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GÜMÜŞHANE Skip to content Karadeniz bölgesinin doğu bölümünde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Doğu Karadeniz’deki Zigana dağları ile Gümüşhane dağlarını birbirinden ayıran ve güneydoğu-kuzeybatı doğrultusunda akarak Karadeniz’e ulaşan Harşit çayının yerleştiği dar bir vadide, deniz seviyesinden yaklaşık 1150 m. yükseklikte kurulmuştur. Şehrin kurulduğu yerin önemi, yakınında bulunan ve işletilmesi oldukça eski dönemlere kadar giden gümüş yataklarının varlığına dayandığı gibi bir taraftan da bu yerin eski bir ulaşım ekseni üzerinde bulunmasından kaynaklanır. Zira Doğu Karadeniz kıyılarının önemli liman şehri olan Trabzon’u İran Azerbaycanı’na bağlayan tarihî yol, Karadeniz kıyılarını Trabzon’un doğusunda terkettikten sonra Değirmendere vadisinin hazırlamış olduğu doğal koridordan faydalanarak içeriye dalmakta, kıyının gerisinde duvar gibi yükselen Zigana dağlarını aynı adı taşıyan geçitle aştıktan sonra (2030 m. yükseklikte olan Zigana Geçidi’nin yerine günümüzde daha alçak seviyelerde dağı delen Zigana Tüneli kullanılmaktadır) Harşit vadisini takip etmektedir. Gümüşhane ve çevresi bu yol ile kolaylıkla Bayburt’a bağlanmakta, ardından Kop Geçidi (2300 m.) vasıtasıyla Doğu Karadeniz dağlarının ikinci sırası da aşılarak Erzurum’a ulaşılmakta, daha doğuda Aras vadisinin oluşturduğu tabii kulvar izlenerek İran’a geçilmektedir. Bu yoldan Gümüşhane’de ayrılan bir diğer yol da güneydeki dağları başka bir geçitle (Sipikor Geçidi) aşarak şehri Erzincan’a ve buradan da ülkenin öteki bölgelerine bağlamaktadır.
Gümüşhane yöresinin eski tarihi ve şehrin ne zaman kurulduğu hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. Bununla birlikte şehrin ilk kurulduğu yerin, yukarıda belirtilen alanda olmadığı ve iki defa yer değiştirdikten sonra bugünkü mevkiine yerleştiği bilinmektedir. Gümüşhane ilk defa, günümüzde Canca adıyla bilinen ve bugünkü şehrin kuzeybatısında bulunan mahallenin olduğu yerde kurulmuştu. Bütün eski kaynakların tasvirlerine göre gümüş yatakları da bu mevkide bulunuyordu. Bu sebeple şehrin adı Türk kaynaklarında Canca biçiminde geçmektedir (Uzunçarşılı’nın eserinde Çanice, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/2, s. 577). Evliya Çelebi’ye göre Büyük İskender’in hâkimlerinden Philikos tarafından bu yörede gümüş madenleri bulunduktan sonra eski Canca Kalesi onarım görmüş ve şehrin önemi artmıştır. İskender döneminden sonra Pontus Devleti’nin, daha sonra da Roma İmparatorluğu’nun sınırları içine giren Canca Kalesi, bu imparatorluğun ikiye ayrılmasından sonra da Doğu Roma (Bizans) sınırları içinde kaldı. Gümüşhane yöresi, Bizans’ın idarî birimlerinden olan Khaldia “tema”sı içinde yer alıyordu. Bu ad, Ortaçağ İslâm kaynaklarından İbn Hurdâzbih ve Kudâme b. Ca‘fer’in eserlerinde Haldiye veya Hâlidiyât şeklinde geçmektedir. Bizans döneminde de fonksiyonu, işletilen maden yataklarına bağlı kalan şehre “gümüş şehri” anlamında Argyropolis adı verildi (Winfield, XII, 168).
