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HACIBEYLİ, Üzeyir Skip to content (1885-1948)
Azerbaycanlı besteci ve müzikolog.
5 Eylül 1885 tarihinde Karabağ bölgesindeki Şuşa şehrinin Ağcabedi kasabasında doğdu. Babası Abdülhüseyin Hacıbeyli, annesi Şirin Aliverdibey’dir. Hacıbeyli (Hacıbeyov) ilk öğrenimine iki yıllık Rus-Tatar okulunda başladı. Burayı bitirdikten üç yıl sonra 1899’da Gori Muallimler Semineri’ne katılarak 1904 Ağustosunda köy öğretmenliği yapma hakkını kazandı. Müzik hayatında önemli bir devre teşkil eden Gori yıllarında Azerbaycan halk müziği üzerine etütlerde bulundu ve pek çok mahnıyı notaya aldı. Bu arada keman başta olmak üzere bazı enstrümanları çalmasını öğrendi. Hadrut’ta bir yıl kadar süren öğretmenliğinin ardından 1905’te Bakü’ye yerleşti. Burada Bibiheybet Fehle Rayonu’nda (1906-1907) ve Saâdet-i Hayriyye Cemiyeti Mektebi’nde (1908-1911) öğretmenlik görevini yürütürken bir taraftan çocuklar için bazı tercümeler yaparak hikâye ve yardımcı ders kitapları hazırladı, bir taraftan da Rusça-Tatarca ve Tatarca-Rusça sözlüklerini yayımladı (1907). Ayrıca bazı Rusça eserlerin Azerbaycan diline tercüme edilmesi çalışmalarına katılarak bu amaçla kurulan çeşitli komisyonlarda bulundu. Bakü’de öğretmenliğin yanında Heyat (1905), İrşad (Kasım 1905 – Haziran 1907), Tereggî (1908-1909) ve Hegiget (1909-1910) gazetelerinde mütercim, redaktör ve fıkra yazarı (hicivci) olarak çalıştı. Ayrıca Füyûzât , Açıksöz , Yeni İgbal , Kaspiy ve Molla Nasreddin gibi gazete ve mecmualarda “Ordan-Burdan”, “Filankes”, “Üzeyir”, “Behmenkes” gibi rumuz ve takma adlarla siyasî ve mizahî makaleler yazdı. Rusya’da Çarlık rejiminin sarsılmaya başladığı sıralarda Millî Azerbaycan Hareketi’ne katıldı. 1912 yılında müzik öğrenimini ilerletmek için Moskova’ya gitti ve solfejde ünlü müzisyenlerden N. M. Laduhin’in, armonide N. N. Sokolovski’nin öğrencisi oldu. Fakat maddî sıkıntı sebebiyle Bakü’ye geri döndü. 1913’te ise öğrenimine devam etmek için St. Petersburg Konservatuvarı’na gitti. Burada toplam altı ay okuyabildi ve N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov’un öğrencisi V. F. Kalafati’den armoni, V. V. Şerbakov ve Y. Y. Gandşin’den piyano ve org dersleri aldı.
1926 yılında Azerbaycan Devlet Konservatuvarı’nda rektör yardımcısı, 1928’de de rektör olan Hacıbeyli, kısa bir süre sonra bu görevinden ayrılıp aynı kurumun halk müziği şubesinde öğretmenlik ve müdürlük yaptı (1930-1938). Bu arada konservatuvarda teşkil ettiği (1926) koro çok kısa sürede dağıldı. Ancak koronun kurulması ile birlikte zaman içinde ortaya çıkan repertuvar meselesinde öncelikle mahnıların armonize edilmesine önem verilmiş ve daha fazla kontrapunt çok sesliliği denenip tek sesli tınılar kullanılmıştır. Azerbaycan müziğinin gelişmesinde Hacıbeyli’nin teşkil ettiği koronun önemli rolü olmuştur. Ayrıca 1931 yılında radyo için ilk müşterek notalı halk çalgı aletleri orkestrasının kurulmasına da öncülük etti. Bu orkestranın teşkilinden önce millî çalgıların özelliklerini inceleyerek bilhassa tarın perdelerinin değiştirilmesi üzerinde araştırmalar yapmış ve bu sazı geliştirerek on altı telli hale getirip orkestraya dahil etmiş, böylece Avrupa nota sisteminin millî Azerbaycan aletlerine uygulanabileceğini göstermiştir. Hacıbeyli bu amaçla iki de fantezi bestelemiş ve bunların ilkinde çârgâh, ikincisinde ise şûr makamı üzerine kurulu bir beste tekniği uygulamıştır. Hacıbeyli’nin bizzat yönettiği bu orkestra, millî eserler yanında Batı bestekârlarının eserlerini de başarıyla seslendirmiştir.
