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HACERÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Şihâbüddîn Afûkāy Ahmed b. Kāsım b. Ahmed el-Hacerî el-Endelüsî (ö. 1051/1641’den sonra)
Nâṣırü’d-dîn ʿale’l-ḳavmi’l-kâfirîn adlı eseriyle tanınan Endülüslü mütercim.
977 (1570) yılı civarında Endülüs’te Hacerülahmer köyünde doğdu. Bu köyün Gırnata (Granada) yakınlarında muhtemelen günümüzdeki Láchar (Hijar) veya Extremadura bölgesinde Hornachos’ta bulunduğu yönünde iki görüş vardır. Mayıs 1612’de Paris’ten İstanbul’daki Endülüslü muhacirlere gönderdiği mektupta ismini Ehmed ben Caçim Bejerano şeklinde yazan Hacerî aynı zamanda Afûkāy adıyla da bilinir. Bu ismin Ebü’l-Kāsım karşılığı veya Berberîce bir kelime ya da ailesinin meşhur ismi olabileceği ihtimalleri ileri sürülmüştür. Dedesi fakih olan Hacerî ailenin büyüklerinden Arapça ve İslâmî ilimler okudu. Bu arada muhtemelen Madrid’de Belensiyeli bir tabipten İspanyolca öğrendi. İspanyolca’yı iyi bilmesi, ismini değiştirip Bejerano adını alması, müslüman olduğunu gizleyip Hıristiyanlığı benimsediğini göstermek zorunda kaldığı günlerde tercümanlık ruhsatı almasını sağladı. Gırnata Piskoposu D. Salpa Tierra ve Piskopos D. Pedro Castro başkanlığındaki tercüme heyetine girmeyi başardı. Ancak İspanyol yönetiminin Moriskolar’a karşı engizisyon uygulamasını şiddetlendirmesi, takip ve yakma olaylarının artması yüzünden kendini ve inancını kurtarmak için Endülüs’ten ayrılmaya karar verdi.
Hacerî bir süre İşbîliye (Sevilla), Gırnata ve Madrid’de yaşadı; 1590’ların sonunda Kādis’in (Cadiz) Santa María Limanı’ndan bindiği buğday yüklü bir gemiyle Portekiz’in Kuzey Afrika’daki garnizonlarından Berîce’ye (el-Cedîde) geçti. Buradan bir arkadaşıyla Sa‘dîler’in hâkimiyetindeki Azemmûr’a kaçtı. Şehrin yöneticisiyle birlikte Merakeş’e giderek Sa‘dî Sultanı Ahmed el-Mansûr’un huzuruna çıktı (1007/1599). Sultan, dindarlığının yanı sıra İspanyol ve Portekiz dillerini bildiğinden kendisini divandaki tercüme kaleminde görevlendirdi. Hacerî, devlet mütercimliğini ve İspanyolca kâtiplik görevini Ahmed el-Mansûr’un ölümünün ardından Ebü’l-Meâlî Zeydân en-Nâsır, Ebû Mervân Abdülmelik b. Zeydân en-Nâsır ve Velîd b. Zeydân en-Nâsır (1631-1636) dönemlerinde de sürdürdü. Bu görevi esnasında şehirdeki Endülüslüler’le ilişkilerini güçlendirdi; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed er-Recrâcî gibi dönemin önde gelen âlimlerini tanıma ve onlarla birlikte ilmî meclislere katılma imkânı buldu.
Hacerî, Sultan Zeydân en-Nâsır tarafından, 1609’da çıkarılan sürgün fermanından sonra kendilerini İspanya’dan Kuzey Afrika’ya götürecek dört Fransız gemisine binen Moriskolar’ın gemiciler tarafından gasbedilen mallarının iadesi meselesini görüşmek üzere Moriskolar’dan seçilen beş kişilik heyetin başında Fransa kralına gönderildi (1611). Uzun süren elçilik görevi esnasında Fransa’da Paris, Bordeaux, Le Havre, Hollanda’da Amsterdam, Leiden ve Lahey gibi şehirlerde kaldı (1611-1613). Leiden Üniversitesi Arap Dili Kürsüsü’nde görev yapan şarkiyatçılardan Thomas Erpenius ve Jacobus Golius ile tanıştı. Bu şehirlerde karşılaştığı bazı hıristiyan ve yahudi din adamlarıyla önemli tartışmalarda bulundu.
