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GUYANA Skip to content Güney Amerika’da Surinam’dan sonra en çok müslüman nüfus barındıran ülke.
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Kuzeyden Atlas Okyanusu, doğudan Surinam (eski Hollanda Guyanası), güneyden ve güneybatıdan Brezilya, batıdan Venezuela ile çevrili olan ülkenin resmî adı Guyana Kooperatif Cumhuriyeti’dir (Co-operative Republic of Guyana). Yüzölçümü 214.970 km2 , nüfusu 2012 tahminlerine göre 799.500, başşehri Georgetown’dır (235.000 nüfus); nüfusu 100.000’i aşan başka şehri yoktur.
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
Kuzeyde kıyı kesimindeki düzlükler ve onun güneyinde bulunan alçak bir plato sahası gibi yüksek olmayan (genellikle 500 metreyi aşmayan) alanların çok yer kapladığı ülkenin sadece güneyi ile batısının orta kesimleri dağlık görünümündedir. Ülkenin batısındaki Roraina dağı 2810 metrelik yükseltisiyle Güney Amerika kıtasının bütün kuzeydoğu kesiminin en yüksek zirvesini teşkil eder. Tropikal iklim şartlarının hüküm sürdüğü ülkede yıllık sıcaklık ortalaması 27°’dir. Genellikle yüksek olan yıllık yağış tutarı yer yer büyük farklılıklar gösterir (1500 mm. ile 3000 mm. arasında değişir). Biri nisan-ağustos, diğeri kasım-ocak arasında olmak üzere senede iki defa bol yağış alır. Ülkenin orta kesimi orman alanları, güney ve güneybatı kesimi ise savanlarla kaplıdır. Başlıca akarsuları güney-kuzey doğrultusunda akarak Atlas Okyanusu’na ulaşan Courantyne, Berbice, Demerara ve Essequibo gibi ırmaklardır. Ülkede km2 ’ye düşen nüfus 3,5’tir, fakat nüfus yoğunluğu ülkede eşit olarak dağılmamıştır. Kıyı kesimi ve akarsu vadilerinde nüfus yoğunluğunun km2 başına 50-60 kişiye ulaştığı yerler vardır. Buna karşılık ülkenin büyük kesiminde yoğunluk km2 ’ye 1-3 arasında kalır. Günümüzde Doğu Hindistan kökenliler ülke nüfusunun % 43’ünü, Afrika kökenliler ise % 30’unu oluşturmaktadır. Nüfusun geri kalan kısmı yerliler, Avrupa kökenliler ve melezlerle Çinliler olarak sıralanabilir. Nüfusun % 57’sini hıristiyanlar, % 28’ini Hindular ve % 10’undan fazlasını müslümanlar oluşturur. Guyana’nın ekonomisi tarıma (şeker kamışı ve pirinç en başta gelen iki üründür) ve yer altı servetlerine (başta alüminyumun cevheri olan boksit olmak üzere) dayanır. Sanayide tarıma (şeker sanayii) ve yer altı kaynağına dayalı gelişmiştir. Başlıca ihraç ürünleri de şeker ve alüminyumdur.
II. TARİH
Eski adı Britanya Guyanası olan Guyana’da ilk yerleşimin 35.000 yıl önce Kuzey Amerika’ya Asya’dan gelen gruplar tarafından gerçekleştirildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Bu ilk yerleşimciler Guyana’nın içinde bulunduğu bölgede yerleştiler. Amerindian adı verilen Guyana yerlileri Güney Amerika’da büyük medeniyetlerin teşekkül ettiği Antik dönemde de basit bir hayat tarzı sürdürüyorlardı. Avrupalılar tarafından keşfedildiği dönemde Guyana yerlileri sahil bölgesinde Arawaklar ve iç bölgelerde Caribler olarak iki gruptan oluşmaktaydı. Bölgenin ismi olan Guyana yerli dilinde “sular bölgesi” anlamına gelir.
