeniyye Kahire’den sonra Diyarbekir, Bursa, Rumeli ve İstanbul’da teşkilâtlanmıştır.
Gülşenî müelliflerinden Şemlelizâde Ahmed Efendi’nin verdiği bilgiye göre XVII. yüzyılda Diyarbekir’de dört, Edirne ve İstanbul’da iki, Bulak, İskenderiye, Mekke, Halep, Urfa, Antalya, Şam ve Bursa’da birer Gülşenî dergâhı bulunmaktaydı (Şîve-i Tarîkat-ı Gülşeniyye , s. 547). Bursa’da Ali Mest Edhemî Dergâhı Şemlelizâde ile Gülşeniyye’ye intikal etmiş, daha sonra bu dergâhta Mehmed Halîfe, Ali Rızâ Efendi ve Seyyid Mehmed Hamdi Efendi postnişin olmuştur. Gülşenîlik İstanbul’a, İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin Mısır’a dönerken halife olarak bıraktığı Hasan Zarîfî Efendi’nin (ö. 977/1569) Rumelihisarı ve Langa’da yaptırdığı iki tekke ile girmiştir.
İstanbul’daki meşhur Gülşenî tekkeleri şunlardır: 1. Durmuş Dede Tekkesi. Hasan Zarîfî Efendi tarafından Rumelihisarı’nda kurulmuş, XVIII. yüzyılda Cerrâhîliğe geçmiştir. 2. Hulvî Efendi Tekkesi. Lemezât müellifi Cemâleddin Hulvî Efendi’nin (ö. 1064/1654) Şehremini’de kurduğu tekke önce Kādirîliğe, daha sonra Rifâîliğe bağlanmıştır. Tekke mûsikisinin en meşhur bestekârlarından olan Ali Şîruganî uzun yıllar burada postnişin olarak hizmet vermiştir. 3. Peyk Dede Tekkesi. Silivrikapı’da Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin halifelerinden Peyk Dede diye tanınan Ahmed Remzi Efendi (ö. 1100/1688-89 [?]) tarafından kurulmuş, daha sonra Kādiriyye’ye geçmiştir. 4. Gülşenî Tatar Efendi Tekkesi. Kaynaklarda Gülşenîhâne olarak da zikredilen bu dergâhın kurucusu Hasan Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin halifesi Tatar Şeyh Hasan Efendi’dir (ö. 1180/1766). 5. Gürcü Ali Efendi Tekkesi. Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin halifelerinden Gürcü Şeyh Ali Efendi’nin (ö. 1187/1773) Balat-Eğrikapı’da kurduğu bu tekke 1925’e kadar faaliyet göstermiştir. 6. Sofular Tekkesi. Fatih Sofular mahallesinde kurulan bu tekke bir dönem Gülşeniyye’ye bağlanmıştır. 7. Sarmaşık Tekkesi. Edirnekapı’da Peyk Dede’nin halifesi Seyyid İsmâil Efendi (ö. 1198/1783) zamanında Gülşenî dervişlerine hizmet vermiştir. 8. Süleyman Efendi Tekkesi. Beykoz’daki bu tekke Hâfız Ahmed Efendi (ö. 1212/1797) zamanında Gülşeniyye’ye bağlanmıştır. 9. Başçı Tekkesi. Haseki’de XV. yüzyılda mescid olarak yapılmış, Mehmed Said Efendi’nin (ö. 1217/1802) postnişin olmasıyla Gülşenî dergâhına dönüşmüştür. 10. Ümmî Sinan Tekkesi. Şehremini’deki dergâhta Gülşenî Ali Efendi (ö. 1219/1804) altı yıl kadar postnişin olmuştur (Balkanlar’daki Gülşenî tekkeleri için bk. Clayer, s. 263).
