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HACIOĞLUPAZARCIĞI Skip to content Bulgaristan’da Dobruca bölgesinin merkezi Dobriç’in eski adı.
Kaynaklarda adı Hacıoğlu Pazarcık, Hacıoğlu Pazarı, Pazarcık şeklinde de geçer. Bugün Dobriç adıyla bilinmekte olup XVI. yüzyılda Dobruca’nın iç kesiminde bir Osmanlı kasabası olarak denizden 260 m. yükseklikte kurulmuş, camileri, medreseleri ve tekkeleriyle neredeyse tamamen bir Türk-İslâm merkezi halinde gelişme göstermiştir. Romanya’nın Köstence Limanı’nı Bulgaristan’ın Varna Limanı’na bağlayan kara ve demiryolu üzerinde bulunması önemini arttırır. 1970’lerde yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda geç antik tabaka ile XVI. asırda şehre yerleşenlerin izleri arasında tamamen boş bir alanın bulunması şehirde 600-1500 yılları arasında yerleşim bulunmadığını ortaya koydu. Burada yerleşim ilk olarak XVI. yüzyılda yörüklerle başladı. Bu durum bölgenin en eski Osmanlı tahrir kayıtlarıyla da teyit edilmektedir. 1444’teki Haçlı işgalinden ve 1462’deki Eflak Voyvodası Vlad Tepeş’in kanlı saldırısının ardından Dobruca’nın kurak ve neredeyse susuz iç kısımları boşalmış, geriye sadece Tuna nehri kıyıları ile Karadeniz sahilleri boyunca uzanan, direnmeyi her nasılsa başarabilmiş küçük toplulukların yaşadığı köyler kalmıştır. Bugünkü şehrin yakınlarındaki Odartsi köyü yapılan kazılara göre böyle bir yerleşme yeri durumundaydı.
Hacıoğlupazarcığı’nın ortaya çıkışıyla ilgili Felix Kanitz tarafından 1879’da derlenen yerel efsanelere göre burası ilk evi inşa eden seyyar tâcir Hacıoğlu Bakkal tarafından 300 yıl önce kurulmuştu. Ancak Osmanlı tahrir kayıtları buranın kuruluş tarihiyle ilgili sağlam veriler sunar. Silistre sancağına ait günümüze ulaşan en eski kayıtlar, 924’te (1518) yapılan tahrire dayalı olarak 1530’da düzenlenen muhasebe defterinde olup kasaba hakkındaki ilk bilgileri ihtiva eder (BA, TD , nr. 370, s. 418-433). Burada Varna kazasına bağlı Hacıoğlu adını taşıyan bir köye rastlanır (s. 426). Bu köy o dönemde on dört hânelik (yaklaşık altmış yetmiş kişi) küçük bir yerleşim birimiydi ve hâne reislerinin dokuzu yerel askerî birliğin yedek askerleriydi. Varna kazası o devirde, XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Hacıoğlu’nun küçük bir pazar merkezine (pazarcık) dönüştüğü döneme göre daha geniş sınırlara sahipti. 1518’de Varna kazası 1820 müslüman, 651 hıristiyan hânesinden müteşekkildi ve hıristiyanlar genellikle kıyı şeridinde yaşıyordu. Bu rakamlara göre Varna kazasının % 74’ü müslümandı (askerî gücü, sipahileri ve Varna Kalesi’nin müstahfızları hariç). 