Hacıbeyli, 1934’te Azerbaycan Bestekârlar İttifakı’na katıldı, dört yıl sonra da başkanlığa seçildi. 1939 yılında yeniden Azerbaycan Devlet Konservatuvarı rektörü oldu. 1945’te Azerbaycan İlimler Akademisi’ne üye seçilmesinin ardından aynı kuruluşa bağlı İnce Senet (güzel sanatlar) Enstitüsü’nün başkanlığına getirildi ve bu görevlerini ömrünün sonuna kadar sürdürdü. Hacıbeyli 23 Kasım 1948 tarihinde Bakü’de öldü. Ölümünden sonra Azerbaycan Devlet Konservatuvarı ve Azerbaycan Devlet Senfoni Orkestrası’na onun adı verildi; ayrıca Azerbaycan İlimler Akademisi de bütün eserlerini yayımladı.
Bestekârlık ve nazariyatçılığının yanı sıra meşhur bir yazar, teşkilâtçı, dramatist, pedagog ve siyasetçi kişiliğiyle deha sahibi bir ilim ve sanat adamı olarak kabul edilen Hacıbeyli, bu özellikleriyle Azerbaycan müzik ve kültür hayatına silinmez izler bırakmış, birçok konuda önderlik etmiştir. Onun hayatı, Sovyet devriminden önce ve sonra olmak üzere iki dönem halinde ele alınabilir. Birinci dönemde yazar, mütercim, redaktör, gazeteci, öğretmen ve bestekâr; ikinci dönemde ise yalnızca adını bütün dünyaya duyurmuş bir bestekâr değil, aynı zamanda bestekârlık üslûbunu yaymayı başarmış bir müzik eğitimcisi ve teşkilâtçı bir lider, bir siyaset adamı olarak görülür. Öncelikle ülkesinde mûsiki mesleğinin temellerini atmış, birçok müzik eğitim ve öğretim kurumunun, araştırma merkezi ve enstitüsünün açılmasını sağlamış, koro ve orkestraların kurulmasına öncülük etmiştir. Hacıbeyli, eski Sovyet hâkimiyeti altında yaşayan diğer topluluklara ve çeşitli Doğu ülkelerine de eserleri ve görüşleriyle rehberlik etmiş bir fikir adamıdır. Onun ana ilkesi, millî hususiyetlerin ön planda tutulduğu ve herkesin anlayabildiği bir müzik meydana getirmektir. Ona göre millî dille yazılan müzik sonuçta milletlerarası olur. Bu ilke, Hacıbeyli’nin sanat hayatının değişmez düsturunu ve âdeta özetini teşkil etmiştir.
Müzik sevgisi daha çocuk yaşlarda kendini göstermeye başlayan Hacıbeyli’nin ilk hocası dayısı Ağalarbey Aliverdibey’dir. Öğrencilik yıllarında okulunda sahneye konan piyeslere katılır ve koro elemanı olarak gösterilere çıkardı. Bu yaşlarda, çocukluğunu geçirdiği Şuşa’daki usta hânende ve sâzendelerden “mugam” ve “tesnif” okumayı öğrendi. Zamanla özümsediği halk müziğinin bütün türlerinin üslûp hususiyetlerini birleştirdi, tahliller yaptı ve teknik, estetik özelliklerini keşfederek kendi orijinal üslûbunu meydana getirdi. Onun üslûbu, Azerbaycan müziğinin sonraki yıllarda kazanacağı gelişmeler için kuvvetli bir dil, bir nazarî esas oluşturmuş ve bu müziğin milletlerarası seviyeye çıkmasına ortam hazırlamıştır.
