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HACERÜLESVED Skip to content Kâbe’nin güneydoğu köşesine tavafın başlangıç noktasını belirlemek amacıyla yerleştirilen taş.
el-Hacerü’l-esved terkibi Arapça’da “siyah taş” anlamına gelir. Yerden 1,5 m. kadar yükseklikte bulunan, yaklaşık 30 cm. çapında ve yumurta biçimindeki bu taşın siyaha yakın koyu kırmızı renkte olması sebebiyle böyle adlandırıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Kaynaklar, Hacerülesved’in Hz. İbrâhim tarafından Kâbe’nin inşası esnasında tavafın başlangıç noktasını belirlemek amacıyla yerleştirildiği konusunda ittifak etmekle birlikte bu taşın menşei, tarihçesi ve mahiyeti hakkında, birçoğu zayıf isnatlara dayanan, bazıları aynı zamanda sembolik bir anlam taşıyan çeşitli rivayetler nakledilmiştir (Ezrakī, I, 62-66, 322-329; Fâkihî, I, 81-97; Süheylî, II, 270-275). Bu rivayetlerde umumiyetle Hacerülesved’in cennetten indirildiği, Nûh tûfanı sırasında Ebû Kubeys dağında korunduğu ve Hz. İbrâhim’in Kâbe’yi inşası esnasında oradan getirilerek yerine konulduğu ifade edilmektedir.
İslâmiyet’ten önce Araplar’ın Hacerülesved’e ayrı bir önem ve kutsiyet atfetmeleri ve onu âdeta Kâbe’nin kutsiyetinin sembolü saymaları, bu taşın Hz. İbrâhim’den itibaren devam edegelen hac ve tavaf ibadetinin önemli bir öğesi olmasının yanı sıra bu dönemde Araplar arasında özellikle taşlara ve bu taşlardan yapılmış putlara tapınma âdetiyle de bağlantılı olmalıdır. Nitekim bu husus bir kısım Batılı araştırmacıyı, Hacerülesved’in Araplar’ın eski bir putundan arta kalan bir parça olabileceği tarzında yanlış bir kanaate sevketmiştir (Cevâd Ali, VI, 436-437).
Kâbe’nin zaman içinde sel ve yangın gibi çeşitli âfetlere, ayrıca insanların saldırılarına mâruz kalmasının sonucunda Hacerülesved’de bazı hasarlar ve parçalanmalar meydana gelmiş, ancak her defasında bu parçalar büyük bir titizlikle yerlerine yapıştırılarak korunmaya çalışılmıştır. İslâm’dan önceki dönemde Huzâalılar tarafından Mekke’den çıkarılan Cürhümlüler’in sakladığı Hacerülesved, uzun süren aramalardan sonra bulunarak tekrar yerine konmuştur. Hz. Muhammed henüz otuz beş yaşında iken Kâbe’nin Kureyşliler tarafından yeniden inşası sırasında Hacerülesved’in yerine yerleştirilmesi hususunda kabileler arasında anlaşmazlık çıkmış, bu şerefli görevi hiçbir kabile diğerine bırakmak istememişti. Bunun üzerine Kureyşliler’in en yaşlısı Ebû Ümeyye b. Mugīre’nin teklifiyle belirlenen bir yöntem sonunda hakem kabul edilen Hz. Muhammed, Hacerülesved’i bir örtü içine koyarak bütün kabile reislerinin iştirakiyle kaldırmış, yerleştirileceği yerin hizasına gelince de bizzat kendisi bu görevi yerine getirmişti. Abdullah b. Zübeyr döneminde (683-692) çıkan bir yangında üç parçaya ayrılan Hacerülesved, parçaları birbirine yapıştırılarak gümüş bir mahfaza içine alınmış, daha sonra yıpranan bu mahfaza 189 (805) yılında Hârûnürreşîd tarafından takviye ettirilmiştir. 317’de (930) Karmatî lideri Ebû Tâhir el-Cennâbî Mekke’de yaptığı katliam ve yağma sırasında Hacerülesved’i yerinden sökerek Hecer’e götürmüştür. Böylece Kâbe uzun bir süre Hacerülesved’siz kalmış, ancak hacılar tavaf esnasında Hacerülesved mevcutmuş gibi bulunduğu yeri istilâm ederek (aş.bk.) tavaflarını yapmışlardır. Nihayet bir rivayete göre Fâtımî Halifesi Mansûr-Billâh’ın emriyle, diğer bir rivayete göre ise Abbâsî Halifesi Mutî‘-Lillâh’ın 30.000 dinar fidye ödemesi üzerine Hacerülesved Mekke’ye getirilerek (339/950-51) yerine yerleştirilmiş ve gümüş mahfazası tamir edilerek yenilenmiştir. Daha sonra Hacerülesved’i çalma veya ondan bir parça koparma yönünde birçok teşebbüs olmuşsa da bunlar engellenmiş veya koparılan parçalar özenle yerine monte edilmiştir. Bu taşa ait küçük bir parça Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde bir hadım ağası tarafından İstanbul’a getirilmiş ve türbe kapısının üst tarafına konulmuştur (Mahmud Esad, s. 326). İbrâhim Rifat Paşa’nın naklettiğine göre Hacerülesved 1290’da (1873), ortasında 27 cm. çapında yuvarlak bir açıklığın bulunduğu gümüş bir mahfaza içine alınmış olup (Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , I, 264) bu açıklık sayesinde taşa dokunulmasına imkân sağlanmıştır. 1932 yılında bir Afganlı Hacerülesved’den bir parça koparmış, ancak yakalanarak idam edilmiştir.