VII. yüzyıl sonları ile VIII. yüzyıl başlarında yöreye müslüman Araplar’ın akınları ulaştı. Şehir müslümanlarla Bizanslılar arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Harşit vadisi ve bu arada Canca Kalesi (Gümüşhane) Selçuklular’ın en erken ulaştığı yerler arasındadır. Tuğrul Bey döneminde Selçuklular’ın Bizans’a karşı kazandığı ilk zafer olan Pasinler ovasındaki savaştan (18 Eylül 1048) sonra Gümüşhane dolayları geçici de olsa bir süre Türkler’in elinde kaldı (Turan, Selçuklular Tarihi , s. 122). Alparslan’ın Malazgirt Savaşı’nı kazanmasından sonra Erzincan yöresine hâkim olan Emîr Mengücük Gazi, Gümüşhane dolaylarını zaptederek Erzincan imaretine bağladı. Anadolu Selçukluları zamanında Gümüşhane, Harşit vadisinden geçerek Maçka’ya kadar ilerleyen Melik II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev ve atabegi Mübârizüddin Ertokuş kumandasındaki kuvvetler tarafından ele geçirildi (Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , s. 361). Moğol istilâsı başladıktan sonra Anadolu’nun birçok yeri gibi Gümüşhane ve çevresi de İlhanlılar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girdi. İlhanlılar’ın saltanat kavgasına düşerek kuvvetlerini kaybettikleri sırada ise Gümüşhane komşusu Bayburt gibi Celâyirliler’in idaresine geçti. XIV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında merkezi önceleri Sivas, daha sonra Kayseri olan Eretnaoğulları’nın hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Ardından Kadı Burhâneddin, Akkoyunlular, Karakoyunlular arasında el değiştirdi; zaman zaman da Trabzon Rum Devleti’nin idaresine girdi. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in bu devlete son vermesi üzerine de Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Fakat bu hâkimiyet uzun sürmedi. 1467’de Gümüşhane yöresi Akkoyunlular tarafından ele geçirildi. Akkoyunlu hâkimiyeti 1473 yılında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in Otlukbeli Savaşı’nda Uzun Hasan’ı yenilgiye uğratmasıyla son buldu. Bu tarihten sonra şehir kesin olarak Osmanlı hâkimiyetine geçmiş oldu.
Osmanlı idaresi altında Gümüşhane önceleri Erzurum, daha sonra Trabzon beylerbeyiliklerinin sınırları içerisinde bulunuyordu. Meselâ Kâtib Çelebi’nin Cihannümâ ’sında şehir Erzurum’a bağlı, Evliya Çelebi’nin Seyahatnâme ’sinde ise Trabzon eyaleti içinde gösterilmektedir. Canca civarında gümüş yataklarının işletilmesine Osmanlı döneminde de devam edilmiştir. Hatta burada gümüş sikkeler basıldığı da bilinmektedir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, madenle uğraşan halkı vergiden muaf tutarak onları gümüş madenlerini işletmeye teşvik etmişti. Böylece madenci nüfusunda artış meydana geldi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde şehrin yerindeki ilk değişiklik gerçekleşti; yeni gümüş yataklarına daha yakın olan mevkide Süleymaniye Camii adı verilen bir cami ile bu cami çevresinde elli kadar evin inşası emredildi. Bu şekilde günümüzde Süleymaniye mahallesi ya da Eski Gümüşhane adı verilen şehrin temelleri atılmış oldu. Bunun üzerine Canca sönükleşmeye, yeni kurulan ve muhtemelen bu dönemde Gümüşhane adı verilen şehir gelişmeye başladı. Bu şehir, Harşit ırmağına sol taraftan karışan Musallâ deresinin yamaçlarında ve bugünkü Gümüşhane’ye 4 km. kadar uzaklıkta kurulmuş, mahalleleri 1400-1500 m. yükseklikler arasında amfiteatr şeklinde yayılmıştı. Gümüşhane’den çıkan gümüş ve bakır hükümet tarafından satın alınarak gümüş kısmı darphâneye, bakır tophâneye gönderilir, bakırın fazlası da dışarıya gitmemek şartıyla ülke içinde sarfedilirdi. Buradan çıkan gümüş, sikke kesmek üzere ülkenin başka darphânelerine gönderildiği gibi Gümüşhane’de de sikke kesilmekteydi. İsminin Gümüşhane olarak değiştirilmesine rağmen bu sikkelerde hâlâ Canca adının da kullanıldığı dikkati çeker. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman (926/1520) ve onun ardından gelen iki padişah da Gümüşhane’de sikke kestirmişlerdi (II. Selim döneminde 974 [1566-67] ve III. Murad döneminde 982 [1574-75] tarihli).