Hacıbeyli’nin ilk müzik eseri, 12 Ocak 1908 tarihinde Bakü’deki Hacı Zeynelâbidin Tagiyev Tiyatrosu’nda sahneye konulan ve Azerbaycan’ın ilk mugam operasını teşkil eden Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’dur. Sözleri Fuzûlî’ye ait olan opera, Azerbaycan bestecilerinin aynı vadideki çalışmalarını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Eserin formu Batı operalarından alınmış olmasına rağmen bestelenişinde “şabeh” adı verilen müzikli halk oyunlarına bağlı kalınmış ve geniş ölçüde “destgâh”lardan, solo okuyuşlarda mugamlardan, koro olarak da tesniflerden faydalanılmıştır. Mugamlar notaya geçirilmemiş ve sanatçılar tarafından irticâlen okunmuştur. Fakat eserin aslı geleneksel halk yaşayışına ve müziğine dayansa da sahne teşkili ve orkestra kullanımı ile modern bir opera görüntüsüne sahiptir. Hacıbeyli bu opera ile Azerbaycan’da bu türün temelini atmakla kalmamış, millî armoninin ve çok sesliliğin de esaslarını ortaya koymuş, ayrıca çok sesliliğin basit şekillerini halk müziğinin tek sesli yapısı ile kaynaştırarak Azerbaycan mugamlarını Batı’nın majör-minör sistemiyle birleştirmiştir.
Leylâ vü Mecnûn operasından başka Hacıbeyli, 1909-1915 yılları arasında beş mugam operası daha bestelemiştir. Bunlardan Şeyh San‘ân 30 Kasım 1909’da, Rüstem ve Söhrâb 12 Kasım 1910’da, Şâh Abbâs ve Hurşîd-Bânû 10 Mart 1912’de, Aslı ile Kerem de yine aynı yılın 18 Mayısında sahneye konulmuştur. Hacıbeyli’nin bestekârlık hayatının son mugam operası olan Hârûn ve Leylâ ’nın metni 1915’te yayımlanmış olmasına rağmen eserin notaları bestekâr tarafından imha edilmiştir. Ancak Müslim Magomayev Şah İsmâil , Üzeyir Hacıbeyli’nin ağabeyi Zülfikar Hacıbeyli de Âşık Garib operası ile “Hacıbeyli üslûbu”nu devam ettirmişlerdir.
Hacıbeyli Sovyet döneminde bestekârlık çalışmalarına mahnı türü ile başlamıştır. Bu yıllarda Komsomolcu Kız , Süvari , Pilotlar gibi mahnıları; II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında da Çağırış , Yahşi Yol , Ananın Oğluna Nasihati , Şefget Bacısı , Döyüşçüler Marşı gibi kahramanlık mahnılarıyla senfonik orkestra için Cengi adlı kahramanlık piyesini bestelemiştir. Ayrıca yakın arkadaşı M. Magomayev ile birlikte yayımladığı Azerbaycan Halk Mahnıları (1927) adlı mecmua ile de halk müziği eserlerine en fazla ihtiyaç duyulan bir dönemde bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamıştır.
