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HACİZ Skip to content Borçlunun para borcunun ödenmesi amacıyla ve alacaklısı lehine malına hukuken el konulması anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “menetmek, iki şeyin arasını ayırmak” anlamına gelen haciz (hacz ) kelimesi, hukukta cebrî icranın en önde gelen tedbir ve müeyyidelerinden biri olup para borcunu ödemeyen kimsenin borcuna tekabül edecek kıymetteki bir malına, onu borcu ödemeye zorlama veya malı cebrî icra yoluyla satıp borcun ödenmesini sağlama amacıyla alacaklı lehine hukuken el konulmasını ifade eder. Haciz ve türevleri gerek Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de (en-Neml 27/61; el-Hâkka 69/47) ve hadislerde (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥcz” md.) gerekse klasik fıkıh literatüründe yalnız sözlük anlamında kullanılmış, hukukta ihtiva ettiği terim anlamıyla ise fıkıh literatürünün hacir ve iflâs bölümlerinde “borçlunun hacri ve malının satılması” alt başlığında işlenmiştir. Fıkıhta konuyla ilgili olarak yer alan doktriner görüş ve tartışmalar, Kur’an ve Sünnet’te bu hususta açık ifade ve hükümler bulunamadığından genelde tarihî süreç içinde İslâm toplumlarında ortaya çıkan ihtiyaçları, mahkemelerce benimsenen çeşitli çözüm yollarını ve uygulama örneklerini yansıtır.
Kendi irade ve rızâsı ile para borcunu ödemeyen borçluya karşı uygulanması gereken müeyyidelerden biri, borcuna tekabül edecek kıymetteki malı üzerinde onun tasarruf yetkisini kaldırmak ve bu malları paraya çevirerek alacaklının hakkını vermektir. Borçlunun fiilî engellemesi halinde gerektiğinde devletin yetkili organları tarafından zor kullanmak suretiyle uygulanacak bu müeyyideye haciz adı verilmektedir.
İslâm hukukunda haczin, “kişiyi malî tasarruflardan menetme” anlamına gelen hacir kavramıyla, özellikle de borçlunun hacriyle yakın ilişkisi vardır. Her ikisi de borçluyu ödeme yapmaya zorlama ve alacağın cebrî icra yolu ile tahsiline yönelik hukukî tedbir ve müeyyide durumundadır. Ancak hacizle hacir arasında hem mahiyet hem de hüküm bakımından bazı farklılıklar mevcuttur. Borçlunun haciz konulan mal üzerinde tasarrufu muteber değilse de haciz konulmayan diğer malları üzerinde tasarruf edebilir. Mahcûr borçlu ise haczi câiz olan hiçbir malı üzerinde tasarruf edemez. Bu bakımdan haciz, sadece belirli mallar üzerinde mâlikin tasarruf yetkisini kısıtladığından maksadın hâsıl olmasına yetmeyebilir; yani alacaklı borçlunun malını haczettirmekle her zaman alacağının tamamını tahsil edemeyebilir. Bu sebeple Hanefî fıkıh âlimleri borçlunun ayrıca hacredilmesi gerektiğini de ifade etmişlerdir. Zira haciz koyduran alacaklının hacizli mal üzerinde rüçhan hakkı olmadığı ve alacağın tahsili hususunda alacaklıların eşit hakka sahip olduğu düşünüldüğünde malına haciz konulan, fakat hacredilmeyen borçlunun bazı borçlandırıcı hukukî işlemler yaparak haciz koyduran alacaklıyı zarara sokması mümkün olur. Meselâ güvendiği bazı kişilere muvâzaa yoluyla borç ikrar edebilir ve lehlerine ikrar bulunan kişiler de haciz konulan malda alacaklılara dahil olurlar. Halbuki borçlu hacir altına alınırsa artık onun ikrarı haczi câiz olan mallarına hiçbir şekilde tesir etmez. Bununla birlikte haczin rehne kıyasla alacaklı şahıs lehine bir öncelik sağlayacağı da ileri sürülebilir (bk. HACİR ).
İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu borçlunun mallarına haciz konulup satılmasını câiz görür. Bu hükme varırken en önemli hukukî dayanak olarak da Hz. Peygamber’in Muâz b. Cebel’in iflâsına karar vererek mallarına haciz koyup sattırmasını ve satıştan elde edilen parayı alacaklılara dağıtmasını (Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , V, 275-276; ayrıca bk. Müslim, “Müsâḳāt”, 18), Hz. Ömer’in de Üseyfi‘ el-Cühenî adında bir kişinin mallarına haciz koyup sattırmasını ve elde edilen paraları alacaklılara dağıttırmasını (Serahsî, XXIV, 164), ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “Ödeme gücü bulunan bir kimsenin borcunu ifa etmeyip geciktirmesi onun cezalandırılmasını ve kınanmasını helâl kılar” (Buhârî, “İstiḳrâż”, 14) meâlindeki sözünü delil gösterirler. Fakihlerin bir kısmı, bu hadiste geçen “ukūbet” (cezalandırma) kelimesinin kapsamını dar tutarak onu yalnız hapis ve ta‘zîr cezası olarak yorumlamışlardır. Çoğunluk ise kelimenin hapis müeyyidesi yanında haciz müeyyidesini de kapsadığı görüşündedir; çünkü mallara haciz konulup satılması borçlunun cezalandırılması anlamına gelir. Ancak fıkıh âlimleri arasında hapis ve haciz müeyyidelerinin uygulanmasında hangisine öncelik verileceği konusunda görüş farklılığı vardır. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Zâhirî mezheplerine göre para borçları için cebrî icra ilk önce borçlunun mallarına yöneliktir, hapis ikinci derecede bir tedbir kabul edilmiştir. Buna karşılık Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde para borçları için cebrî icrada ilk önce borçlunun şahsına yönelinir, haciz ikinci derecede bir müeyyidedir.
İbrâhim en-Nehaî, İbn Sîrîn, Zeyd b. Ali, Ebû Hanîfe, İmam Züfer gibi âlimlere göre borçlu hacredilemez ve malı haciz konularak satılamaz. Çünkü haciz, borçlunun mallarının onun rızâsı olmadan satılması demektir. Mal sahibinin rızâsı bulunmayan bir akid ise sahih değildir. Bu âlimlere göre uygulanacak müeyyide borçluyu borcunu ödeyinceye kadar hapsetmektir. Ebû Hanîfe, haciz yoluyla satışın câiz olmadığı hükmüne varırken özellikle, “Ey iman edenler! Karşılıklı rızâya dayanan ticaret olması hali müstesna mallarınızı bâtıl yollarla aranızda yemeyin” (en-Nisâ 4/29) meâlindeki âyetle, “Müslüman kişinin malı ancak gönlünün rızâsı ile helâl olur” (Dârekutnî, III, 26) meâlindeki hadisi gerekçe gösterir. Ancak Ebû Hanîfe, borçlunun malına haciz konulup cebrî icra yoluyla satılmasını kural olarak câiz görmemekle birlikte bazı durumlarda borçlunun malının cebren alınarak alacaklıya verilebileceğini kabul etmiştir. Şöyle ki: Alacağın cinsiyle borçlunun malının cinsi aynı ise, meselâ alacak altın ise borçlunun da altını varsa borçlunun borcu cebren ödetilir. Hatta Ebû Hanîfe, para alacaklıları için istihsânen ikinci bir çözüm şeklini de kabul etmiştir. Buna göre meselâ borçlunun borcu altın ve malı da gümüşse hâkim borçlunun gümüşünü satarak altın alır ve bu altını alacaklıya verir.
Borçlunun mallarına ancak alacaklının isteği üzerine haciz konabilir. Şâfiî mezhebindeki bir görüşe göre ise borçlunun isteği üzerine de mallarına haciz konabilir.