Gülşeniyye tarikatının seyrüsülûk âdâbı şöyledir: Sabah namazından sonra Yâsin süresiyle bu sûrenin üçte biri oranında başka âyetler tilâvet edilir. Sesli (cehrî) yapılan kelime-i tevhid zikrinden sonra âyet ve dualar okunur; ardından dervişler hücrelerine çekilir. Mümkün olursa işrak namazı eda edilir. Öğle namazından sonra Mülk, ikindi namazından sonra Nebe’ sûresi okunur; akşam namazını müteakip evvâbîn kılınır. Yatsı namazından sonra yine Mülk sûresi okunur. Her namazın ardından kelime-i tevhid çekilir. Gecenin son üçte birlik diliminde herkes kendi hücresinde teheccüd namazı kılar. Ayrıca evrâd-ı fethiyye olarak “Allāhümme yâ latîf, yâ hâfız, yâ dâfi‘, yâ mâni‘, yâ râfi‘, yâ Allah” esmâları ile evrâd-ı kahriyye olarak bilinen “kadîr, muktedir, yâ kavî, yâ kāim, yâ kayyûm, yâ kuddûs, yâ kahhâr” esmâları yatsı namazından sonra kırk kere okunur. Fecrin ardından “yâ dâfi‘, yâ mâni‘, yâ Allah” (450 kere); öğleden sonra belâ ve musibetlerin defi için “yâ raûf, yâ vedûd, yâ Allah” (470 kere); ikindiden sonra kalp huzurunu temin için “yâ bâsıt, yâ muiz, yâ Allah” (275 kere); akşam namazından sonra da “yâ rahîm, yâ azîz, yâ Allah” (415 kere) esmâları tekrar edilir.
Sesli ve toplu olarak yapılan zikir, halka halinde oturan dervişlerin şeyh efendinin işaretiyle Fâtiha’dan sonra kelime-i tevhid çekmeleriyle başlar. Daha sonra ayakta “hû” ve “hay” esmâları ile devam edilir. Bu sırada zâkirler “Gülşenî savtı” adıyla bilinen kısa güfteli, ağır tempolu ilâhiler okurlar. Zikrin temposu hızlandığında kudüm, mazhar, bendir gibi vurmalı sazlar çalınır. Dervişler el ele tutuşarak bir daire meydana getirir ve sağdan sola doğru yürümeye başlarlar. Sol ayaklarını “kutubhâne” denilen zikir halkasının merkezine, sağ ayaklarını da ters yöne doğru atan dervişler, sol ayakla birlikte bedenlerini öne doğru eğerken sağ ayakla doğrulurlar. Bu hareket yukarıdan bakıldığında bir gül goncasının açılıp kapanması gibi görünür. Gülşenî tacının pembe renkli ve yeşil destarlı olması bu görünümü daha estetik hale getirir. Zikir Kur’an tilâveti ve dua ile son bulur.
Zikir meclislerinin sesli olması sebebiyle şiir ve mûsikiye önem verilen Gülşenî tekkelerinde İstanbullu Derviş Sadâyî, Edirneli Şâban Dede, Hüdâyî Çelebi, Abdülganî Efendi gibi meşhur zâkirbaşı ve bestekârlar yetişmiştir. Araplar’ın hâkim olduğu Kahire’deki âsitâne ile İskenderiye’deki Gülşenî Tekkesi’nde âyinler Türkçe ilâhilerle icra edilmiştir.
