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GUREBA HASTAHANESİ Skip to content Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan tarafından İstanbul’da fakir ve kimsesizler için yaptırılan hastahane.
İlk resmî adı Bezmiâlem Gurebâ-yi Müslimîn Hastahanesi iken zamanla Bezmiâlem Hastahanesi, Vakıf Gureba Hastahanesi, Gurebâ-yi Müslimîn Hastahanesi gibi çeşitli isimlerle de anılmıştır; bugünkü resmî adı Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Vakıf Gureba Hastahanesi’dir. Sultan Abdülmecid’in annesi Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan tarafından, o zaman İstanbul’da çalışır vaziyette bulunan Fâtih Şifâhânesi, Süleymaniye Dârüşşifâsı, Haseki Hürrem Sultan Bîmarhânesi, Üsküdar’daki Nurbânû Vâlide Sultan Bîmarhânesi gibi sağlık kurumlarının ihtiyaca kâfi gelmediğinin görülmesi üzerine yanındaki cami ve çeşme ile birlikte 200 yataklı bir erkek hastahanesi olarak yaptırılmış ve 24 Rebîülevvel 1261 (2 Nisan 1845) Cuma günü hizmete açılmıştır. Cümle kapısı üzerindeki tarih kitâbesi zamanın ünlü şairlerinden Zîver Paşa’ya aittir. XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda tesis edilen bazı sağlık kurumlarında “hastahane” adı kullanılmakla birlikte Gureba Hastahanesi, vakıf dârüşşifâlar geleneği içinde bu adla anılan ilk sağlık kuruluşudur. Gurebâ (garîb in çoğulu, “kimsesizler”) ismi de 1836’da Edirnekapı’daki Mihrimah Sultan Camii avlusunda açılan ve ancak sekiz yıl hizmet veren bîmarhâneden sonra ilktir. Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan’ın bu hastahaneden sonra 1850’de Mekke’de yapımına karar verdiği ikinci Gureba Hastahanesi, torunu II. Abdülhamid tarafından tamamlanmıştır. Emin Muhlis Paşa İzmir’de, Pertevniyal Vâlide Sultan da Medine’de gureba hastahaneleri kurmuşlardır. Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında Rusçuk, Saraybosna, Tulci, Mostar, Niş, Sofya; Sultan II. Abdülhamid zamanında ise Üsküp, Selânik, Halep ve Şam ile Anadolu’da Ankara, Konya, Erzurum, Antep, Urfa ve Bursa’da gureba hastahaneleri açılmıştır. Bu sonuncular Cumhuriyet döneminde numune ve devlet hastahanesi olmuşlardır. Bu sebeple Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Vakıf Gureba Hastahanesi, isim ve işlev açısından günümüze kadar gelen tek gureba hastahanesidir.
Hastahane açıldıktan iki yıl sonra, 1 Şâban 1263 (15 Temmuz 1847) tarihinde Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan’ın bütün vakıflarını kapsayan vakfiyesi tanzim edildi. Hastahaneye ayrılan bölümün başında buranın “gurebâ-yi müslimîn”e tahsis edildiği birkaç defa vurgulanarak kimsesiz ve fakirlere ücretsiz bakılmasının arzulanması, günümüze kadar süregelen vakıf şartlarının esasını oluşturmaktadır. Vakfiyenin ekindeki bir dâhilî nizamnâme ile de hastahanenin idaresine ait genel esaslar bütün ayrıntılarıyla tesbit edilmiştir. Bu nizamnâme ile kuruluşun yönetimi aynı zamanda sultanın kethüdâsı olan Darphâne-i Âmire ve Evkaf Nâzırı Mehmed Tâhir Bey’e verildi. Sonradan hastahane “evkāf-ı mazbûta”dan sayıldığı için yönetimi doğrudan Evkaf İdaresi’ne bağlandı ve başına idarî işler için bir müdür getirildi. Alet ve edevatın alınması, hekim, cerrah ve eczacı gibi sağlık elemanlarının tayin ve azilleri ise başhekime bırakıldı; daha sonra da bu gibi hizmetler Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye Meclisi’ne verildi. Buna göre sağlık personeli başhekimin teklifi ve bu meclisin tasvibiyle tayin ediliyordu; hastahanenin idaresiyle görevli müdür ise hekim değildi ve Evkaf İdaresi’ne karşı sorumlu idi. Hastahanenin ilk kadrosu müdür, birinci ve ikinci tabip, birinci ve ikinci cerrah, birinci ve ikinci eczacı, sülükçü, havanzen, iki kâtip, maaş memuru, vekilharç, dört aşçı, başhademe ile otuz hademe, berber ve iki kapıcıdan ibaretti. Cerrahlarla eczacılar mektepli değillerdi; yalnız iki tabip tıbhâne mezunu idi. İlk kadroda bulunan sülükçü ise daha sonraki kadrolarda görülmemektedir. Nizamnâmeye göre hastaların beslenmesi hususu tamamen hekimlere bırakılmıştı. Hatta gündelik masraflar arasında bulunmayan birçok yiyecek maddesi hekimler lüzum gördüğü takdirde satın alınabiliyordu. 1854’e kadar iki hekimle idare edilen hastahaneye bu tarihte mektepten yeni mezun bir stajyer doktor yardımcı hekim unvanıyla alındı; üç yıl sonra bu doktorun ölümü üzerine yerine ilk hıristiyan hekim tayin edildi. İlk doktorlarla cerrahların mesaisi geceli gündüzlü idi ve ancak evli olanların üç gecede bir evlerine gitmelerine izin veriliyordu.
