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HACCÂC b. YÛSUF es-SEKAFÎ Skip to content Ebû Muhammed el-Haccâc b. Yûsuf b. el-Hakem es-Sekafî (ö. 95/714)
Zalim lakabıyla meşhur Emevî valisi.
41 (661) yılında Tâif’te doğdu. Babası Yûsuf b. Hakem, annesi Kûfe Valisi Mugīre b. Şu‘be’nin eski karısı Fâria bint Hemmâm’dır. Anne ve baba tarafından Sakīf kabilesinin Ahlâf koluna mensuptur. Emevîler’e sadakatle bağlı olduğundan “Küleyb” (köpek yavrusu) lakabıyla da tanınır. Okuma yazma bildiği, küçük yaşlarda Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i ezberlediği ve Tâif’ten ayrılıncaya kadar babasının yanında kardeşiyle birlikte çocuklara Kur’an öğrettiği rivayet edilir.
Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın iktidarı ele geçirdiği yıllarda dünyaya gelen Haccâc onun saltanatı döneminde yetişti. Mensup olduğu Sakīf kabilesiyle Ümeyyeoğulları (Emevîler) arasında Câhiliye dönemine kadar uzanan dostça ilişkiler bulunuyordu. Emevîler’e muhalif olan Abdullah b. Zübeyr Hicaz’da halifeliğini ilân edince Ümeyyeoğulları ile Sakīfliler bölgeden ayrılmaya başladılar. Haccâc babasıyla birlikte muhtemelen bu dönemde Tâif’ten Dımaşk’a göç etti. Emevî saltanatı II. Muâviye’nin çok kısa süren halifeliğinin ardından yıkılmak üzere iken ailenin bütün mensupları ve Sakīfliler’in ileri gelenleri Câbiye’de toplanarak halifeliğe kimin getirileceğini ve ona kimin halef olacağını tartıştılar. Yûsuf b. Hakem ile oğlu Haccâc’ın da katıldığı bu toplantı sonunda özellikle Sakīfli Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’ın teşviki ve bazı Emevîler’in desteğiyle Emevî iktidarında kan değişimi sağlanarak Ümeyyeoğulları’nın büyüğü Mervân b. Hakem’e biat edildi. Emevîler’in yeniden ülkeyi kontrol altına almaları önemli ölçüde, aralarında Haccâc ve babasının da bulunduğu Sakīfliler’in Emevîler’e verdikleri bu destek sayesinde gerçekleşti. Böylece iktidara gelen Mervân, Mısır’da oturan Sakīfliler’in de desteğini kazanmak için Yûsuf b. Hakem ve Haccâc’la birlikte oraya gitti. Mısır’ın kontrol altına alınmasından sonra da onları muhalefetin merkezi durumundaki Hicaz’a gönderdiği orduya dahil etti. Bu ordu Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e bağlı kuvvetler tarafından kılıçtan geçirildi. Haccâc ve babası canlarını zor kurtardılar.