1518-1550 yılları arasında Varna kazasındaki Hacıoğlu köyü giderek bir kasaba durumuna geldi. Bundan ilk bahseden kişi 1557 yılında Polonyalı seyyah Otwinowski’dir. İstanbul’a giderken uğradığı bu küçük kasaba hakkında günlüğüne “4 Ağustos’ta Pazarcık adlı küçük kasabaya vardık” şeklinde not düşmüştür. Eksik kısımları olan, 977 (1569-70) tarihli bir başka tahrir ise bu küçük kasabanın bir mezraa/köyden civar bölgeler için bir pazar fonksiyonuna ve camilere sahip küçük bir şehre dönüştüğünü dolaylı biçimde gösterir. Söz konusu tahririn başında yer alan Silistre sancağı kanunnâmesinde Pazarcık köyünün pazar vergilerine ve yine Pazarcık’ın pazar vergilerini düzenleyen bir önceki kayıtlara atıflar bulunur. Burada zikredilen ve bugüne ulaşmayan bir önceki tahrir defteri (defter-i atîk) muhtemelen yirmi ile otuz yıl önceye, 947’lerde (1540) gerçekleştirilen tahrirlere dayanmaktadır. Bu durum kasabanın XVI. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde bir köy olmaktan çıktığına işaret eder. 977 (1569-70) tarihli tahririn vakıflarla ilgili kısmı, burada Câmi-i Atîk ile Hacı İbrâhim Camii adlı iki cuma camiinin ve kurucularının isimlerini taşıyan dokuz mescidin bulunduğunu gösterir. Hacı Nasuh Mescidi’nin bir de mektebi vardır. 996 (1588) tarihli Hacı Hamza vakfiyesi ise bu zatın Hacıoğlupazarcığı’nda inşa ettirdiği mescidin durumunu belirler. Aynı yıl Pazarcık’ın Hacı Hamza mahallesinin su şebekesi ve köprüsünün bakımı için özel bir vakıf kuruldu. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kasaba gelişme kaydederken merkezi olduğu bölgeye (nahiye) 1569’da Türkçe ad taşıyan, tamamı Türkler’den ibaret toplam 2876 hâneli (14.000 kişi) yetmiş altı köy bağlıydı.
XVII. yüzyılda daha da gelişen Hacıoğlupazarcığı 1051 (1641) tarihli Avârız Defteri ’nde (BA, KK, nr. 7086) on dokuz mahalleli bir kasaba olarak zikredilir. Bu mahalleler toplamda hepsi müslüman olan 564 hâneye (yaklaşık 2700-2800 kişi) sahiptir. O dönemde henüz hıristiyanlar Hacıoğlu’nda yaşamamaktadır. Hatta 1573’te Dobruca’nın diğer yerlerinde (Balçık, Hırsova, Provadiya, Silistre, Tekfurgölü ve Varna bölgeleri) koyun çobanlarının üçte ikisi müslümanken bu oran Pazarcık nahiyesinde % 100’e ulaşır. Dobruca hıristiyanlarının cizyeleri için derlenen 1025 (1616) ve 1030 (1621) tarihli icmal sicillerinde de hem kasabada hem nahiyede hıristiyanların varlığından bahsedilmemektedir. Hıristiyanlar bu bölgeye çok daha sonraları gelip yerleşecektir. 1667’de Evliya Çelebi, Hacıoğlupazarcığı’nı “kasaba-i ma‘mûr” diye tanımlar ve Başvezir Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın kethüdâsı İbrâhim Ağa’nın muazzam eserinden takdirle bahseder. İbrâhim Ağa, 50.000 altın sikkeye mal olan bir yer altı sistemiyle iki saatlik mesafeden kasabaya su getirtmiş ve çeşmelere dağıtmıştı. 1956’da Petar Miyatev, o tarihteki ismi Tolbuhin olan Hacıoğlupazarcığı’nda Evliya Çelebi’nin bahsettiği Kethüdâ İbrâhim Ağa’nın çeşmelerinden birinin kitâbesini bulup yayımladı. 1075 (1664-65) tarihli olan kitâbe İbrâhim Ağa’dan bir hayır sever olarak söz eder. Aynı zamanda bir hamam ve özellikle de Sultan Çarşısı kadar devâsâ bir bedesten yaptıran İbrâhim Ağa’nın eserleri kasabayı zenginleştirmiştir.