Birçok tarikatın âdâb ve erkânında bulunan benzerlikler Mevlevîlik’le Gülşenîlik arasında çok daha açık olarak görülür. Gülşeniyye’nin pîri İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin Mevlânâ’nın 26.000 beyitlik Mes̱nevî ’sine nazîre olarak 40.000 beyitlik Maʿnevî adlı Farsça manzum bir eser yazması benzerliğin ilk belgesidir. Mevlevîlik Mevlânâ’nın oğlu Sultan Veled döneminde teşkilâtlandığı gibi Gülşenîlik de İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin oğlu Emîr Ahmed Çelebi zamanında kuruluş safhasını tamamlamıştır. Kahire’deki âsitânenin birkaç hücresi Mevlevî dervişlerine ayrılmış, bu hücrelerde sürekli olarak hem Maʿnevî hem de Mes̱nevî okunmuştur. Gülşeniyye’de pîr makamında bulunan postnişine “çelebi”, yeni intisap eden dervişe “nevniyâz” denmesi de bu kültürel alışverişin sonucudur. Gülşenî tacı Mevlevî sikkesine benzediği gibi Bektaşî tacından da etkilenmiştir. Benzerlikler, bu tarikatların zaman zaman gördüğü tepkilerde de açığa çıkmaktadır. Sadreddinzâde Mehmed Emin Şirvânî (ö. 1036/1627) tarafından kaleme alınan Tercümânü’l-ümem adlı eserde bâtıl tarikatlar sıralanırken Bektaşîlik ve Mevlevîlik’le birlikte Gülşenîlik de zikredilmiştir (Fığlalı, XXIV [1981], s. 270).
Öte yandan kuruluş döneminde Gülşenîlik’le Nakşibendîlik arasında da yakınlığın olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun göstergelerinden biri, Emîr Ahmed Hayâlî’nin, müridi Muhyî-yi Gülşenî’den Nakşîler hakkında bilgi toplamasını istemesidir. Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin Mektûbât ’ında râbıta konusu anlatılırken, “Tarîk-ı Nakşibendiyye’de ‘hoş der-dem’ buyurulduğu budur” denmesi bu yakınlıkla ilgilidir.
Osmanlı döneminde fikir, yorum ve tavırlarından dolayı tepki gören tarikatlardan biri de Gülşeniyye’dir. Bu tarikat mensupları vahdet-i vücûd anlayışını benimsediklerinden hem ulemâ hem de merkezî yönetimce zındık ve mülhid telakki ediliyorlardı. Nitekim bu tür suçlamalara hedef olan İbrâhim Gülşenî 1523 yılında Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından İstanbul’a davet edilmiş, yanına bazı müridlerini de alarak Kahire’den İstanbul’a gitmiş, sultanın huzurunda yapılan soruşturmadan sonra hakkındaki iddiaların asılsız olduğu sonucuna varılarak Mısır’a dönmesine izin verilmişti. Şeyhülislâm Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi Mısır kadısı iken Gülşenîler aleyhinde verdiği bir fetvasında onların sapık, mülhid ve zındık olduklarını, kestikleri hayvanların yenmeyeceğini, imamlıklarının câiz olmadığını beyan edince sıkıntıya sebep olan bu mesele Ebüssuûd Efendi’ye de arzedilmişti. Çivizâde’nin tesbitlerinden sonra karşı görüşleri de ihtiva eden uzun bir soruya Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin verdiği cevap şöyledir: “Ehl-i sünnet ve’l-cemâat itikadı üzre olup şer‘-i şerif muktezâsınca amel edip selef-i sâlihîn tarikine sâlik olan kâinen mâ kân makbuldür. Şeyh İbrâhimlidir demekle onlara dahl ve taarruz câiz değildir.” Ancak Ebüssuûd Efendi, Edirne’de bulunan Gülşenî’nin halifesi Muhyiddin Karamânî’yi İstanbul’a getirterek muhtemelen kendisinin tayin ettiği ulemâ heyetinin önüne çıkarmış ve yapılan sorgulama sonucunda onu zındıklık ve ilhad suçundan mahkûm etmişti. Bu karar şeyhin idamı ile sonuçlanmıştır (Ocak, s. 477).
Âşık Çelebi de Gülşenî’nin mensuplarından divan sahibi Usûlî’yi, Balkanlar’da ilk defa zındıklık ve ilhad tohumunu eken bir şair olarak tanıtır. Gülşenîlerin devletten gördüğü bu tepki, onları şeriat-tarikat konularında daha dikkatli olmaya sevketmiştir. İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin, “Farzlardan sonra dikkat edeceğimiz ilk şey padişahın hizmetinde kusur etmemektir” (Menâkıb , s. 376) sözünü de bu çerçevede değerlendirmek gerekir. “Rûm mer‘a-yı nefs ü bedendir / Mısr mesken-i gülşen ü rûşendir” ifadesi Gülşenîler’in Osmanlı idaresine bakış tarzını ortaya koymaktadır.
İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin mürşidi Dede Ömer Rûşenî’nin Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî hayranı olduğu, hatta Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem okutması sebebiyle sert tenkitlere mâruz kaldığı ve Karabağ’da bulunduğu sırada Fuṣûṣ ’un yakıldığı bilinmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 180). Rûşenî’nin vefatından sonra Akkoyunlu Sultanı Yâkub, devrin meşhur âlimleriyle İbrâhim Gülşenî arasında Fuṣûṣ ’un tenkide konu olan meseleleri üzerine tartışmalar yaptırmış, bu tartışmalar sonucunda Gülşenî’yi haklı bulan bazı âlimler ona intisap etmiştir. Bunlardan Mevlânâ Abdülganî el-Megānî Ṭardü’l-lüṣûṣ ʿan ḫuṣûṣi’l-Fuṣûṣ , Mevlânâ İsmâil Reddü’n-nüşûṣ ʿani’l-Fuṣûṣ adlı eserleri kaleme almışlardır (a.g.e. , s. 181). Gülşenîler’in vahdet-i vücûd anlayışı dolayısıyla sert tepki görmeleri, onları zamanla daha ihtiyatlı ve ılımlı bir ifade kullanmaya sevketmiştir. Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin, “Mülhidlerle görüşmeyesin; Ehl-i sünnet, şeriat ve tarikatı muhkem olanlarla yâr u karındaş ol” (Mektûbât , s. 9) demesi de bu tavırlarla ilgili olmalıdır.
Şemlelizâde tarikat mensuplarının derviş, abdal ve sûfî adlı üç gruba ayrıldığını söyler. Derviş ve abdal ifadeleri seyrüsülûk halinde olanlar için kullanılır. Sûfî ise tasavvufî eğitimini tamamlamış olan kimsedir. Dervişle abdal arkadaşlık yaptıkları ve beraber seyahate çıktıkları halde sûfîlerle bu anlamda bir yakınlıkları olamaz. Çünkü hal, makam, meşrep ve üslûpları farklıdır (Şîve-i Tarîkat-ı Gülşeniyye , s. 507).
Bursa Gülşenî Dergâhı postnişini Şemlelizâde Ahmed Efendi, Şîve-i Tarîkat-ı Gülşeniyye adlı eserinde tekke içi hayatı bütün âdâb ve erkânıyla tanıtmıştır. Onun verdiği bilgiye göre Gülşenî dervişlerinin rengârenk elbiseler, çok geniş, yırtmaçlı uzun hırkalar giymeleri, şemle yerine sarık ve şal sarınmaları, elde gümüş bıçak, yüzük ve tesbih taşımaları, kendi hücrelerinden başka yerde nâfile namaz kılmaları, namaza başlarken abdest almaları, namazda ilk safta yer tutmaya çalışmaları, yolda yürürken sağa sola bakmaları uygun görülmemiştir. Yine Şemlelizâde, Kahire’deki Gülşenî Âsitânesi’nde herkesin parasını ortak bir sandığa koyduğunu, gerektiğinde ihtiyacı kadar alıp harcadığını söyler.
Gülşenîler, tekke kültüründe yaygın olan “aşk olsun, hû dost, eyvallah, dervîş-i dervîşân, dinim imanım, keremkânlı, dinim dünyam, erenler şahı, şâhım hünkârım, pâdişahım” gibi tabirlerin kullanılmasını, bir tür övünme ifadesi olduğu ve dervişliği faşettiği için pek hoş karşılamamışlardır.
