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GULÛL Skip to content Ganimet malına hıyanet etmek anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “gizlemek, bir şeyi gizlice almak, hırsızlık yapmak; hıyanet etmek” mânalarına gelen gulûl kelimesi, örfte umumiyetle “ganimet malına hıyanet etmek” anlamında kullanılır. Gulûl İslâm hukukunda da bu çerçevede terim anlamı kazanmış ve “devlet malına hıyanet etmek, özellikle de taksim edilmeden önce savaş ganimetinden bir şey çalmak” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır.
Gulûl masdarından türemiş bazı kelimelerin Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de (bk. el-Mâide 5/64; el-A‘râf 7/43, 157) ve hadislerde (bk. Dârimî, “Zekât”, 47; Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 190; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 133, 134; İbn Mâce, “Cihâd”, 24; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 48) kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Meselâ Kur’an’daki, “Bir peygambere -ganimete, devlet malına- hıyanet etmesi yakışmaz. Kim hıyanet ederse kıyamet günü hainlik ettiği şeyle birlikte -günahı boynuna asılı olduğu halde- gelir. Sonra herkese kazandığı tastamam verilir” meâlindeki âyet (Âl-i İmrân 3/161), nüzûl sebebiyle ilgili rivayetler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda gulûl kelimesinin hem sözlük hem de terim anlamı için en uygun örneklerden birini teşkil eder. Gulûl Hz. Peygamber’in, “Hıyanet de (iğlâl) yok hırsızlık da (islâl)” hadisinde (Müsned , IV, 325; Dârimî, “Siyer”, 50; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 156) ve diğer bazı hadislerde sadece ganimet malına ihanetle sınırlı olmayıp daha geniş bir kapsama sahiptir. Meselâ Ebû Humeyd es-Sâidî’den rivayet edilen bir hadise göre, Resûlullah Ezd kabilesinden İbnü’l-Lütbiyye’yi zekât toplamakla görevlendirmiş, bu zatın daha sonra bazı mallarla gelip Hz. Peygamber’e, “Şunlar size ait, bunlar da bana hediye olarak verildi” demesi üzerine Resûl-i Ekrem minbere çıkarak, “Benim -zekât toplamak için- gönderdiğim bir memura ne oluyor ki, ‘Şunlar sizin, şunlar da bana hediye edildi’ diyebiliyor? Dikkat edin, bu kişi evinde otursaydı kendisine hediye verilir miydi? Muhammed’i kudret elinde tutan Allah’a yemin ederim ki sizden biriniz ondan bir şey alırsa kıyamet gününde sırtında böğüren bir deve, bağıran bir sığır, meleyen bir koyunla gelecektir” demiştir (Müsned , V, 423; Buhârî, “Hibe”, 17, “Aḥkâm”, 24, 41, “Ḥiyel”, 15; Müslim, “İmâre”, 26-29; Ebû Dâvûd, “İmâre”, 11). Ebû Humeyd’den rivayet edilen diğer bir hadiste ise, “Vergi memurlarına (âmil) verilen hediyeler gulûldür” ifadesi yer almaktadır (Müsned , V, 424; Şevkânî, VII, 338). Son hadisin isnadında zayıflık bulunmakla beraber (İbn Kesîr, II, 132; Şevkânî, VII, 339) genel olarak bu deliller, valilere ve vergi memurlarına verilen hediyelerin gulûl sayılacağını göstermektedir. Nitekim Müstevrid b. Şeddâd’dan rivayet edilen hadiste de Hz. Peygamber şöyle demiştir. “Kim bizim bir işimize tayin edilirse bir zevce edinsin; hizmetçisi yoksa hizmetçi, evi yoksa ev alsın. Bunlardan fazlasını isteyen veya alan olursa o hıyanette bulunmuş veya hırsızlık yapmış olur” (Ebû Dâvûd, “İmâre”, 10).