Haccâc, Mervân’ın ölümünden sonra halife olan oğlu Abdülmelik tarafından Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in kardeşi ve Basra Valisi Mus‘ab b. Zübeyr’e karşı düzenlenen sefere artçı birlikleri kumandanı olarak tayin edildi. Haccâc’ın Emevî devlet hayatında etkin bir şekilde rol alması bu olaydan itibaren başlar. Mus‘ab’ın ortadan kaldırılmasından sonra (691) Haccâc, İbn Zübeyr’le mücadele için Hicaz’a gönderilen 2000 kişilik ordunun başına getirildi. Karargâhını doğum yeri olan Tâif’te kuran Haccâc Mekke’ye giden yolları keserek şehre gıda sevkiyatını engelledi; ayrıca gönderdiği küçük müfrezeler zaman zaman Arafat dağına kadar sokularak tâciz hareketlerinde bulundular. Üç ay sonra istediği 5000 kişilik yardım kuvvetinin gelmesi ve Mekke’yi kuşatma izninin verilmesi üzerine şehri kuşattı ve mancınıklarla taşa tuttu. Altı buçuk aydan fazla süren kuşatma sonucunda şehirde yaşanan büyük açlık İbn Zübeyr’in adamları arasında çözülmeye sebep oldu. İbn Zübeyr de yaptığı bir huruç hareketi sırasında öldürüldü (1 Ekim 692; daha geniş bilgi için bk. ABDULLAH b. ZÜBEYR b. AVVÂM ). Böylece Hicaz, Irak ve Mısır’da dokuz yıl hüküm süren ve Emevî Devleti’ne zor günler yaşatan Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in hilâfetine son verilmiş oldu. Haccâc gösterdiği bu başarıdan sonra Hicaz, Yemen ve Yemâme valiliğine getirildi. Üç yıl bu görevde kaldıktan sonra Halife Abdülmelik’in kardeşi Bişr b. Mervân’ın ölümü üzerine (694) stratejik önemi yanında isyan merkezi haline gelen Irak’a vali tayin edildi. Burada Emevîler’e karşı isyan halinde olan Haricîler küçük askerî birlikleriyle Emevî ordularını mağlûp ediyorlar, Hz. Ali taraftarları da yöneticileri uğraştırıyorlardı. Haccâc, Irak’ı çok sert tedbirler alarak idare etti. Onun, seleflerinden Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in tutumundan daha sert olan bu tavrını, Kûfe’ye girdiği zaman besmelesiz okuduğu, Arap edebiyatında önemli bir yeri bulunan meşhur hutbesinde görmek mümkündür (bu hutbesi ve diğer hitabeleri için bk. Ahmed Zekî Safvet, Cemheretü ḫuṭabi’l-ʿArab , II, 287-300).
Irak’ta Emevîler’e muhalif olan her hareketi kanlı bir şekilde bastıran Haccâc’ın bu çok sert yönetiminden kaçanlar ya silâha sarılıp muhalif hareketlere katılıyor ya da Hicaz Valisi Ömer b. Abdülazîz’e sığınıyorlardı. Bu durum, daha sonra Haccâc’ın Ömer b. Abdülazîz ile sürtüşmesine ve Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in Medine valiliğinden azledilmesine sebep olmuştur. Haccâc, 697 yılında yetkileri daha da arttırılarak bütün doğu illerinin valiliğine tayin edildi. Onun valiliği sırasında Hâricîler’in İran’daki, Mutarrif b. Mugīre’nin Medâin’deki, Şebîb b. Yezîd’in Musul’daki ve Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Eş‘as’ın Horasan’daki isyanları bastırıldı.
Yirmi yıllık Irak ve doğu illeri valiliği sırasında Haccâc’ın karşılaştığı en ciddi problem, İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın kendisine ve Emevî Devleti’ne karşı başlattığı isyandır. Haccâc bir Emevî ordusunun Horasan bölgesinde Türkler tarafından kılıçtan geçirilmesi üzerine özellikle Emevîler’e muhalif kimselerden teşkil ettiği ve Tâvus adını verdiği 20.000 kişilik bir orduyu Türkler’le savaşmak üzere yola çıkardı (699). Amacı, Türkler’den intikam almanın yanı sıra rejim karşıtı Iraklılar’ı iç politikadan uzaklaştırmaktı. Ancak kendisinden nefret eden ordu kumandanı İbnü’l-Eş‘as ve emrindeki ileri gelen askerlerle arasında anlaşmazlık çıktı. İbnü’l-Eş‘as, Haccâc’ın kendisini görevden almak istemesi üzerine isyan etti. Irak ve Horasan’daki bazı şehirleri ele geçirerek buralara yönetici tayin etti. Haccâc’a ve Emevî Devleti’ne çok zor anlar yaşatan İbnü’l-Eş‘as, 701 yılında Deyrülcemâcim ve Meskîn’de üst üste iki büyük bozguna uğratıldı ve daha sonra sığındığı yerde Haccâc’ın adamlarına teslim edildi. İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın Haccâc’ın elinde ölmek yerine intihar etmeyi tercih ettiği rivayet edilir.