Hastahanede biri bulaşıcı hastalıklar için ayrılmış on iki koğuş, bir eczahane ve hekimler için iki, müdürle eczacı ve cerrahlar için birer tane olmak üzere beş oda, hamam, mutfak ve çamaşırhane bulunuyordu. Mevcut tıbbî aletler ise iki ustunç (cerrahî alet) takımı, ayrıca sekiz neşter ve iki adet mîzânü’l-harâreden (termometre) ibaretti. Mikrop anlayışının ülkeye henüz pek yerleşmemiş olduğu bu devirde bulaşıcı hastalıklar için ayrı bir koğuş tahsis edilmesi dikkat çekicidir. Bu konuda nizamnâmeye konulan bir maddede, veba gibi bulaşıcı hastalıklara yakalanmış kişilerin diğerlerinin yanına yaklaştırılması yasaklanmakta ve ayrı koğuşlara yatırılmaları öngörülmektedir. Bununla birlikte hastahanenin tek koridor üzerine ve bulaşıcı hastalıkların ancak koğuş itibariyle tecridine imkân sağlayacak şekilde inşa edildiği göze çarpar. İlk nizamnâme hastaların kabul şartlarını tesbit ederken tedavisi imkânsız bir hastalığa müptelâ olanların alınmamasını ve doktorların bu konuda dikkatli davranmaları gerektiğini belirtir. Nizamnâmede, gerekli ilâç ve gıdaların miktarının bilinemeyeceği belirtilerek müdürün bu gibi maddeleri bol miktarda satın aldırması istenmektedir. Vakfiyede, hastaların yiyeceklerinden tasarruf yapılmaması, onlara özellikle et gibi besleyici gıdaların verilmesi ve tanesi bir altın liraya satılsa dahi mutlaka soğan alınması gerektiğinin ifade edilmesinden, hastaların ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması hususunda son derece titiz davranıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (Bayram, sy. 14, s. 104).
XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar tarihî binasında hizmet veren hastahanenin ihtiyacı karşılayamaz hale gelmesi üzerine 1910 yılında Evkaf Nâzırı Ürgüplü Hayri Efendi zamanında 110.000 altın harcanarak üçü dahiliyeye, ikisi hariciyeye tahsis edilmek ve biri ameliyathane, ikisi idare binası ve poliklinik olmak üzere İstanbul Üniversitesi Çapa Tıp Fakültesi’nin bulunduğu bugünkü binalar yaptırıldı. Ancak 1915’te tamamlanan ve iki yıl boş kalan bu yeni binalara 1917’de yangın felâketine uğrayan halk yerleştirildi. Daha sonra muhtelif cemiyet ve heyetlerin birer köşesine yerleştiği binaların mütareke yıllarında Amerikalılar’a verilmesini yanlış bulan Gureba Hastahanesi hekimleri, pavyonlardan birini eksiklerini 30.000 lira harcayarak tamamlamış, tarihî Gureba Hastahanesi’nden bazı hastaları buraya nakletmişlerdi. Fakat binalar ısıtılamadığından hastalar tekrar Gureba Hastahanesi’ne taşındı. Bu binalar 1925’te kuduz müessesesine, 1926’da da Reji İdaresi’ne verildi ve tütün deposu haline getirildi. Yeni binalar, tarihî binanın bazı koğuşları ile birlikte 1933’te İstanbul Üniversitesi Çapa Tıp Fakültesi’ne tahsis edildiği için hastahane yakın zamana kadar halk arasında Yukarı Gureba ve Aşağı Gureba şeklinde adlandırıldı. Hastahanenin yönetimi 1923’te Vakıflar’dan alınarak Sıhhat ve İçtimaî Muavenet Vekâleti’ne bağlandı. 1956 yılına kadar mülk bakımından Vakıflar’a ait olan ve idarî yönden Sıhhat ve İçtimaî Muavenet Vekâleti’ne bağlı kalan hastahane, bu tarihte 6760 sayılı kanun uyarınca tekrar Vakıflar’ın idaresine verildi. Çapa Tıp Fakültesi’nin de dahiliye kliniği olarak kullandığı tarihî binadaki koğuşları 1968’de boşaltmasıyla iki Gureba adlandırılması son buldu. Böylece Gureba Hastahanesi, Ürgüplü Hayri Efendi’nin yaptırdığı tesisleri kaybetmiş olarak yeniden bağımsız hüviyetini kazandı. Hastahane bu yıllar zarfında yalnız bazı binalarını kaybetmekle kalmadı, kendi vakıflarından olan Terkos gölünü 1926’da çıkarılan sular kanunu ile belediyeye, Bezmiâlem Kızlar Sultânîsi’ni de (İstanbul Kız Lisesi) Özel İdare’ye kaptırdı. Bu okul günümüzde Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi olarak hizmet vermektedir. Son yıllarda Sular İdaresi Gureba Hastahanesi’nden su parası isteyince konu mahkemeye intikal etti ve 1987’de hastahaneye ücretsiz su verilmesi kararına varıldı. Bezmiâlem Kızlar Sultânîsi’nin tapusu da 7074 sayılı kanun ve mahkeme kararı ile 4 Nisan 1988 tarihinde Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü adına tescil edildi.