Bestecinin en önemli operası, librettosunu M. S. Ordubadi’nin yazdığı Köroğlu ’dur. Hacıbeyli, Azerbaycan millî destanı mahiyetindeki bu eserinde halkın Köroğlu adlı kahramanın önderliğinde hürriyet uğrunda verdiği mücadeleyi tasvir ve terennüm etmektedir. İlk defa 30 Nisan 1937 tarihinde Bakü’de sahneye konan operanın kazandığı büyük başarıdan dolayı Hacıbeyli Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği devlet ödülüne lâyık görülmüştür (1941). Köroğlu , klasik Rus-Avrupa epik-kahramanlık operasının geleneklerini sürdüren önemli eserlerden biri olarak kabul edilir; özellikle armonik ve polifonik dili, orkestralaması ve senfonik parçaları ile Azerbaycan müziğinin gelişiminde çok önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Hacıbeyli Azerbaycan’da operetin de kurucusudur. Bu tür, bestecinin kaleminde keskin bir toplumsal mizah niteliği kazanmıştır. Bu alandaki eserleri 24 Mayıs 1910’da sahneye konan Er ve Arvad , 25 Nisan 1911’de sahneye konan O Olmasın Bu Olsun ve 25 Ekim 1913’te sahneye konan Arşın Mal Alan ’dır. Bunlar arasında, dünyada en fazla tutulan ve kırk beşten fazla dile çevrilen Arşın Mal Alan önemli bir yere sahiptir. Hacıbeyli’nin St. Petersburg’da iken yazdığı bu eserin konusu gerçek hayattan alınmış ve hareketli halk müziği motifleriyle süslenmiştir.
Hacıbeyli’nin keman, viyolonsel ve piyano için 1931 yılında yazdığı Âşık Sayağı triosu, Azerbaycan sanat müziğinde türünün ilk örneğini teşkil eder. Hacıbeyli bu yeni türde oda müziğiyle âşık müziğinden faydalanmış, ayrıca âşık üslûbunda bestekârlık tekniğini ve bu tekniğin çeşitli hususiyetlerini ortaya koymuştur. Sazların eşlik ettiği koro eserleri arasında kantatlar da Hacıbeyli’nin bestecilik hayatında önemli bir yer tutar. Firdevsî’nin doğumunun 1000. yıl dönümü münasebetiyle bir kantat yazmış, ardından Mirza Feth Ali Ahundzâde’nin doğumunun 125. yılı dolayısıyla Ölmez Sanatkâr , 1942’de de Vatan ve Cephe kantatlarını bestelemiştir. Hacıbeyli ayrıca Azerbaycan’da gazel türünün ilk örneklerini besteleyen sanatçıdır. Bu türdeki eserlerini Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin doğumunun 800. yılı münasebetiyle şairin gazellerini besteleyerek vermiştir. Bunlar Sensiz (1941) ve Sevgili Cânân ’dır (1942). Hacıbeyli bestelediği marşlarla da bu formdaki gücünü ortaya koymuştur. Bugünkü Azerbaycan millî marşı bunların en önemlisidir. 1918-1920 yılları arasında yaşayan Millî Azerbaycan Devleti’nin millî marşı olan eser Sovyet döneminde terkedilmiş, ancak 1990’da Azerbaycan’ın Sovyetler Birliği’nden ayrılmasından sonra tekrar benimsenmiştir. Hacıbeyli’nin son eseri ise Fîrûze adlı bitmemiş operasının aryasıdır.
Azerbaycan’da bestekâr, müzikolog ve icracı olarak hizmet veren birçok sanatkârın yetişmesinde Hacıbeyli’nin büyük emeği geçmiştir. Öğrencileri arasında Kara Karayev, Fikret Emirov, Niyazi Tagizâde, Şefika Ahundzâde, Seyid Rüstemzâde, Efrâsyâb Bedelbeyli, Süleyman Aleskerov başta gelmektedir. Hacıbeyli bestecilik çalışmalarının yanında müzikoloji alanındaki araştırmaları ile de tanınmıştır. İlk olarak 1945 yılında yayımladığı Azerbaycan Halk Musikisinin Esasları adlı kitap onun nazariyatçı kimliğini ortaya koyan en önemli çalışmasıdır. Bu eserde millî müziğin nazarî meselelerinin analizi yapılmış, Doğu ve Batı müziği ve bu müziklerin gelişimi için Rus ve Avrupa bestecilik okulu sistemlerinin bağdaştırılmasına çalışılmıştır. İki bölümden meydana gelen kitabın birinci bölümünde halk müziğinin ses sistemi, tetrakortların birleşme usulleri, Azerbaycan megam dizilerinin kurulma ve megamların elde edilme kuralları gibi konular, ikinci bölümünde ise bu megamlarda beste yapma esasları ve ritmik özellikler ele alınmıştır.