1165 (1752) tarihli Mufassal Avârız Defteri ’nde (BA, KK, nr. 2846) kasabadaki mahalle sayısı yirmi bir olarak zikredilir. 794 hâneyle burası Dobruca’nın en büyük merkezlerinden biridir. Nüfusun müslüman olan kısmı bu dönemde de hâlâ yüksek bir orana sahiptir. Bulgarlar ve Ermeniler’den oluşan hıristiyan nüfus ise ancak on bir hâneden ibarettir. Kasabanın giderek zenginleşmesi üzerine Bulgar ve Ermeni tüccar grupları XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kasabaya yerleşmeye başladı ve bunları yahudiler izledi. Bu gruplar kasabaya yerleşmelerinden kısa bir süre sonra kendi kilise ve sinagoglarını inşa ettiler. Ermeni Kilisesi bugün hâlâ ayaktadır ve işlevini sürdürmektedir. Ermeni-Bulgar tarih yazıcılığı (Margos, s. 119) temelsiz delillere dayanarak Hacıoğlu’ndaki Ermeni yerleşiminin çok erken bir dönemde (1659) başladığını iddia eder. Oysa Ermeniler’in Hacıoğlu’ndaki varlığına dair ilk güvenilir kaynak 1165 (1752) tarihli Mufassal Avârız Defteri ’dir. Ruslar’ın Kırım’ı 1783’te işgal etmelerinin ardından Hacıoğlu çalışkan bir halk olan Kırım Tatarları’nın bölgeye yerleşmesiyle durumunu korudu.
1806-1812 Türk-Rus savaşı sırasında, General Kamenski kumandasındaki Rus ordusu 1810’da Hacıoğlu kasabasını yerle bir etti ve müslüman nüfusu korkunç bir katliama tâbi tuttu. 1243 (1827-28) savaşı esnasında Hacıoğlu yine Ruslar tarafından işgal edildi ve yıkıma uğradı. Ünlü şeyhülislâm ve şair Ârif Hikmet Bey tarafından 1840’ta İstanbul’a gönderilen ayrıntılı bir raporda da belirtildiği gibi işgalden sonra yaklaşık 100 ev ayakta kalabilmişti. 1840’ta ise kasabada 750 müslüman ve 100 hıristiyan evi vardı. Ârif Hikmet Bey raporda ayrıca, kasabada 4104 müslüman ve doksan sekiz Ermeni erkeğin var olduğunu not etmişti. Ortodoks hıristiyanların (Rumlar) sayısı ise belirtilmemişti. Yine bu rapora göre kasabada sekiz cami (hepsinin ismi verilmiş), beş medrese, bir mescid ve bir hamam mevcuttu.
1290 (1873) tarihli Tuna Vilâyeti Salnâmesi ’nde Hacıoğlupazarcığı bir kasaba (Hacıoğlu) ve 108 küçük köyden oluşan bir kazanın merkezi olarak tarif edilir. Kasaba o zamanlar 4383 müslüman erkeği içinde barındıran 1750 müslüman hânesine ve 980 erkek, 315 hıristiyan hânesine sahipti. Hâne esasına göre sayıldığında kasaba nüfusunun % 85’i müslümandı. Hâne halkı temelinde ise bu oran % 82’ye düşüyordu, zira hıristiyanlar daha kalabalık ailelere sahipti. Tuna Vilâyeti Salnâmesi ’nin istatistik kısmına göre ise Hacıoğlupazarcığı kasabasında 2011 ev, 584 dükkân, yirmi cami, iki fabrika, yirmi dört hâne, dört medrese, on iki mektep, iki kilise (bir Ortodoks, bir Ermeni), bir sinagog, yirmi dört han, on üç tabakhâne, bir hükümet konağı, bir telgrafhâne ve bir saat kulesi vardı. Kazanın 108 köyünün sekseninin nüfusu tamamen müslüman iken yirmi altı köy karışıktı, iki köyde (dokuz hâneli Kara Kurt ve iki hâneli Selmanköy) sadece hıristiyan nüfus mevcuttu. 108 köyden 105’i Türkçe ad taşıyordu ve bu adlar çoğunlukla köyün kurucularına atfediliyor, bazan da tasvirî yer isimleri oluyordu. Köyler hayli varlıklıydı, büyük koyun sürüleri bulunuyordu. Yirmi dört hâneli Karlı Bey köyü hâne başına 102 koyuna sahipken on üç hâneli Şahinli’de bu rakam doksan dokuzdu.