Cristof Colomb’un bölgeye yaptığı üçüncü keşif seyahati esnasında 1498’de keşfedilen Guyana’ya yerleşen ilk Avrupalılar 1616’da burada bir ticaret kolonisi kuran Hollandalılar’dır. Yerlilerle ticaret yapmayı amaçlayan Hollandalılar zamanla iç bölgelerde de yerleşim kurdular. İspanyollar’ın da üzerinde hak iddia ettiği Guyana 1648 Munster Antlaşması’yla resmen Hollanda’ya bağlandı. Guyana’da Hollandalılar döneminde kahve, şeker kamışı ve pamuk tarımının gelişmesi karşısında yerli iş gücü yetersiz kaldı. Ülkeyi yöneten Hollanda Batı Hindistan Şirketi XVII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Afrika’dan köle getirmeye başladı. Guyana ekonomisinde önemli bir yeri olan Afrikalı köleler gayri insanî çalışma şartları yüzünden sık sık isyan ettiler. Günümüzde Guyana’nın millî kahramanlarından kabul edilen Cuffy yönetimindeki 1763 köle isyanı sonunda Avrupalılar’ın büyük kısmı Guyana’yı terketmek zorunda kaldı. Bu isyan ancak Fransız ve İngilizler’in yardımıyla bastırılabildi.
Yeni yerleşimcilere ihtiyaç duyan Hollandalılar 1746’dan itibaren Guyana’ya İngilizler’in yerleşmesine izin verdiler. 1760’ta bölgede çoğunluğu ele geçiren İngilizler, Hollanda Batı Hindistan Şirketi’nin 1770’lerdeki idarî reformları sebebiyle artan masrafları karşılamak üzere vergileri arttırması yüzünden Hollandalılar’a karşı 1781’de savaş başlatarak Berbice, Essequibo ve Demerara’yı ele geçirdiler. Günümüzde başşehir olan Georgetown’da Saint George Kalesi’ni inşa ettiler. Ancak kısa süre sonra Hollandalılar’la ittifak yapan Fransızlar bu şehirleri geri alıp iki yıl boyunca hâkimiyet kurdular. Hollandalılar 1784’te bölgeyi yine ele geçirdi. 1792’de Hollanda Batı Hindistan Şirketi’nin Guyana üzerindeki imtiyazı Hollanda hükümeti tarafından kaldırıldı ve koloni doğrudan Hollanda hükümetine bağlandı (Demerara ve Essequibo Birleşik Kolonisi). Berbice ayrı bir koloni olarak kaldı. İngilizler, 1796’da Hollanda kolonilerine düzenledikleri seferle bölgeyi kansız bir şekilde ele geçirdiler. 1802 yılında tekrar Hollanda kontrolüne geçen bölge 1814 Londra Konvansiyonu ile İngiliz yönetimine verildi. 1831’de Demerara ve Essequibo Birleşik Kolonisi ile Berbice birleştirilerek İngiliz Guyanası oluşturuldu ve bu yönetim Guyana’da 1966’da bağımsızlığa kadar sürdü.
1834’te köleliğin yasaklanması üzerine köleler eski sahiplerinin yanında maaşla çalışmaya başladılar. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Hindistan’dan çok sayıda tarım işçisi getirildi. 1905’te çıkan Ruimveldt işçi isyanı İngiliz birlikleri tarafından bastırıldı. 1928’de kabul edilen yeni anayasayla ülke vali yönetiminde bir İngiliz kolonisi haline getirildi. 1930’lardaki “büyük buhran” Guyana’yı da etkiledi. Ülkenin en önemli gelir kaynakları olan şeker, pirinç ve boksit fiyatlarının düşmesi Guyana’da işsizlik ve fakirliğin artmasına yol açtı, bu sebeple pek çok isyan çıktı. İngiliz yönetimi bu isyanları önlemek için çeşitli reform kararları aldıysa da bunların çoğu uygulanamadı.