1960’lı yıllarda Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü ile Gureba Hastahanesi Yardım Derneği 575 yataklı yeni bir hastahane inşasına karar verdi ve 1969’da temel atıldı. 1970’li yıllarda ise bu hastahanenin inşaatının tamamlanması yerine bir kanser teşhis ve tedavi (onkoloji) bölümü inşaatı başlatıldı. 1977’de Yeni Gureba Hastahanesi adına çıkarılan döner sermaye yönetmeliği eski hastahanede uygulanarak hastalardan ücret alınmaya başlandı ve bu uygulama, 5 Şubat 1986 tarih ve 19010 sayılı Resmî Gazete ’de yayımlanan Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Vakıf Gureba Hastahanesi Hasta Kabul ve Tedavi Yönetmeliği çıkarılıncaya kadar devam etti. Bu arada inşa halindeki yeni bina İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi’ne ve daha sonra Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’ne bağlanmak istendiyse de bu gerçekleşmedi; ancak 1979 yılında bu bina ile tarihî Gureba Hastahanesi, Vakıflar İdaresi tarafından bir protokol ile İstanbul Ticarî İlimler Akademisi’ne bağlandı ve önce Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, daha sonra Tıp Fakültesi haline getirilmesi planlandı. Fakat koalisyon hükümetlerinin sık sık değiştiği o yıllarda Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü protokolü bozdu ve Tıp Fakültesi’nin binalardan tahliyesi için mahkemeye başvurdu. Böylece 1980’den sonra mahkeme kararıyla Gureba Hastahanesi ikinci defa aslî hüviyetine kavuştu; bu arada, yeni hastahaneyi inşa için kurulmuş bulunan İstanbul Gureba Hastahanesi Yardım Derneği üyelerinin ilgisizliği yüzünden feshedildi. 1980’li yıllar hastahanenin tekrar toparlanmaya başladığı dönem olmuştur. Onkoloji bölümü inşaatı tamamlanarak hizmete açılmış, 1978 yılında ithal edilen ve sekiz yıl 178 sandıkta bekleyen cihazların yerlerine monte edilmesi yanında büyük çapta yeni tıbbî malzeme ve cihaz sağlanmış, tarihî binanın restorasyonu yapılmış, Hasta Kabul ve Tedavi Yönetmeliği çıkarılmış, Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Vakıf Gureba Hastahanesi Kliniklerine Yardım Vakfı kurulmuş ve vakfa vergi muafiyeti sağlanmıştır. Daha sonra Sağlık ve Sosyal Yardım Bakanlığı’ndan tekrar eğitim yetkisi alınarak asistan yetiştirilmesine girişilmiş, ilmî toplantılar başlatılmış ve vakıf haftalarında Vakıf Gureba Tıp Günleri ihdas edilmiştir. Ayrıca Gureba’nın hemşire ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere bir sağlık meslek lisesi açılmış, bu arada yeni hastahane inşaatı da tamamlanmıştır. Aynı yıllarda tıbbın bütün dallarında ve yoğun bakım ünitesinde sağlık hizmeti ve tıp eğitimi sürdürülmüştür. 1985 yılında İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi’nin yeni hastahaneyi talep etmesi üzerine kurumun gelişip büyümesi ve sağlam bir statüye kavuşarak başka bir müesseseye tahsis edilmemesi için bir vakıf üniversitesi kurma çalışmaları başlatılmış (1986), ancak Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu’nun izniyle 1987 tarihinde kurulan Bezmiâlem Üniversitesi daha sonra mevzuata uygun olmadığı gerekçesiyle kapatılmıştır (1989).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 202-204 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.