1872’de Felix Kanitz, Dobruca’nın iç kısımlarının doğal merkezi olarak tarif ettiği Hacıoğlupazarcığı’nın güzel inşa edilmiş caddeleriyle bir yıldız gibi parladığını yazar. Kanitz yerel hastahaneden özellikle bahseder ve burayı, “bütün dinlerden ve soylardan hasta insanların parmakla gösterilecek ve Avrupa’da daha iyisi olamayacak bir temizlik ve tıbbî bakım eşliğinde tedavi edildiği bir hastahane” diye anlatır. Bu sırada Pazarcık’ta 1900 ev vardı ve bunların 760’ı Türk, 1080’i Tatar ve otuzu Çingene eviydi. Hıristiyan azınlık ise 285 Bulgar ve otuz Ermeni evinden müteşekkildi. Kasabada en az onu taş minareli, ikisi ahşap on iki cami, birçok medrese, hamam ve diğer binalar mevcuttu. Kanitz kasabanın toplam nüfusunu o dönemde 14.000 olarak tahmin etmiştir. 1876’da Fransız coğrafyacısı Aubaret ise kazanın 108 köy, 4640 müslüman hânesi ve 523 hıristiyan hânesinden meydana geldiğini, İslâm’ın bu bölgede % 90 oranında hâkim bulunduğunu yazar.
1877-1878 savaşından sonra Hacıoğlu ve bölgesi yeni kurulan Bulgaristan’ın bir parçası oldu. 1882’de ismi Ortaçağ Hükümdarı (Türk-hıristiyan) Dobrotic’in anısına Dobriç şeklinde değiştirildi. Kasabanın nüfusu müslüman halkın Türkiye’ye göç etmesinden ötürü azaldı, onların yerini Doğu Balkan dağlarının fakir bölgelerinden gelen Bulgar hıristiyan yerleşimcileri doldurdu. II. Balkan Savaşı’nın ardından mağlûp Bulgaristan, Güney Dobruca’yı terketmek zorunda kaldı, Dobriç, Balçık ve Silistre Romanya’ya bırakıldı. Romanya’nın bu bölgede hak iddia etmesinin sebebi XIV. yüzyılda Eflak Voyvodası Mirčea’nın kısa bir süreliğine bölgeye hâkim oluşudur. Romen yerleşimciler bölgeye taşındığında Bulgarlar kötü muameleye tâbi tutuldu ve bölgeden çıkarıldı. Romenler kasabanın tarihî ismini değiştirmedi (Pazargic).
II. Dünya Savaşı’nın başında Rusya ve Almanya, Silistre ve Balçık ile beraber bu kasabayı Bulgaristan’a vermesi için Romanya’ya baskı yaptı, bu durum daha sonra uluslararası antlaşmalarla da teyit edildi. Kasabanın yeni Rumen yerleşimcileri, Dobruca’nın Rumen sınırları içinde kalan topraklarda yaşayan Bulgarlar’la zor kullanarak yer değiştirdi. Savaştan sonra 1948’de kasabanın adı ünlü Rus Mareşal Fyodor Ivanovic Tolbuhin (Stalingrad’daki 58. ordunun kumandanı ve Belgrad’ı Nazi işgalinden kurtaran kişi) adına Tolbuhin’e çevrildi. Modern tarzda neredeyse tamamen yeniden inşa edilen Tolbuhin, bir endüstri merkezi olarak hızla büyüse de şehirde artık camiler ve diğer İslâmî yapılar ortadan kalkmıştı. 1970’e gelindiğinde ayakta kalan sadece iki camisi (bu sayı 1873’te yirmiydi) vardı. Bunlardan biri, XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına ait kubbeli bir cami olup şehirdeki küçük müslüman nüfusa hizmet ediyordu. Diğeri ise XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından kalma Câmi-i Atîk’ti (Eskicami) ve yapı üzerinde bulunan küçük yazıtlarda da belirtildiği gibi birkaç defa geniş tamirattan geçmişti (1753, 1905 ve 1931).