II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca İngiliz Guyanası’nda pek çok reform yapıldı. İngiliz Valisi Gordon Lethem siyasal ve anayasal değişiklikler yaptı. Oy verme hakkını toplumun daha geniş kesimlerine yaydı. Bu dönemde Guyana’da bir Amerikan üssü kuruldu. Savaşın sonlarına doğru boksite duyulan ihtiyacın artması ülke ekonomisinin güçlenmesine yardım etti. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından günümüzde de ülke siyasetine hâkim olan People’s Progressive Party ve People’s National Congress gibi partiler kuruldu. Hint kökenli Guyanalı Cheddi Jagan 1950’de People’s Progressive Party’yi kurarak 1953 yılında parlamentoda çoğunluğu kazandı. Sosyalist olan People’s Progressive Party’nin ekonomiye daha fazla devlet müdahalesine imkân tanıyan programı İngiliz valisini ve yüksek bürokratları rahatsız edince İngiltere koloni anayasasını askıya aldı. Koloni 1957’ye kadar muhafazakâr politikacılar, iş adamları ve bürokratlardan oluşan bir hükümet tarafından yönetildi. Yeni anayasaya göre yapılan 1957 seçimlerini yine People’s Progressive Party kazandı. Aynı partideki muhalif kanadın lideri Afrika kökenli Guyanalı Linden Forbes Burnham partisinden ayrılarak People’s National Congress’i kurdu.
1961’de İngilizler tarafından kolonide İngiliz valisinin veto yetkisinin bulunduğu yeni bir anayasa kabul edildi. Aynı yıl yapılan seçimi de kazanan People’s Progressive Party, People’s National Congress’in yoğun muhalefeti ve sokak olaylarıyla uğraşmak zorunda kaldı. 1962 ve 1963 yılında çıkan olaylarda başşehir Georgetown tahrip edildi. 1964’teki işçi olayları dolayısıyla hükümet olağan üstü hal ilân etti. Olaylar ancak İngiliz birliklerinin müdahalesiyle sona erdi. 1964 seçimlerinin ardından People’s National Congress’in diğer muhalefet partisi olan United Force ile koalisyon yapması sonucunda L. F. Burnham başbakan oldu. Kasım 1965’te Londra’da yapılan konferans sonucunda Guyana’nın 26 Mayıs 1966’da bağımsızlığına karar verildi.
Bağımsızlığın hemen ardından sınır problemleri yüzünden Venezuela, Cuyuni nehri üzerindeki Ankoko adasını işgal etti ve Guyana’nın batı sahilinde de hak iddia etti. 1968 seçimlerini People’s National Congress tek başına kazandı. Ülke yönetiminde Afrika kökenli Guyanalılar daha fazla söz sahibi oldu. Ocak 1969’da Guyana’nın Venezuela sınırında yaşayan beyazlar ve yerliler merkezî yönetime isyan ettiyse de isyan bastırıldı. Ülkenin adı 23 Şubat 1970’te Kooperatif Guyana Cumhuriyeti (Co-operative Republic of Guyana) olarak değiştirildi ve İngiltere ile ilişkiler kesildi. Yeni anayasada sosyalizme geçiş öngörülüyordu. Yabancıların sahip olduğu işletmeler millîleştirildi. L. F. Burnham yönetimindeki ülke daha otoriter bir hale geldi. 1979’da meydana gelen fâili meçhul cinayetler ve karışıklıkların ardından 1980’de anayasa değiştirilerek başkanlık sistemine geçildi. Ülke on idarî bölgeye ayrıldı. 15 Aralık 1980 seçimlerini de People’s National Congress kazandı. 1980 başlarında ülke ekonomik krizdeyken bağımsızlıktan beri fiilen Guyana’yı yöneten L. F. Burnham 1985’te öldü.
Başkan yardımcısı Desmont Hoyte, People’s National Congress’in başına geçerek başkan oldu. Aralık 1985’te yapılan seçimleri de D. Hoyte liderliğindeki People’s National Congress kazandı. D. Hoyte devletin ekonomi üzerindeki hâkimiyetini kaldırıp daha liberal politikalar izledi. Reformlar yaparak özgürlükleri genişletti. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile ilişkileri geliştirdi. 1992 yılından itibaren uluslararası gözlemciler tarafından izlenen ilk serbest seçimleri Cheddi Jagan liderliğindeki People’s Progressive Party kazandı. Cheddi Jagan’ın 1997’de ölümünün ardından eşi Janet Jagan tartışmalı bir biçimde Guyana’nın ilk kadın başkanı oldu. Ağustos 1999’da istifa eden Janet Jagan’ın ardından 1999-2011 yılları arasında ülkeyi People’s Progressive Party’den Bharrat Jagdeo yönetti. 28 Kasım 2011’deki seçimleri kazanan People’s Progressive Party’nin adayı Donald Ramotar başkanlık görevini sürdürmektedir. Guyana Birleşmiş Milletler, İslâm İşbirliği Teşkilâtı, Karayip Ortak Pazarı (Caribbean Community-CARICOM), Commonwealth ve Güney Amerika Uluslar Topluluğu üyesidir.