Tarikatın âdâb ve erkânına riayet etmeyen derviş önce uyarılır, ardından uyarı tekrarlanır, olmazsa cezalandırılır. Bundan da sonuç alınmazsa “seyahat verilir.” Bir dervişe seyahat verilmesi onu tarikattan ihraç etme anlamına gelir. Ancak İbrâhim Gülşenî, bu duruma düşen dervişe seyahat verilse bile hemen cezalandırılmamasını, taç ve hırkasının alınmamasını tavsiye eder (a.g.e. , s. 531).
Gülşeniyye tarikatının literatürünü Gülşenî’nin mürşidi Dede Ömer Rûşenî’nin eserleriyle başlatmak gerekir. Rûşenî’nin tasavvufî fikirleri şiirle ifade etme geleneği, 17.000 beyitlik Türkçe bir divanla 40.000 beyitlik Farsça Maʿnevî adlı eseri kaleme alan müridi İbrâhim Gülşenî tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Mes nevî ’ye nazîre olarak yazılan Maʿnevî ile ilgili şu beyit çok meşhurdur: “Gülşenî dervîşi güldür goncalardır Mevlevî / Bülbül-i şeydâ okur geh Mes nevî geh Maʿnevî .”
Tarikatın ikinci pîri Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’nin mürşidi La‘lî Mehmed Fenâî, Terceme-i Hâl-i Hazret-i Pîr İbrâhîm-i Gülşenî adıyla kaleme aldığı eserinin yanı sıra Maʿnevî ’nin ilk 500 beytini Şerh-i Maʿnevî adıyla şerhetmiştir. Bu şerhte bazı tasavvufî terimlere yeni tarif ve tasnifler getirilmiştir. Meselâ Fenâî’ye göre “aynü’l-iyân”ın on şubesi vardır: Lahza, dikkat, safâ (telvîn), sürur, sır, teneffüs, gurbet, gark, gaybet, temekkün. Temekkünün ihtiva ettiği hakikatlerin isimleri şunlardır: Mükâşefe, müşâhede, muâyene, hayât-ı hakîkî, kabz, bast, sekr, sahv, ittisâl ve infisâl. İnfisâl ise on “dekāik”i ihtiva eder: Mârifet, fenâ, bekā, hakîkat, telbîs, vücûd, tecrîd, tefrîd, cem‘ ve tevhid (s. 152-157). Muhyî-yi Gülşenî’nin, mürşidi Emîr Ahmed Hayâlî’nin tavsiyesi üzerine kaleme aldığı Menâkıb-ı İbrâhim Gülşenî , tarikatın kuruluş dönemiyle ilgili bilgilerin yanı sıra devrin siyasî, fikrî, tasavvufî atmosferi hakkında önemli bilgiler ihtiva eder.
Gülşenî tekkelerinde, Dede Ömer Ruşenî ve İbrâhim Gülşenî’nin eserlerinden sonra en çok okunan kitap, Edirne Gülşenî Dergâhı postnişini Sezâî’nin divanıdır. Bu eser, Sezâî’nin mürşidi La‘lî Fenâî Efendi’nin divançesiyle birlikte Bulak’ta (1256), Mektûbât-ı Hazret-i Sezâî ise Şerh-i Ma‘nevî ile birlikte İstanbul’da (1289) basılmıştır.
Başta Usûlî olmak üzere Ârifî, Bülendî, Hamdî, Rindî, Semâî, Şifâî, Zaîfî gibi birçok şair Gülşenî tekkelerinden feyiz almıştır.
Kendisi de Gülşenî olan Cemâleddin Hulvî’nin Lemezât adlı eserinde tarikatın ileri gelenleri hakkında geniş bilgi bulunmaktadır.
Tarikat tarihiyle ilgili kitaplarda, Gülşeniyye’nin Sezâî-yi Gülşenî’ye nisbet edilen Sezâiyye, Hasan Hâletî’ye nisbet edilen Hâletiyye adlı iki şubesi olduğu söylenir. Gülşeniyye, Sezâî Efendi’den sonra onun halifeleri tarafından temsil edilmiştir. Hâletiyye şubesinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Hasan Hâletî Efendi ve halifelerine dair kaynaklarda yeterli bilgi yoktur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 256-259 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.