1044’te (1634) hacca gitmek için Merakeş’ten ayrılan Hacerî, hac dönüşünde Mısır’da ziyaret ettiği Mâlikî fakihi Ali b. Muhammed el-Üchûrî’nin isteğiyle, Avrupa’da hıristiyan ve yahudi din adamlarıyla yaptığı görüşme ve münazaraları içeren Riḥletü’ş-Şihâb ilâ liḳāʾi’l-aḥbâb adını verdiği bir kitabın telifine başladı. Eserini 1637’de bitirdikten sonra Tunus’a gidip tercüme çalışmalarına devam etti. Hacerî hakkındaki son bilgiler Receb 1051 (Ekim 1641) tarihine aittir. Muhtemelen Moriskolar’ın yoğun olduğu Tunus’a yerleşip burada vefat etmiştir.
Hacerî’nin şarkiyatçılardan Etienne Hubert, Thomas Erpenius ve Jacobus Golius ile görüşmeleri hakkında aktarılan bilgiler, XVII. yüzyıl başlarında Avrupa’daki Arapça öğrenimine ve Avrupa’da yaygın biçimde kullanılan Arapça eserlerin yanı sıra dönemin oryantalistleri arasındaki İslâm algısına da ışık tutmaktadır. Hacerî, Paris’te bulunduğu sırada Etienne Hubert’e İbn Mâlik’in manzum el-Miftâḥ fî ebniyeti’l-efʿâl ’ini okutmuştur. Fransa ve Hollanda seyahati esnasında tanıştığı kişilerle ilmî müzakereler yapmış, Jacobus Golius ile yıllarca mektuplaşmış, mektuplarında bazı ilmî konulardaki bilgi ve görüşlerini paylaşmıştır. Nitekim Thomas Erpenius, 1617’de neşredilen ve Avrupa’da iki yüzyıl boyunca Arapça öğretiminin klasiklerinden biri haline gelen Grammatica Arabica adlı eserini hazırlarken Hacerî’den yararlandığını ve onun Arapça dil bilgisine dair sorularını cevaplayan üstadı olduğunu belirtmiştir (Wiegers, al-Qantara , XXXI/2 [2010], s. 587-610). Hacerî ile Erpenius’un gün boyunca Arapça ve İspanyolca’nın nasıl iç içe girdiği hakkında konuştukları bildirilmektedir (Matar, Europe Through Arab Eyes , s. 75-76).
Eserleri. 1. Riḥletü’ş-Şihâb ilâ liḳāʾi’l-aḥbâb. Sa‘dî sultanının elçisi sıfatıyla Fransa ve Hollanda’ya yaptığı seyahatler hakkında kaleme aldığı bir eser olup günümüze ulaşmamıştır. XVII-XVIII. yüzyıl Mağrib tarihçilerinden Ayyâşî ve İfrenî eserlerinde Mevlây Zeydân dönemiyle ilgili kısımlarda bu kitaptan alıntılar yapmışlardır. 2. Nâṣırü’d-dîn ʿale’l-ḳavmi’l-kâfirîn. Riḥletü’ş-Şihâb ’ın muhtasarı olup müellifin bugüne kadar gelen tek eseridir. Mısır’da yazmaya başladığı eserini 1047’de (1637) Tunus’ta tamamlamış, telif amacının da Avrupalı hıristiyan ve yahudi din adamlarıyla yaptığı tartışmaları anlatmak olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Kendisi de bir Morisko olan Hacerî’nin eseri, Moriskolar’ın Kuzey Afrika’ya yerleşmelerinin ardından sosyal ve kültürel açılardan durumlarını gösteren birinci elden kaynaklardandır. On üç bölüm halinde düzenlenen eser, 1588’de Gırnata’da eski bir manastırda bulunan, I. yüzyıla ait olduğu söylenmekle birlikte hıristiyanların orijinalliğini kabul etmedikleri Arapça bir parşömen hakkında Gırnata başpiskoposu ile yaptığı görüşme ile başlamakta, ilk üç bölümde müellifin Endülüs’ten ayrılışı, Merakeş’e gelişi ve buradan elçi olarak Fransa’ya gidişi anlatılmaktadır. Eserin 4-11. bölümleri, müellifin Fransa ve Hollanda’daki gözlemlerine, yahudi ve hıristiyan din adamlarıyla