1970’te kasabanın Eskicami çevresindeki eski merkezi etnolojik müze kompleksi ilân edildi ve büyük çapta restore edilerek yeniden yapıldı. Karadeniz kıyılarından gelen turistlerin ilgisini çekecek geleneksel tarzda bir otel, kafeler, barlar ve eski zanaatkârların, dokumacıların, çömlekçilerin, nalbantların sergilendiği birçok dükkân ve birçok restoran yapıldı. Eskicami de restore edildi, ancak minaresi kaldırıldı ve bütün yapının İslâmî bir ibadethâne olarak tanınması imkânsız hale getirildi. Komünizmin çöküşünden sonra kasabaya XIX. yüzyıldan kalma Bulgarca ismi (Dobriç) tekrar verildi. 2012 verilerine göre şehrin nüfusu 90.375’tir. Vilâyette ise bu sayı 112.203’e ulaşır. Nüfusun % 87,5’inin Bulgarlar’dan, % 6,8’inin Türkler’den oluştuğu kaydedilir. Sanayi sayesinde hızlı gelişme göstermektedir. Sanayi faaliyeti olarak metalürji, un, bitkisel yağ, dokuma, mobilya, ayrıca tarım aletleri parçaları üreten fabrikalarla hayvan yemi fabrikaları vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), VIII, 24; Tuna Vilâyeti Salnâmesi 1290 , s. 296-301; F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan , Leipzig 1882, III, 240-243; R. Vulpe, La Dobroudja à travers les siècles , Bucarest 1930; P. Miyatev, “Osmanoturski epigrafski pametnitsi v Dobrudža”, Kompleksna Naučna Dobrudžanska Ekspeditsiya prez 1954 godina (ed. I. Penkov – K. Krǎstev), Sofia 1956, s. 254-258; H.-J. Kornrumpf, Die Territorialverwaltung im östlichen Teil der europäischen Türkei vom Erlaß der Vilayetsordnung (1864) bis zum Berliner Kongreß (1878) nach amtlichen osmanischen Veröffentlichungen , Freiburg 1976, s. 272; Str. Dimitrov v.dğr., Istoriya na Dobrudža , Sofia 1988, II, 8-75; Feridun M. Emecen, “XVI. Asırda Balkanların Kuzeydoğu Kesiminde İskân Tipleri ve Özellikleri Hakkında Bâzı Notlar”, V. Milletlerarası Türkiye Sosyal ve İktisat Tarihi Kongresi: Tebliğler , Ankara 1990, s. 543-550; Ljudmila Dončeva-Petkova, Odǎrci , Sofia 1999-2002, I-II, tür.yer.; Balkanlar’da Osmanlı Vakıfları: Vakfiyeler, Bulgaristan (haz. Halit Eren v.dğr.), İstanbul 2012, I, 218-220, 226-227; L. G. G. Aubaret, “Province du Danube”, Bulletin de la société de géographie , VIe serie, XII, Paris 1876, s. 153; Ch. Kesyakov, “Stari Putovaniya prez Bǎlgaria”, Periodičeski Spisanie , XXI-XXII, Sofia 1887, s. 369 (Otwinovsi); A. Margos, “Armenskata koloniya v Hadžioglu Pazardžik prez Osmanskoto vladičestvo”, Izvestiya Narodeniya Muzej Varna , sy. 18 (33), Varna 1982, s. 119-125; Mahir Aydın, “Ahmed Arif Hikmet Beyefendi’nin Rumeli Tanzimat Müfettişliği ve Teftiş Defteri”, TTK Belleten , LVI/215 (1992), s. 119-121; Kemal Karpat, “Dobruca”, DİA , IX, 484, 485.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 505-507 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.