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Müslümanlık ülkeye ilk defa Afrika kökenli kölelerle girmişse de bunların büyük bir kısmı hıristiyanlaştırılmış veya Afrika’ya göç etmiştir. 1838’den itibaren Guyana’ya getirilen Güney Asyalılar ülkede İslâmiyet’in yaygınlaşmasına vesile oldu. 1917 yılına kadar 250.000’den fazla Hint kökenli işçi Guyana’ya getirildi. Bunlar arasındaki müslümanlar Guyana’da ilk camiyi ve Urduca eğitim verilen ilk İslâmî okulu 1865’te inşa ettiler. Ülkede İslâmiyet Hinduizm’le birlikte bağımsızlıktan sonra resmen tanındı. Müslümanların büyük kısmı Sünnî’dir. Guyana’da müslümanların kurduğu pek çok sivil toplum kuruluşu bulunmaktadır. 1935’te ülkede Ahmediyye’nin yayılmasını önlemek amacıyla ilk İslâmî teşkilât olan The United Sadr Islamic Anjuman kuruldu. 1972’de bu teşkilât biri hükümet yanlısı, diğeri muhalifi olmak üzere ikiye bölündü. Teşkilâtın ülke çapında 120’den fazla kurumu bulunmaktadır. 1973’te ülkedeki bütün müslümanları içine alan The General Congress of Islamic Brotherhood teşkil edildi. 1978’den beri faaliyet gösteren Guyana Islamic Trust özellikle İslâmî eğitim alanında uzmanlaşmıştır. Guyana İslâm Enstitüsü ve İslâm Okulu bu teşkilât tarafından işletilmektedir.
1979 yılında müslümanlara yardım için oluşturulan The Central Islamic Organization of Guyana zamanla büyüyerek gayri müslimlere de yardımlarda bulunmakta, özellikle eğitim ve yoksulluk gibi alanlarda çalışmaktadır. Hujjatul Ulamaa, Muslim Youth Organization, Guyana Muslim Mission Limited ve Tabligh Jammat, the Rose Hall Town Islamic Center gibi başka kuruluşlar da faaliyet göstermektedir. Ülkede ramazan ve kurban bayramları resmen tatil olup ayrıca mevlid kandili kutlanmaktadır. Guyana 1998’de İslâm İşbirliği Teşkilâtı’na (İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı) üye olmuştur. Büyük kısmı tarımla uğraşan, bir kısmının işletmeleri bulunan Guyana’daki müslümanlar parlamentoda ve çeşitli bakanlıklarda temsil edilmektedir. Müslümanlar ülkede 130 civarında cami inşa etmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
V. T. Daly, The Making of Guyana , New York 1974; Guyana and Belize (ed. T. Merrill), Washington 1993; Selami Gözenç, Orta ve Güney Amerika Ülkeler Coğrafyası , İstanbul 1993, s. 289-292; M. Abdullah al-Ahari, “The Caribbean and Latin America”, Islam Outside the Arab World (ed. D. Westerlund – I. Svanberg), Richmond 1999, s. 454; Frank Senauth, The Making of Guyana: From a Wilderness to a Nation , Bloomington 2009; R. Reichert, “Muslime in den Guyanas”, WI , X (1967), s. 46-51; S. A. Ahsani, “Muslims in Latin America: A Survey Part I”, JIMMA , V/2 (1984), s. 457-458; “Günümüzde Guyana”, Bertelsmann: Bugünkü Dünyamız Atlas Ansiklopedi , Gütersloh 1993, V, 62-63; W. Menski, “Guyana”, The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (ed. Stanley N. Katz), Oxford 2009, III, 137-138; http://www.amerindian.gov.gy (19.02.2015); http://www.guyana.org/features/trail_diplomacy.html (19.02.2015); http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GY#Population (19.02.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 487-490 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.