Yukarıdaki âyetin gerek kıraat gerekse nüzûl sebebiyle ilgili olarak literatürde yer alan farklı görüş ve açıklamalar göz önünde tutulursa bu âyete, “Peygamber’in ganimete ihanet etmesi yakışık almaz” veya, “Herhangi bir kişinin peygambere ihanet etmesi yaraşmaz” şeklinde iki farklı anlam vermek mümkün olmaktadır. İbn Mes‘ûd ile Hz. Ali’nin söz konusu âyete ikinci anlamı verdiği rivayet edilir. Ancak ağırlıklı görüşe göre özel olarak gulûl hakkında gelen bu âyet, Uhud Gazvesi’nde Ayneyn geçidine yerleştirilen okçuların kendilerine ganimetten pay verilmeyeceği endişesiyle yerlerini terketmesi ve bunun sonucunda müslümanların yenilmesi dolayısıyla inmiş olup bununla bir peygamberin ganimetlerin taksiminde haksızlık yapmayacağı vurgulanmıştır. Anlam farklılığı doğurmamakla birlikte bu konuda başka nüzûl sebeplerinden de bahsedilmektedir (bk. Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥurûf”, 1; Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 4; Vâhidî, s. 72-73; Kurtubî, IV, 255). Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 161. âyetinin nüzûl sebebi olarak belirtilen olaylarla ilgili bu tartışmalardan, o günün siyasî ve iktisadî şartlarının hicretten hemen sonra savaş hukuku ve buna bağlı olarak ganimetler hakkında çeşitli hükümlerin vaz‘ını zorunlu hale getirdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’den sonra da devam eden fetihler ve uygulama örnekleri fakihler için zengin bir malzeme teşkil etmiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak da klasik İslâm hukuku literatürü içerisinde savaş hukukuyla ilgili konulara geniş yer verilmiş, özellikle ganimetlerin elde edilmesi, taşınması, korunması, paylaştırılması, pay sahipleri ve pay oranları gibi konuların yanı sıra ganimet malına karşı işlenen suçlar ve öngörülen tedbir ve cezalar da ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmıştır (bk. GANİMET ).
İslâmiyet’in ilk dönemlerinden itibaren hukukî ve beşerî ilişkiler dinî ve ahlâkî yönleriyle birlikte bir bütün halinde işlenmiş, bu sebeple de paylaşılmadan önce ganimetlerden bir şey çalan kişinin dünyevî hükümlerin yanı sıra âhiret hayatında göreceği ceza da özel olarak vurgulanmıştır. Âhiret hayatındaki bu sorumluluğu en ince ayrıntılarına kadar tasvir eden pek çok hadis bulunmaktadır (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 188; Müslim, “İmâre”, 24; Tirmizî, “Siyer”, 21). İslâm âlimleri, bu hadislerden hareketle gulûlün büyük günahlardan (kebâir) olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Ganimet malına ihanet etmenin dünyevî hükmüne gelince, “Ganimetten alınan ipliği, iğneyi, bundan daha değerli veya düşük olanı geri veriniz” meâlindeki hadis (Müsned , II, 184; İbn Mâce, “Cihâd”, 34), taksim edilmeden önce ganimet malından en küçük bir şeyi dahi almanın câiz olmadığını göstermektedir. Ancak ihtiyaç içinde bulunan bir kişinin savaş mahallindeki yiyeceklerden yiyebileceği, hayvan yemlerinden ve av hayvanlarından faydalanabileceği konusunda İslâm hukukçuları hemen hemen görüş birliği içindedir. Delil olarak da Hz. Peygamber’in Hayber günü bu durumdaki bir sahâbînin benzeri bir davranışını hoş karşılamasını (bk. Müslim, “Cihâd”, 72) ve sahâbîler arasında öteden beri bu yönde bir uygulamanın bulunmasını gösterirler. Nitekim Hasan-ı Basrî, sahâbîlerin bir yeri fethettikleri zaman orada buldukları un, yağ ve baldan yediklerini, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh ise seriyyeye katılan gazilerin yağ, bal ve diğer yiyeceklerden faydalandıklarını, kalanları ise kumandanlarına verdiklerini söylemektedir. Ancak İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, düşman arazisinde yiyeceklerden ancak kumandanın izniyle alınabileceğini belirtmektedir.