yaptığı tartışmalara ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümler kitabın en dikkat çekici kısmını teşkil etmektedir. Eser, XVII. yüzyılda bu ülkelerdeki İslâm algısının yanı sıra hıristiyan din adamlarının çok eşlilik, domuz eti, oruç vb. konularda İslâm’a yönelttikleri eleştiriler hakkında önemli bir kaynaktır. Hacerî, onların eleştiri ve sorularına verdiği cevapların ardından bu defa kendisi muhataplarına inanç ve uygulamalarına dair sorular sormuş, verdikleri cevapları da eleştirmiştir. Eserinde, yahudi ve hıristiyan âlimlerinin cevaplarındaki mantık hatalarına dikkat çektiği eleştirileri ve onların bu eleştiriler karşısında yaşadıkları şaşkınlığı canlı bir şekilde tasvir etmektedir. Öte yandan eser, XVII. yüzyıl başlarında özellikle Kuzey Afrika ile Fransa ve Hollanda’nın siyasal ilişkilerine dair bazı ayrıntılar da sunmaktadır. Kitabın on ikinci bölümü, müellifin Mısır ve Fas’ta karşılaştığı iki rahiple görüşme ve yazışmalarına, son bölüm ise (s. 172-206) kendisinin hayat hikâyesine ayrılmıştır.
Hacerî’nin hıristiyanlarla arasında geçen dinî tartışmalardaki ifadelerinde, kendisiyle aynı dönemde Lübnan’dan İtalya’ya gitmiş olan Fahreddin el-Hâlidî’nin Avrupa hayranlığının aksine İslâm’ın Hıristiyanlık’tan üstün olduğu inancına sahip bulunduğu görülmektedir (Matar, Europe Through Arab Eyes , s. 91). Hacerî, 1492’de Gırnata’nın düşmesinden 1609’da III. Felipe tarafından bütün Moriskolar’ın İber yarımadasından sürgün edilmesine dair fermana kadar geçen sürede, Endülüs müslümanlarının mâruz kaldıkları dinî ve kültürel asimilasyon siyasetine rağmen inançlarını koruduklarını ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Hacerî’nin eserinde kullandığı dil, bilhassa XVI. yüzyılda Endülüs’ten ayrılarak Kuzey Afrika’ya yerleşen Moriskolar’ın günlük konuşma diline dair özellikler göstermesi bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. İlk neşrini Muhammed Rezûk’un gerçekleştirdiği eser (Dârülbeyzâ 1987) daha sonra P. S. van Koningsveld, Q. al-Samarrai, G. A. Wiegers tarafından İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Madrid 1997).
Hacerî ayrıca, aralarında Kādî İyâz’ın eş-Şifâʾ sının da bulunduğu bazı eserleri Arapça’dan İspanyolca’ya tercüme etmiştir. Tunus’ta karşılaştığı İspanyol toplumunda Reis İbrâhim er-Rebâş adıyla tanınan Ahmed b. Gānim el-Endelüsî’nin ricası üzerine onun İspanyolca eserini el-ʿİz ve’l-menâfiʿ li’l-mücâhidîn fî sebîlillâh bi-âlâti’l-ḥurûb ve’l-medâfiʿ adıyla Arapça’ya çevirmiş, Salamancalı bir yahudi olan Abraham Zacuto’nun (İbrâhim Zekût, ö. 1472) astronomiye dair Almanach perpetuum adlı İspanyolca risâlesini de er-Risâletü’z-Zekûtiyye ismiyle yine Arapça’ya tercüme etmiştir. Hacerî, kendisinden harita yapımıyla ilgili Latince bir eseri tercüme etmesini isteyen Sa‘dî sultanına Latince bilmediğini söylediğini ve eserin tercümesini esirler arasında bulunan bir rahiple birlikte yaptıklarını kaydetmektedir (Nâṣırü’d-dîn ʿale’l-ḳavmi’l-kâfirîn , s. 233).
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