Kâtib Çelebi Cihannümâ ’sında Gümüşhane’den “azîm ve mâmur” bir kasaba olarak söz eder. 1647 yılında buraya gelen Evliya Çelebi de maden yataklarının zenginliğini anlatıp bazısı kapalı, bazısı işleyen yetmiş gümüş madeni ocağı bulunduğunu, bu tarihte darphânesinin çalışmadığını, fakat üzerinde Canca yazılı sikkeler gördüğünü söyler. Evliya Çelebi’nin şehri ziyaret ettiği yıllardan önce sona eren IV. Murad dönemi (1623-1640), şehrin yeni yerinde en fazla geliştiği dönemlerden biri olmuştur. XVIII. yüzyılda burada maden çıkarılması ve aynı yüzyılın ilk yarısında gümüş sikke darbı sürdürülmüştür. 1130 (1718) ve 1143 (1730-31) tarihlerini taşıyan sikkelerde artık Canca adının kullanılmadığı, Gümüşhane isminin geçmeye başladığı görülmektedir. Şehrin önemi XIX. yüzyıla kadar devam etmiştir. Devlet idaresinin Gümüşhane’ye ve çevresindeki madenlere verdiği önem, zaman zaman buradan Tophâne-i Âmire için bakır getirilmesine, darphâneye gümüş gönderilmesine, Gümüşhane madenlerinden çıkan gümüşün dışarıya satılmamasına, buradaki madenlerin sermayesine ve madenlerde çalışan işçilere dair hükümler göndermesinden de anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında III. Mustafa döneminde (1757-1774) su dolan maden ocakları Fransa’dan getirtilen aletlerle de çalıştırılamayınca şehir canlılığını yitirmeye başlamıştır.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarına gelindiğinde maden yatakları giderek tükendi. 1829 yılındaki Osmanlı-Rus harbi esnasında Rus kuvvetleri Gümüşhane’ye ulaşamadılarsa da çok yakınındaki Hart ovasına kadar geldiklerinden Gümüşhane bu savaştan etkilendi; nüfusun ve özellikle madencilikle uğraşan gayri müslim nüfusun önemli bir kısmı ülkenin başka yerlerine göç etti. Bu da madenciliğin ve şehrin gerilemesine, nüfusunun azalmasına yol açtı. Aynı yüzyılın ortalarında yörenin ormanlarının tükenmesi sonucu yakıt sıkıntısı da buna eklenince maden işletmesi durduruldu (de Planhol, IX/3-4, s. 260).
XIX. yüzyılda maden ocaklarının önemini kaybettiği, 1847 yılında Gümüşhane’yi ziyaret eden Batılı seyyahlardan Hommaire de Hell’in bu konuya hiç temas etmemesinden de anlaşılmaktadır. Hommaire de Hell Harşit vadisinin tabanını kaplayan meyve bahçelerinden, bu bahçelerdeki meyvelerin çeşitliliğinden söz etmekte, bahçelerden toplanan armutların İstanbul’a kadar gönderildiğini yazmaktadır.
1869’da yöreye uğrayan Theophile Deyrolle de buraya adını veren gümüşlü kurşun madenlerinin işletilmesinin hemen hemen terkedilmiş olduğunu, Gümüşhane’nin meyve ticaretinde önemli bir rol oynadığını belirterek şehirden sandıklarla Trabzon, Erzurum ve hatta İstanbul’a armut, daha yakın çevreye ise kiraz gönderildiğini belirtmektedir. O yıllarda Gümüşhane şehrinin 800 kadar hâneden oluştuğunu ifade eden seyyah, meyve ticaretinden sonra önemli etkinlik olarak çanak çömlek yapımının geliştiğini ve her yıl sarı, yeşil ve kırmızı sırlı 30-40.000 testi imal edildiğini yazmaktadır. Gümüşhane’de deri ticaretinin de günden güne geliştiğini söyleyen Deyrolle, şehrin pazarında az miktarda ayı, kurt, tilki, vaşak, sansar ve samur postlarının satıldığını ilâve ederek Gümüşhaneliler’in avcılıktaki maharetlerini dile getirmektedir.