Hanefî mezhebine ve İmam Mâlik’e göre tavafa Hacerülesved’den başlanması sünnet, Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Hanefî fakihi Muhammed b. Hasan’a göre ise şarttır. Birinci grup, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de hac ve tavaftan söz eden âyetlerde (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/125, 158; el-Hac 22/29) bu yönde bir hükmün bulunmayışından hareket ederken ikinci gruptaki fakihler bu konuda, Hz. Peygamber’in hac ibadetinin kendisinin yaptığı gibi yapılması yönündeki genel emrini (Müsned , III, 318; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 310) esas alırlar.
Fakihler, Resûl-i Ekrem ve ashaptan rivayet edilen uygulamalara dayanarak (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 60; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 249-250; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 46) tavaf sırasında Hacerülesved’i sünnete uygun şekilde ziyaret etmenin (istilâm) ona el ile dokunup öpmekle gerçekleştiği konusunda görüş birliği içindedir. Hacerülesved’i istilâm ederken tekbir getirilmesi de aynı gerekçe ile (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 62) müstehap sayılmıştır. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre, tavafın her şavtında yapılan istilâm esnasında tekbir getirilirken eller havaya kaldırılır, Mâlikî mezhebine göre ise bu gerekli değildir. Öpme veya el ile dokunma suretiyle istilâm etme imkânı bulunamadığı veya bunun zor olduğu durumlarda uzaktan işaret ederek istilâm yapılabilir. Bunu yaparken avuç içleri Hacerülesved’e doğru kaldırılır ve sanki taşa dokunuyormuş gibi hafifçe hareket ettirilir. Bu hareketin ardından tekbir getirilerek avuç içi öpülür.
Tavafta izdiham olduğu zaman Hacerülesved’in öpülmesi veya ona dokunulması için başkalarına eziyet edilmemesi gerekir. Bu durumda uzaktan işaretle istilâm etmek daha uygundur. Çünkü Hacerülesved’e dokunmak sünnet, başkalarına zarar vermekten kaçınmak ise vâciptir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber, Vedâ haccının tavafında Hacerülesved’i elindeki değnekle işaret ederek istilâm ettiği gibi (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 58; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 254) Hz. Ömer’i de insanlara eziyetten sakınarak uzaktan istilâm konusunda uyarmıştır (Müsned , I, 28).
Tavaf eden kişi Hacerülesved’i istilâm sırasında herhangi bir dua okuyabilir. Ancak Resûl-i Ekrem’den ve ashaptan gelen bazı rivayetlere (bk. Fâkihî, I, 97-110; Beyhakī, V, 79; Heysemî, III, 239-240) dayanan fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre şu duanın okunması müstehaptır (Mv.F , XVII, 107): Bismillâhi vallāhü ekber. Allâhümme îmânen bike ve tasdîkan bi-kitâbike ve vefâen bi-ahdike ve’ttibâan li-sünneti nebiyyike Muhammedin sallallāhü aleyhi ve sellem (بسم الله والله أكبر. اللهم إيمانًا بك وتصديقًا بكتابك ووفاءً بعهدك واتباعًا لسنّة نبيك محمّدٍ صلى الله عليه وسلّم “Allah’ın adıyla. Allah en büyüktür. Allahım! Sana inanmamın, kitabını tasdik etmemin, ahdine vefa göstermemin ve peygamberin Muhammed’in sünnetine uymamın bir işareti olarak [Hacerülesved’i istilâm ediyorum]”).