Bütün gücünü Emevî saltanatının ayakta kalması için harcayan Haccâc, yirmi beş yılı aşkın bir mücadeleden sonra Kûfe ile Basra arasındaki kendi kurduğu Vâsıt şehrinde öldü (Ramazan 95 / Haziran 714). Mezarının tahrip edilmesi ihtimaline karşı sapa bir yere gömülerek üzerinden akarsu geçirildi. Haccâc’ın elinden tutanlar ve onu destekleyenler Emevîler’in Mervânî koludur. Bu sebeple Ehl-i beyt’in amansız düşmanı olan Emevîler’e daima sadık kalmış, Hz. Ali soyundan olan hanımını Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın emriyle boşadığı için kendisine “nâsibî” (Ehl-i beyt’e muhalif) denilmiştir. Haccâc Emevîler’in muhaliflerine karşı çok sert ve acımasız davranmış, aralarında Enes b. Mâlik’in de bulunduğu pek çok kişiye zulmetmiş, meşhur muhaddis ve müfessir Saîd b. Cübeyr dahil binlerce kişiyi öldürtmüş, kendisine yeminle biat ettirmiş, yeminlerinden dönenlere mürted muamelesi uygulamış, müslüman oldukları halde mevâlîden haraç ve cizye almıştır. Esmâ bint Ebû Bekir es-Sıddîk, oğlu Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in öldürülmesinden sonra yanına gelen Haccâc’a, “Resûl-i Ekrem Sakīf’ten bir yalancının, bir de bozguncunun çıkacağını haber vermişti; gördük ki yalancı Muhtâr es-Sekafî imiş, bozguncu da sensin” demiştir (Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 229; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 44). Haccâc, Saîd b. Cübeyr’i öldürttükten birkaç ay sonra kendi ölümünü isteyecek kadar büyük ruhî sıkıntılara mâruz kalmış, sonunda dayanılmaz mide ağrıları ve elem içinde ölmüştür. Ölüm haberini alan âlimler ona rahmet dilememişler; Hasan-ı Basrî, “Allahım, onu ortadan kaldırdığın gibi sünnetini de kaldır” diye dua etmiş, Ömer b. Abdülazîz şükür secdesine gitmiş ve İbrâhim en-Nehaî sevincinden ağlamıştır. Öte yandan kaynaklarda onun Kur’an ehline çok cömert davrandığı, mala mülke düşkün olmadığı, öldüğünde sadece bir kılıç, bir at eyeri, bir mushaf, bir rahle ve 300 dirhem para bıraktığı kaydedilmektedir.
Haccâc’ın Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın muvafakatiyle yaptığı işler arasında Arapça’nın resmî muamelelerdeki kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması, Irak’ta Farsça tutulmuş divan defterlerinin Arapça’ya çevrilmesi ve Arap para sistemine geçilmesi başta gelir. Haccâc, o güne kadar Bizans ve Sâsânî sikkesi şeklinde basılan paraların üzerine “bismillâh – el-Haccâc”, bazılarına da “Allāhü ahad, Allāhü’s-samed” ibarelerini yazdırdı. Bu işin başına Sümeyr adlı bir yahudiyi getirmesinden dolayı Sümeyriyye diye anılan sikkelerin üzerindeki bu ifadeleri ulemâ hoş karşılamamış ve sikkelere “ed-derâhimü’l-mekrûhe” adını vererek tepkisini göstermiştir. Ancak bu paralar tedavülde kalmış ve Emevî ekonomisinin istikrara kavuşmasına yardım etmiştir. Haccâc, Aşağı Fırat ve Dicle bölgesindeki toprakları sulayan kanallara büyük önem vermiş, eskileri tamir ettirirken ayrıca yenilerini açtırmış, bataklıkları kurutarak tarım arazisi haline getirip buralara, Umman’dan çağırdığı çiftçiliği iyi bilen bazı Ezd kabilesi mensuplarından öğrendiği en çok verim alınabilecek bitkileri ektirmiş ve tarımda üretimi arttırmak için köylerden şehirlere göçü önlemiştir. Hububat alım satımında tek tip ölçü (es-sâu’l-Haccâciyye) kullanılmasını sağlamış, posta teşkilâtına da çekidüzen vermiştir.