Tanzimat döneminde 1867 yılındaki düzenleme ile Osmanlı idarî teşkilâtında eyalet sisteminden büyük vilâyet sistemine geçilince Gümüşhane Trabzon vilâyeti içinde bir sancak merkezi haline geldi. 1870 tarihli Trabzon Vilâyeti Salnâmesi ’ne göre şehirde on dört mahalle içinde 920 hâne bulunmakta ve bu hânelerde toplam 2357 nüfus yaşamaktaydı. Yine aynı kaynağa göre o yıllarda Gümüşhane’de imalât etkinliği olarak tiftik çorap ve ayak yemenisi, ayrıca meşin ve sahtiyan gibi ürünler üretilmekte ve bunlar Gümüşhane’nin ihtiyacını karşıladıktan sonra ihtiyaç fazlası olarak ülkenin başka bölgelerine de gönderilmekteydi.
XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında terkedilen ve kapatılan gümüş madeni ocakları için 1883’te son bir denemeye girişildi ve maden işletmesi ecnebi bir şirkete verildi. Daniel Pappa et Co. şirketi burada 1888’e kadar çalıştı (Kovenko, s. 283-300). Fakat bu son teşebbüste de hâsılatın işletme masrafını karşılamadığı görüldüğünden faaliyet tamamıyla durduruldu. Bunun üzerine önemi çevresindeki madenlerin varlığına dayanan yerleşme merkezi yavaş yavaş 4 km. ötedeki Harşit vadisine kaydı. Önceleri bu vadi boyunda bahçeler ve meyvelikler arasına serpiştirilmiş yazlık evler sıralanırdı. Zamanla bu kesimde Trabzon’u Erzurum’a bağlayan işlek yolun (Trabzon-Erzurum-İran transit yolu) kenarında önce ticaret, sonra da bir yönetim merkezi doğdu. Böylece Gümüşhane’nin ikinci defa yer değiştirmesi gerçekleşmiş oldu. XX. yüzyılın başlarında 1320 (1904) tarihli salnâmeye göre şehirde 3240’ı müslüman olmak üzere 5930 nüfus yaşamaktaydı. 19 Temmuz 1916 – 28 Şubat 1918 tarihleri arasına rastlayan Rus işgalinden sonra eski Gümüşhane’nin çöküşü iyice hızlandı. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından yeni şehirde henüz resmî daireler inşa edilmediğinden idarî binalar olarak Harşit vadisinde eskiden beri mevcut yazlık konaklardan faydalanıldı. 1922 yılında hükümet konağı yapılınca idare burada çalışmaya başladı. Bundan sonra konut sayısı da arttı. 1922’de dört beş konak ve birkaç handan ibaret olan Gümüşhane zamanla büyüdü (Kutlutan, s. 57). Tek ana caddenin kenarında ticarethaneler sıralanmaya başladı ve bunları öteki fonksiyonların çoğalması takip etti. Cumhuriyet döneminden sonra da bütün ticaret ve yönetim etkinliği Harşit vadisindeki yeni Gümüşhane’de toplandı. İmparatorluğun sonlarına doğru Trabzon vilâyetinden ayrılarak müstakil bir sancağın merkezi olan Gümüşhane şehri Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında vilâyet merkezi durumuna getirildi.
1927 yılında yapılan ilk sayımda nüfusu henüz 3000’i bile bulmayan (2549 nüfus), ilk defa 1960’ta 5000’i (5312), 1970 yılında 10.000’i (12.440) geçebilen, 1975 sayımında biraz gerileyerek 11.166’ya inen, 1985’te 22.067’ye yükselen ve 1990 sayımında 26.014’ü bulan Gümüşhane şehri, bugün Harşit çayının dağlar arasına gömülmüş vadisi boyunca bahçeler arasına serpilmiş gevşek dokulu mahalleler halinde uzanır. Şehrin Erzurum istikametinden gelindiğinde ilk mahallesi olan Bağlarbaşı’ndan Trabzon doğrultusundaki çıkışında bulunan Mescitli köyü yakınına kadar olan uzunluğu 12 kilometreyi bulur. Yalnız bu uzanış süreklilik göstermez. Yer yer iskâna elverişsiz dik eğimli alanlar şehir yerleşmesini parçalara böler. Harşit çayının sağ yakası yerleşmeye daha uygundur. Bu sebeple şehrin en toplu kesimini meydana getiren, resmî binaların çoğunun toplanmış bulunduğu Hasanbey mahallesi de ırmağın sağ yakasında yer alır. Erzurum’u Trabzon’a bağlayan transit yolu ırmağın sol kıyısını takip eder. Bu yolla buna paralel olarak sağ kıyıda uzanan Atatürk caddesini birleştiren Köprübaşı kesimi resmî binaların yoğunlaştığı yerdir. Doğu-batı doğrultulu Atatürk caddesi ve bunun batıya doğru devamı olan Cumhuriyet caddesiyle bu caddelere kavuşan kuzey-güney doğrultulu yan yollar üzerinde de ticaret alanları yoğunlaşmıştır. Yalnız bu merkezî kesim dışındaki mahalleler, arazi yapısı gereği belirli aralıklarla kurulduğu için her birinde küçük alış veriş merkezleri vardır. Günümüzde mevcut mahalleler arasında (Süleymaniye, Karaer, Hasanbey, Karşıyaka, İnönü, Bağlarbaşı, Eskibağlar, Çamlıca, Hacıemin, Canca, Yenimahalle) şehir merkezine en uzak olanı, şehrin ilk kurulduğu Canca mahallesiyle (günümüzdeki merkeze doğru çizgi ile 3,8 km. uzaklıkta) ikinci defa taşındığı Süleymaniye mahallesidir (günümüzdeki merkeze doğru çizgi ile 3,6 km.). Bu iki mahalle de Harşit çayının sol yamacında bulunur.