Borçlunun mallarına haciz koymaya yetkili devlet dairesi mahkemedir. Hâkim haciz işlerini bizzat yürütebileceği gibi bu iş için memurlarını da görevlendirebilir. Ara bulucu ve hakem gibi resmî bir sıfatı bulunmayan kimselerin borçlunun mallarını satmaya yetkileri yoktur. Hz. Peygamber’den başlamak üzere zaman içinde halifeler, onların tayin ettikleri kadılar, icra işleriyle görevli memurlar haciz işlerine bakmışlardır. Bazı İslâm devletlerinde hisbe ve dîvân-ı mezâlim gibi teşkilâtlar da haciz işlerini belli esaslar dahilinde kısmen de olsa yürütmüşlerdir.
Fakihlerin görüşlerine ve İslâm toplumlarında süregelen uygulamalara göre haciz işlemlerine borçlunun ikamet ettiği yerin mahkemesinde bakılır. Eğer borçlunun malı oturduğu yerden başka bir yerde bulunuyorsa davaya bakmaya yetkili hâkim, malların bulunduğu yer mahkemesi hâkimine istinâbe yoluyla borçlunun mallarına haciz koydurup sattırabilir.
Borçlunun aslî ihtiyaçları (havâic-i asliyye) dışındaki menkul ve gayri menkul bütün malları kural olarak hacze konu olabilir. Fıkıh âlimlerine göre -bazı ayrıntılar bir tarafa bırakılırsa- oturmaya mahsus ev, yazlık ve kışlık elbiseler, ev eşyaları (mefruşat, kap kacak vb.), sanat ve meslek makine, alet ve edevatı, çiftçinin alet, makine ve hayvanları, harp alet ve edevatı, ilim adamlarının meslekleriyle ilgili kitapları, binek ve yük hayvan ve vasıtaları, bir aylık (başka bir rivayete göre bir yıllık) nafaka kişinin aslî ihtiyaç maddeleri kabul edildiğinden doktrinde bunların hacze konu olmayacağı görüşü hâkimdir. Burada nazarı itibara alınan husus borçlunun şahsî ve aslî ihtiyaçlarıdır. Bunun yanında borçlunun hukuken bakmakla yükümlü olduğu anne baba, oğul kız gibi yakınlarının aslî ihtiyaçları da buna dahildir. Şüphesiz ki aslî ihtiyaç maddeleri zaman, muhit, iktisadî ve içtimaî şartlara bağlı olarak değişebilir.
Aslî ihtiyaçtan sayılması sebebiyle hacze konu olmamasına rağmen önemli bir kıymet arzeden bir mala da bazan haciz konulması gerekebilir. Bu takdirde o mal satılır ve satış bedeliyle değer bakımından daha ucuz, fakat aynı ihtiyacı karşılayacak başka bir mal temin edilerek artakalan para ile alacaklıların hakkı ödenir. Meselâ değerli bir evin hacziyle onun yerine oturmaya elverişli ucuz bir ev satın alınması, el dokuması pahalı bir halının satılarak yerine fabrika dokuması bir halının ikamesi mümkün olabilir.
Şâfiîler’e göre borçlunun oturduğu evi ve bineği varsa bunlar satılır ve bedeli alacaklılara verilir. Çünkü borçlu bunları kiralayabilir. Mâlikîler de borçlunun evine haciz konabileceği hususunda Şâfiîler’le aynı görüşü paylaşmaktadır.
Haciz ilk önce borçlunun satımı kolay olan malına konur ve hacze menkul mallardan başlanır. Bu mallar arasında da belli bir sıraya uyulması gerekir. Menkul mallardan altın, gümüş gibi muhafazası ve satılması kolay olanlarla mahrumiyeti borçluya en az yük teşkil edenler ve sonradan tedariki kolay olanlardan başlanır. Ancak menkul mallar alacağı karşılamaya yetmezse daha sonra borçlunun gayri menkulleri satılır.