Haccâc’ı zalim, cebbar ve kan dökücü gibi sıfatlarla zemmeden Zehebî onun Kur’an’a çok hürmet ettiğini (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 343), Sicistânî ise hâfızları toplayarak Kur’an’ın harfleriyle ilgili çeşitli çalışmalar yaptırdığını, ayrıca muhtelif sûrelerde geçen on bir kelimenin imlâsını belirli bir kıraate göre tesbit ettirdiğini ve kendisinin de her gece Kur’ân-ı Kerîm okuduğunu söyler (İbn Ebû Dâvûd, s. 49-50, 117-120). Haccâc’ın, Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in Irak valiliği döneminde başlatılan Kur’an’ın harekelenmesi ve noktalanması işini sürdürdüğü ve bunun için Nasr b. Âsım’ı görevlendirdiği bilinmektedir (bk. ARAP [Yazı]). Aynı zamanda ünlü bir hatip olan Haccâc’ın çok fasih ve beliğ bir dili vardı; Irak’a vali tayin edildiğinde okuduğu hutbe Arap edebiyatının örnek metinleri arasında yer alır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 229.
Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 44.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 87-88; V, 228-229, 543.
Zübeyrî, Nesebü Ḳureyş , s. 82-83.
İbn Abdülhakem, Fütûḥu Mıṣr (Torrey) , s. 109.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe) , s. 225, 357, 359, 395-398, 445, 548.
Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda) , s. 80, 97, 393, 416, 420-421, 536.
a.mlf., Ensâb , V, 132-135, 357-360, 368.
Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī, Târîḫ (nşr. Şükrullah b. Ni‘metullah el-Kūcânî), Şam 1980, I, 700.
Müberred, el-Kâmil (nşr. Naîm Zerzûr v.dğr.), Beyrut 1987, II, 280.
Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 256.
Taberî, Târîḫ (de Goeje) , II, 182, 217-220, 406-409, 460-461, 472, 476, 482, 579, 830-831, 844, 863, 1043-1058, 1104-1105.
İbn Ebû Dâvûd, Kitâbü’l-Meṣâḥif (nşr. A. Jeffery), Leiden 1937, s. 49-50, 117-120.
İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , V, 35.
Cehşiyârî, el-Vüzerâʾ ve’l-küttâb , s. 38.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , III, 78.
Ebü’l-Ferec, Târîḫu muḫtaṣari’d-düvel (nşr. Antûn Sâlihânî el-Yesûî), Beyrut 1890, s. 195.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , II, 29-54.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 343.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , VIII, 329, 334-336, 337, 352; IX, 124-125, 128-129.
J. Wellhausen, Arap Devleti ve Sukutu (trc. Fikret Işıltan), Ankara 1963, bk. İndeks.
Abdurrahman Çetin, Kur’an İlimleri ve Kur’an-ı Kerim Tarihi , İstanbul 1982, s. 144, 152.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , II, 168.
Ahmed Zekî Safvet, Cemheretü resâʾili’l-ʿArab fî ʿuṣûri’l-ʿArabiyyeti’z-zâhire , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), s. 141 vd.
a.mlf., Cemheretü ḫuṭabi’l-ʿArab fî ʿuṣûri’l-ʿArabiyyeti’z-zâhire , Kahire 1381/1962, II, 287-300.
Dırâr Sâlih Dırâr, el-Ḥaccâc İbn Yûsuf es-Seḳafî , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru mektebeti’l-hayât).
A. Dietrich, “Al-Haccâc b. Yûsuf’un Terceme-i Haline Dair Bir Kaç Mülâhaza”, İTED , II/1 (1956-57), s. 147-155.
a.mlf., “al-Had̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 39-43.
Zakariyau I. Oseni, “An Examination of al-Hajjāj b. Yūsuf al-Thaqafī’s Major Policies”, IS , XXVII/4 (1988), s. 317-327.
a.mlf., “A Study of the Relationship Between al-Ḥajjaj Ibn Yūsuf al-Thaqafī and the Marwānid Royal Family in the Umayyad Era”, HI , X/3 (1987), s. 15-27.
Ahmet Lütfi Kazancı, “Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sakafî”, UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , IV/4, Bursa 1992, s. 117-127.
H. Lammens, “Haccâc”, İA , V/1, s. 18-20.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 427-428 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.