Tavafta başlama noktasını gösterme şeklindeki pratik faydası yanında Hacerülesved’in bir de sembolik anlamı olup kaynaklarda bununla ilgili birçok rivayete yer verilir. Hz. Ali’den nakledildiğine göre Hacerülesved, bezm-i elestte Allah’ın bütün insanlardan kendisini rab olarak tanımaları yönünde aldığı sözü (bk. el-A‘râf 7/172) içinde taşımakta olup ondan, bu ahde vefa gösterenler lehinde kıyamet günü şahitlikte bulunması istenecektir (Ezrakī, I, 324; Süheylî, II, 273). İbn Abbas’tan rivayet edilen bir hadiste, Allah’ın kıyamet günü Hacerülesved’i getireceği ve onun da hak üzere kendisini istilâm edenlere şahitlikte bulunacağı belirtilmiştir (İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 27; Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 113). Diğer bir hadiste de, “Hacerülesved’e dokunan kimse rahmanın eline dokunmuş gibidir” denilmiştir (İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 32; Müttakī el-Hindî, XII, 219). Kütüb-i Sitte dışındaki bazı hadis kitaplarında Hacerülesved’in yeryüzünde Allah’ın sağ eli olduğu, onun vasıtasıyla kulları ile musâfaha ettiği, Hacerülesved’e dokunanın Allah’la biat etmiş olacağı (Heysemî, III, 242; Müttakī el-Hindî, XII, 215, 217), Hacerülesved ve Rüknülyemânî’nin ahde vefa üzere kendilerini istilâm edenlere kıyamet günü şahitlik edeceği (Heysemî, III, 242; Müttakī el-Hindî, XII, 219) şeklinde birtakım rivayetler yer almaktadır. Bir kısmı zayıf senedlere dayanan (Fâkihî, I, 81-97, nâşirin notları) bu rivayetlerin genelde hac, umre ve tavaf ibadetlerinin önemini, bu arada Hacerülesved’in temsilî anlamını vurgulamaya yönelik ifadeler olarak yorumlanması daha isabetli görülmektedir. Hacerülesved istilâm edilirken okunan duada da onun bu sembolik anlamına işaret vardır (Fâkihî, I, 85; Süheylî, II, 273). Süheylî, aslında beyaz olan Hacerülesved’in işlenen günahlar yüzünden karardığına dair hadisi (Müsned , I, 307, 329, 373; Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 49) yorumlarken Hacerülesved’de saklı ahdin insanın tevhide dayanan aslî fıtratı olduğunu, her insanın bu ahd ve fıtrat üzere doğduğunu belirtir ve Hacerülesved’in kararması ile, ahde ve fıtrata aykırı davrananların bu ahdin mahalli olan kalplerinin kararması arasındaki benzerliğe dikkat çeker (er-Ravżü’l-ünüf , II, 275). Hacerülesved’in Kâbe’de meydana gelen yangınlar (Ezrakī, I, 65) veya Câhiliye devrinde müşriklerin sürdükleri kan sebebiyle (Fâkihî, I, 92; Fâsî, I, 315) karardığına dair görüşler de bulunmaktadır.
Abdullah b. Ömer’in naklettiğine göre Hz. Peygamber bir defasında dudaklarını Hacerülesved’in üzerine koyarak uzun süre ağlamış, daha sonra dönüp Ömer’in de ağladığını görünce şöyle demiştir: “Ey Ömer! Göz yaşları burada dökülür” (İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 27). Hz. Ömer’in de Hacerülesved’le ilgili olarak, “Allah’a andolsun ki senin zarar veya fayda vermeyen bir taş olduğunu biliyorum; eğer Resûlullah’ı seni istilâm ediyor görmeseydim ben de seni istilâm etmezdim” dediği bilinmektedir (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 57; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 249-250). Diğer bir rivayette ise Hz. Ömer’in Hacerülesved’i öptüğü ve, “Resûlullah’ı seni öperken görmeseydim seni öpmezdim” dediği kaydedilmektedir (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 60). Hz. Ömer bu sözü, insanların putlara tapmaktan yeni kurtuldukları bir dönemde Hacerülesved’i istilâmı putperestlikle karıştırmalarını önlemek ve bu iki davranışın mahiyet ve gaye bakımından birbirinden farklı olduğunu anlatmak için söylemiş olmalıdır (Muhibbüddin et-Taberî, s. 281). Tavaf esnasında Hacerülesved’e dokunulması ve onun öpülmesi yönündeki rivayetlerden, bu taşın kutsallığı veya Kâbe’nin kutsiyetini temsil ettiği şeklinde bir sonuç çıkarmak ve bu uygulamayı bizzat Hacerülesved’e karşı bir saygı ifadesi olarak görmek doğru değildir. Hac ibadetindeki birçok şekil ve merasim gibi bunun da Hz. İbrâhim’in ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in hâtırasını canlandırma, haccı önemsemeyi ve Allah’ın bu konudaki emrine boyun eğmeyi vurgulama, kulluk ve itaat gibi ruhî ve derunî halleri zâhirî bazı davranışlarla ifade etme gibi sembolik ve taabbüdî bir anlam taşıdığı söylenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Saîd Bekdâş, Fażlü’l-Ḥaceri’l-esved ve maḳāmi İbrâhîm ve ẕikru târîḫihimâ ve aḥkâmihime’l-fıḳhiyye ve mâ yeteʿallaḳu bihimâ , Medine 1416/1996.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 433-435 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.