Hacizli mallar açık arttırma ile satışa arzedilir ve rayiç bedeller üzerinden satılır. Bu malların mümkün olan en yüksek fiyatla satılabilmesi için yetkililer tarafından gerekli tedbirler alınır ve mallar iyi bir alıcı bulabilmesi için kendi pazarında satışa çıkarılır. Taşınması mümkün olmayan menkul mallar ve ayrıca gayri menkul mallar için ilân verilir. İlân müddetinin tayin ve tesbiti, borçlu ve alacaklının menfaatleri göz önüne alınarak hâkim veya icra memuru tarafından yapılır; malların ne zaman ve nerede satılacağı açıklanır. Hacizli malların satışı sırasında hâkim veya bir memur (yed-i adl), alacaklı ve borçlu yahut vekilleri hazır bulunur. Mallar kural olarak en yüksek fiyat verene satılır.
Bazı fakihler haciz ve satış masraflarının borçluya ait olacağı görüşündedir. Diğer bazı fakihler ise haciz işleminin amme işlerinden sayıldığını göz önüne alarak haciz ve satış masraflarının beytülmâle ait olacağı görüşünü ileri sürerler. Hacizli malın satışından elde edilen para alacakların hepsini karşılıyorsa her alacaklıya parası tamamen ödenir. Eğer borçların toplamı satıştan elde edilen paradan fazla ise bu takdirde her alacaklıya alacağı nisbetinde para verilir.
Hacizli malların satış işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra yetkili tarafından satışın hukukî esaslara uygun olarak yapıldığına ve elde edilen paraların alacaklılara teslim edildiğine dair bir tutanak tanzim edilir.
Haczin özel bir türü olan ihtiyatî haciz, alacaklının bir para alacağının zamanında ödenmesini garanti altına almak için mahkeme kararı ile borçlunun mallarına önceden geçici olarak el konulmasıdır. Alacağının vadesi gelmiş olan alacaklı, mahkemeye başvurduğu esnada veya dava devam ederken ihtiyatî haciz kararı verilmesini isteyebilir; hâkim de bu istek üzerine ihtiyatî haciz kararı verebilir. Ancak hâkimin, alacaklının mücerret isteği üzerine değil onun ortaya koyacağı delillere veya kuvvetli emârelere dayanarak ihtiyatî haciz kararı vereceği açıktır.
İhtiyatî haciz ihtiyatî tedbirin (ukle) özel bir çeşidi olup aralarındaki en önemli fark şudur: İhtiyatî hacizde haczedilen mallar üzerinde bir çekişme yoktur ve bu sebeple mallar alacaklının açtığı davanın konusu değildir. İhtiyatî tedbirde ise üzerine ihtiyatî tedbir konulan mallar çekişmeli olup davacının açmış olduğu bir davanın konusudur.
İslâm hukukunda hacir müessesesi, ihtiyatî haciz ve ihtiyatî tedbiri de içine alacak genişlikte ele alınmış olup borçlu bakımından yaklaşık olarak bu iki müessesenin görevlerini de ifa etmektedir. Bu sebeple ihtiyatî haciz ve ihtiyatî tedbirle ilgili hükümler, klasik dönem fıkıh literatürünün özellikle hacir ve dava bölümlerinde serpiştirilmiş bir şekilde yer almaktadır.
Hâkim borçlunun menkul veya gayri menkul mallarına ihtiyatî haciz koyunca bu mallar borçlunun elinde kalır; ancak borçlu bu mallar üzerinde herhangi bir tasarrufta bulunamaz; onları tüketemez, satamaz, hibe edemez. İhtiyaten haczedilmiş mallar gerektiğinde yetkili merciler tarafından satılarak bedelinden alacaklının alacağı ödenir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 518-520 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.