1920’li yıllar Azerbaycan müzik tarihinde teşkilâtlanma yılları ve Hacıbeyli de bu faaliyetin en önemli kişisi olarak dikkat çeker. Hacıbeyli’nin bu konudaki hizmetleri de şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Müzik derneklerinin, Kızılordu korosunun ve Azerbaycan Devlet Konservatuvarı’nın kurulması (1920-1921); konservatuvarda müzik nazariye öğretmenliği, bir Şark müziği şubesinin teşkili, Cumhuriyet Halk Maarif Dairesi’nin İnce Senet Şubesi’ne bağlı bir müzik bölümü ile Azerbaycan Türk Müzik Mektebi’nin (bu mektep 1924’te teknikuma çevrilmiş, 1926’da ise Azerbaycan Konservatuvarı ile birleştirilmiştir) ve Azerbaycan Devlet Müzik Teknikumu’na bağlı bir opera sınıfının kurulması, Azerbaycan Devlet Dram Tiyatrosu’nda repertuvar komisyonu üyeliği (1921-1922); Azerbaycan Âşıkları I. Kurultayı’nın gerçekleştirilmesi (1928); sonradan M. Magomayev adını alan Bakü Şehir Filarmonisi bünyesinde Azerbaycan Devlet Korosu’nun kurulması (1936).
Hacıbeyli hizmetlerinin karşılığında pek çok ödüle lâyık görülmüştür; bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: Azerbaycan Radyo Yayınları Komitesi ödülü (1932); Emekdar İnce Senet Hâdimi (1935), Azerbaycan Halk Sanatçısı (1937) ve Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği Halk Sanatçısı (1938) unvanları; Lenin madalyası (1938); profesör unvanı (1940); Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği devlet ödülü (Köroğlu operasından dolayı; 1941); Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birliği devlet ödülü (Arşın Mal Alan filminin müziğinden dolayı; 1946).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Üzeyir Hacıbeyov, Ordan-Burdan , Bakı 1981, s. 5-18.
a.mlf., Azerbaycan Halk Musikisinin Esasları , Bakı 1985, s. 5-8.
Ahmet İsazade, Bestekârın Hatiresi , Bakı 1976.
Azerbaycan SSR Elimler Akademiyası Esaslı Kitabhana Me’marlık ve İncesenet İnstitutu, Azerbaycan’ın Elm ve Medeniyyet Hadimleri: Üzeyir Hacıbeyov , Bakı 1978.
Solmaz Kasımova – Nazim Bağırov, Azerbaycan-Sovet Musigi Edebiyyatı , Bakı 1984, s. 43-70.
Gulam Memmedli, Üzeyir Hacıbeyov: Hayatı ve Yaratıcılığının Salnamesi , Bakı 1984.
G[ulam] Memmedli – R[amiz] Guliyev, Üzeyir Hacıbeyli , Bakı 1985.
Mir Abbas Aslanov, Üzeyir Hacıbeyov: Seçilmiş Eserleri , Bakı 1985, s. 5-20.
a.mlf., Üzeyir Hacıbeyov-Jurnalist , Bakı 1985.
Rehim Nağıyev, Üzeyir Hacıbeyov’un Estetik Görüşleri , Bakı 1985.
Zemfira Seferova, Üzeyir Hacıbeyov , Bakı 1985.
Mirze İbrahimov, Tufanlara Kömek Eden Bir Gelem , Bakı 1987.
Olcay Ekinci, “Üzeyir Hacıbeyli”, MM , sy. 205 (1965), s. 25-28.
Nuri Özcan, “Azerbaycan [Mûsiki]”, DİA , IV, 323-324.
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