Öte yandan Sâlih b. Muhammed b. Zâide’den nakledilen, “Bir kişiyi ganimet malına hıyanet ederken yakaladığınız zaman eşyasını yakınız ve onu dövünüz” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 145) meâlindeki hadis İslâm âlimleri arasında geniş tartışmalara sebep olmuştur. Ebû Dâvûd’un yine aynı şahıstan rivayet ettiği bir haberde de bu râvinin Velîd b. Hişâm ile beraber bir savaşa katıldığını, ordu içerisinde Sâlim b. Abdullah b. Ömer ve Ömer b. Abdülazîz gibi kişilerin de bulunduğunu, bu arada ordudan birinin ganimet malından çaldığını, Velîd’in o kişinin eşyasının yakılmasını emrettiğini ve adamı teşhir ederek ganimetten ona herhangi bir pay vermediğini kaydetmekte ve bu haberi yukarıdaki hadisten daha sahih gördüğünü belirtmektedir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 135). Fakat bu hadislerin senedinde yer alan Sâlih b. Muhammed’in rivayetinin delil olarak kullanılmasının uygun olmadığı görüşleri de vardır (Kurtubî, IV, 259; Şevkânî, VII, 343). Yine Amr b. Şuayb’dan nakledilen bir hadiste Hz. Peygamber’in, Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’in ganimet malına hıyanet eden kimsenin eşyasını yaktırdıkları ve onu dayakla cezalandırdıkları bildirilmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 135; Şevkânî, VII, 342). Bu hadislerden hareketle Evzâî, İshak b. Râhûye ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi hukukçular, ganimet malını çalan kişinin binek hayvanı ve silâhı dışındaki bütün eşyasının, Evzâî’den gelen bir başka görüşte üzerindeki elbisesiyle atının eyer ve semeri dışında bütün eşyasının yakılacağını, çaldığı malın ise yakılmayacağını söylemişlerdir. Ancak bu hadislerin sıhhatine ve kendisinden daha kuvvetli delillerle çatışamayacağına dair görüşler de dikkate alınırsa, gerek özel olarak gulûl konusundaki hadis ve uygulamalardan gerekse suç-ceza dengesi, mal israf ve itlâfı gibi konularda naslardan çıkarılan genel ilkelerden hareketle, ganimet malını alan kişinin eşyasının yakılmasının gerekli olmadığı sonucuna varmak mümkündür. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber, Hayber Savaşı sırasında ölen bir kişinin gulûlde bulunduğunu haber vermiş, ashap o kişinin eşyasını araştırarak bunların içinde yahudi boncukları bulmuş, fakat Resûl-i Ekrem onun eşyasını yaktırmamıştır (İbn Mâce, “Cihâd”, 34; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 143). Bu sebeple başta Ebû Hanîfe, Mâlik, Leys b. Sa‘d ve Şâfiî olmak üzere İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu bu durumda malların yakılmayacağını; ayrıca Leys, Şâfiî ve Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî o kişinin ancak gulûlün yasaklandığını bilmesi halinde cezalandırılacağını söylemişlerdir. Bu durumda, ganimet malını çalan kimseden çaldığı malın geri alınması veya tazmin ettirilmesi, ona uslandırıcı bir cezanın (ta‘zîr) verilmesi ve ganimetten mahrum edilmesi, cezalandırmada caydırıcılık ilkesine daha uygun bir şekil olmalıdır.
İslâm hukukçuları, gulûl yapan kimsenin mümkünse aldığı bütün malları ganimetler dağıtılmadan önce iade etmesinin gerektiği, böyle bir davranışın ise onun için tövbe ve günahtan kurtuluş olduğu konusunda birleşmişler, ancak askerin dağılması ve onlara ulaşamaması halinde nasıl davranacağı konusunda ihtilâf etmişlerdir. Aralarında Ubâde b. Sâmit, Muâviye, Hasan-ı Basrî, Zührî, Mâlik, Leys, Evzâî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi âlimlerin bulunduğu bir grup onun beşte birini devlet başkanına vermesi, geri kalanını ise tasadduk etmesi gerektiğini ileri sürmüştür. Buna karşılık Şâfiî, başkasının malını tasadduk etmenin câiz görülmediği noktasından hareketle bu kişinin böyle bir harekette bulunma hakkının olmadığını ve onu devlete iade etmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir. Ancak bu tartışmanın, gulûlden ziyade buluntu malın (lukata) tanımı, ilânı ve sahibinin bulunamaması halinde tasadduk edilmesi konularındaki doktrinel ihtilâfların bir sonucu olduğu görülmektedir (bk. LUKATA ).
Ganimetten çalınan mal, hırsızlık haddinin uygulanması için şart olan nisaba ulaşmış veya gulûl yapan kimse ganimetler arasında bulunan bir câriyeye tecavüz etmişse bu kişiye hırsızlık veya zina haddinin uygulanıp uygulanmayacağı konusunda İslâm hukukçuları ihtilâf etmişlerdir. Çoğunluk, gulûl yapan kimsenin söz konusu ganimette hakkı olmasını, diğer bir ifadeyle mülkiyet şüphesi bulunmasını gerekçe göstererek ve hadlerin şüpheyle sâkıt olması ilkesini dikkate alarak bu durumda had cezalarının uygulanmayacağı, kendisine ta‘zîren bir ceza verileceği görüşündedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 190-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.