Yapılan bir araştırmaya göre Gümüşhane’de oluşturulan sermayenin 1986, 1987 ve 1988 yılları itibariyle % 83’ü Gümüşhane dışındaki faaliyet sahalarında kullanılmıştır (Yıldız, s. 396). Bunun sonucu olarak da Gümüşhane şehrinde yakın yıllara gelinceye kadar sanayi etkinlikleri gelişmemiştir.
Son yıllarda Gümüşhane’nin meyve ürünlerini değerlendirmek üzere bir meyve suyu ve marmelat fabrikası kurulmuştur. Özellikle elma üretiminin yoğun olduğu yörede elma suyu elde etmek amacıyla kurulan bu işletme, sonraki yıllarda kuşburnu suyu ve marmelatı üretimine yönelmiştir. Aynı fabrika daha sonra poşette kuşburnu çayı ve ayrıca kızılcık, böğürtlen ve alıç reçelleri üretimine de geçmiştir. Gümüşhane’de bulunan bir başka önemli kuruluş, ürünlerini yurt dışına da gönderen konfeksiyon sanayiidir.
Şehrin tarihî eserleri arasında en önemlisi Eski Gümüşhane (Süleymaniye) mahallesi denilen kesimde bulunan ve bu mahalleye adını veren Süleymaniye Camii’dir. Eski şehirde bunun dışında bazı minare kalıntıları da vardır. Bugünkü şehir yeni olduğundan önemli tarihî eser bulunmaz. Eskibağlar mahallesiyle İnönü mahallesi arasında yer alan kiliseden bozma Emîrler Camii ile Hasanbey mahallesinde 1925-1930 yılları arasında kâgir olarak inşa edilen Kemaliye Camii belli başlı eserlerdendir.
Gümüşhane şehrinin merkez olduğu Gümüşhane ili Trabzon, Bayburt, Erzincan ve Giresun illeriyle kuşatılmıştır. Merkez ilçeden başka Kelkit, Köse, Kürtün, Şiran ve Torul adlı beş ilçeye ayrılmıştır. 6575 km2 genişliğindeki Gümüşhane ilinin 1990 sayımına göre nüfusu 169.375, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 26 idi.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1995 yılı istatistiklerine göre il ve ilçe merkezlerinde kırk dört, kasabalarda sekiz ve köylerde 422 olmak üzere toplam 474 cami bulunmaktadır. İl merkezindeki cami sayısı ise on dokuzdur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hurdâzbih, el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik , s. 108.
Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, el-Ḫarâc (de Goeje) , s. 254.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 423.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , II, 34.
Ch. Texier, Asie mineure , Paris 1862, s. 592.
Cuinet , I, 123.
T. Deyrolle, 1869’da Trabzon’dan Erzurum’a (trc. R. Ekrem Koçu), İstanbul, ts., s. 27-34.
Trabzon Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1322), tür.yer.
Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât (nşr. Neşet Çağatay), Ankara 1980, III-IV, 129.
Namık Tağudar, Gümüşhane Vilâyeti , Gümüşhane 1936.
Uzunçarşılı, Anadolu Beylikleri , s. 253, 254.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/2, s. 577-578.
Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , VI, 128, 129.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Osmanlı Devrinde Türkiye Madenleri , İstanbul 1931, s. VIII, 27, 36, 41.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 403.
Osman Yalçın, Erzincan-Gümüşhane , İstanbul 1961.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk-İslâm Medeniyeti , İstanbul 1980, s. 122.
a.mlf., Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1984, s. 361.
Artuk, İslâmî Sikkeler Kataloğu , II, 511, 533, 545, 629, 638.
Sabri Özcan San, Rusların Gümüşhane İlini İşgali , Ankara 1987.
a.mlf., “Gümüşhane Müstakil Sancağındaki Mahalleler Aileler ve (Efsaneler, Hikâyeler)”, Geçmişte ve Günümüzde Gümüşhane Sempozyumu (13-17 Haziran 1990) , Ankara 1991, s. 119-140.
a.mlf., Trabzon Salnâmelerinde Gümüşhane Sancağı , Gümüşhane, ts., s. 14, 16, 103.
Abdülkerim Özaydın, “Saltuklular”, Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi , İstanbul 1989, VIII, 158.
Musa Çadırcı, Tanzimat Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri’nin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapıları , Ankara 1991, s. 32, 365.
Metin Tuncel, “Türkiye’de Yer Değiştiren Şehirler ve Gümüşhane Örneği”, Geçmişte ve Günümüzde Gümüşhane Sempozyumu (13-17 Haziran 1990) , Ankara 1991, s. 29-33.
a.mlf., “Türkiye’de Yer Değiştiren Şehirler Hakkında Bir İlk Not”, İÜ Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 20-21, İstanbul 1977, s. 121, 122.
Ercüment Kuran, “Cumhuriyet Devrinde Gümüşhane’nin Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Kültürel Gelişmesi”, Geçmişte ve Günümüzde Gümüşhane Sempozyumu (13-17 Haziran 1990) , Ankara 1991, s. 23-27.
Ilgar Kırzıoğlu, “Gümüşhane Kentinin İmar Planlama Çalışmaları”, a.e. , s. 47-53.
Rıdvan Kutlutan, “Geçmişten Bugüne Gümüşhane ve Geleceğe Ait Düşünceler”, a.e. , s. 55-67.
Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, “Osmanlı Tapu-Tahrir ve Mühimme Defterlerinde Gümüşhane Bölgesi Türk Boy/Oymak Hatıraları ve Madenler Üzerine Hükümlerden Örnekler”, a.e. , s. 69-77.
Gülyüz Uslu, “Gümüşhane’nin Tarihçesi ve Turistik Değerleri”, a.e. , s. 141-153.
Haşim Karpuz, “Gümüşhane Evlerinin Mimari Özellikleri”, a.e. , s. 155-183.
Osman Yılmaz, “Gümüşhane’nin Sanayi Faaliyetleri ve Potansiyeli”, a.e. , s. 287-305.
Ramazan Özey, “Gümüşhane ve Çevresindeki Kırsal Yerleşmelerin Başlıca Coğrafi Sorunları ve Çözüm Yolları”, a.e. , s. 321-322.
Atamer Yarol, “Gümüşsu Fabrikasının Sorunları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, a.e. , s. 387.
Rıfat Yıldız, “Bölgesel Dengesizlik ve Gümüşhane’den Zengin Bölgelere Akan Sermaye”, a.e. , s. 393-401.
Turan Pir – Hamit Aytekir, Kuşburnuculuk ve Ekonomideki Yeri , Gümüşhane 1994, s. 46-47.
V. Kovenko, “Gümüşhane’nin Simli Kurşun Madenleri”, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Mecmuası , sy. 3-4, Ankara 1941, s. 283-300.
D. Winfield, “A Note on the South-eastern Bordes of the Empire of Trebizond in the Thirteenth Century”, Anatolien Studies , XII, London 1962, s. 168.
Xavier de Planhol, “Principes d’une géographie urbaine de l’Asie mineure”, Revue géographique de l’est , IX/3-4, Nancy 1969, s. 260.
a.mlf., “Gümüs̲h̲-k̲h̲āne”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 1139.
Mustafa Aydın, “Gümüşhane Tarihi”, TDA , sy. 56 (1988), s. 61-79.
Salih Çubukçu, “Gümüşhane ve Çevresindeki Tarihi Kalıntıların Korunmaları ve Restorasyonları ile İlgili Düşünceler”, DTCFD , XXXIV/1-2 (1990), s. 387-393.
Besim Darkot, “Gümüşhane”, İA , IV, 836-837.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 273-276 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.