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HADÎKA Skip to content İstanbul’da dört devre halinde yayımlanan ilmî ve fennî, daha sonra siyasî muhtevalı gazete.
17 Zilkade 1286’da (18 Şubat 1870) çıkmaya başlamış, çeşitli aralıklarla yayımını sürdürerek 21 Cemâziyelevvel 1290’da da (17 Temmuz 1873) kapanmıştır. Üçüncü yayın döneminde, başta Nâmık Kemal olmak üzere Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin bir kısım mensuplarının imzalı imzasız yazılarına yer veren gazete özellikle bu devrede kamuoyunda büyük ilgi uyandırmıştır.
Birinci dönem. “Ziraat, maarif ve sanayiden bahseder fünûn gazetesi” alt başlığıyla haftalık olarak yayın hayatına giren ve boyutları bakımından döneminin en büyük gazetesi olan Hadîka ’nın sayfalarında siyasî konulara yer verilmediği görülmektedir. İlk sayısındaki takdim yazısında cehaletin sebebiyet verdiği kötülük anlatılmış, ancak bundan kurtulmak suretiyle ileri Avrupa ülkeleri seviyesine ulaşmanın mümkün olabileceği belirtilmiş, bunun için çok çalışmak gerektiği ifade edilmiştir. Bu sebeple gazetede sadece ilim ve fen konularına yer verileceği açıklanmıştır. İmtiyaz sahipliğini Âşir Efendi’nin yaptığı gazete çoğu imzasız olmakla birlikte özellikle ekonomiye dair dikkate değer makaleler yayımlamasına karşılık okuyucudan fazla ilgi görmediği gerekçesiyle bir yıl sonra 19 Zilkade 1287’de (10 Şubat 1871) 51. sayı ile yayın hayatına son vermiştir.
Gazetede bu dönemde yayımlanan önemli bazı makalelerin şu başlıkları taşıdığı görülür: “Şübbân-ı Asra Dair Bazı Nesâyih ve Fünûn-ı Muhtasara”, “Banka Ameliyat ve Muâmelâtı”, “Târîh-i Hükemâ”, “Matbuat ve Hakkâklara Dair”, “Telif veyahut Tercüme Olunacak Kitaplara Dair Nizamnâme”, “Vapor yani Buhar”, “Kütüphaneler”, “Küre-i Arz”, “İlm-i Lugat”, “Fünun”, “Sanayi”, “Nev‘iyye”. Makale başlıklarından da anlaşılacağı üzere bu dönemde Hadîka popüler bir bilim gazetesi hüviyetinde yayın yapmıştır.
İkinci dönem. Hadîka yayımına 25 Zilhicce 1287’de (18 Mart 1871) yine haftalık olarak tekrar başlamış, daha önceki yayın çizgisini sürdürerek genel konularda makaleler yayımlamıştır. Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Mektupçusu Mehmed Hâlis Bey, Eyüp Sabri Efendi, Şûrâ-yı Devlet Kalemi’nden Medenî Efendi imzalı bazı yazıların görülmeye başlandığı gazete henüz 13. sayıda iken 20 Rebîülevvel 1288’de (9 Haziran 1871) kapanmıştır. Bu dönemde yayımlanan makalelerden bazıları şunlardır: “Edebiyata Dair”, “Kütüphâne-i Umûmî”, “Türk Dili”, “Kâğıt İmalinin Tarifi”, “İlm-i Coğrafya”.
Üçüncü dönem. Hadîka , 8 Ramazan 1289’da (9 Kasım 1872) yayımına yeniden başladığında bu defa eski hüviyetini tamamen değiştirerek günlük siyasî gazete haline gelmiştir. Çıkarmakta olduğu İbret ’in geçici olarak kapatılmasından sonra kendisine yeni bir gazete yayımlama izni verilmeyen Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik tarafından kiralanmak suretiyle neşredilmiştir. Bu yayımda dönemin Hâriciye Nâzırı Halil Şerif Paşa’nın da desteği olmuştur.
Ebüzziyâ Tevfik dışında Nâmık Kemal, Şemseddin Sâmi, Ahmed Midhat Efendi ve diğer bazı Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti mensuplarının da imzalı imzasız makaleleriyle çıkan gazetenin tirajı bu dönemde o gün için oldukça yüksek sayılabilecek bir rakam olan 3000’e ulaşmıştır.
Bu devrede sade bir dille yayımlanan gazetede hükümeti oldukça sert bir şekilde tenkit eden yazılar çıkmıştır. O tarihte Gelibolu’da mutasarrıf olduğu için N. K. imzasıyla yazan Nâmık Kemal’in de hükümetin icraatını tenkit eden bazı yazıları “Hürriyyet-i Efkâr”, “Biz İstemesek Zelil Olmazdık”, “Acaba İstanbul’dan Niçin Asker ve Vergi Alınmaz?”, “Meslek Fikri” gibi başlıklar taşıyordu. Bir ara Diyojen gazetesinin “Kararnâme-i Âlî”ye dayanılarak kapatılması üzerine Ebüzziyâ Tevfik’in sert tenkitleri çıkmış, bu sebeple hükümet taraftarı gözüken Hakāiku’l-vekāyi‘ ve ayrıca Basîret gazetesiyle aralarında tartışmalar çıkmıştır. Bu yazılarıyla hükümetin dikkatini çeken Hadîka , “Tersane grevi” olarak bilinen, uzun süredir aylık alamayan işçilerin ayaklanması olayında onların dilekçelerini yayımlayarak işçi tarafını tutması sebebiyle “âdâb-ı devlet ü hükûmete mugayir neşriyatı” yüzünden Mütercim Rüşdü Paşa hükümeti tarafından süresiz kapatılmıştır. Ebüzziyâ Tevfik bu kapatma kararının, Hadîka ’nın 54. sayısında, Mısır’da Osmanlı Devleti’yle Mısır arasında vuku bulan Nizip Muharebesi’ndeki mağlûbiyeti gösteren kabartma bir heykelin teşhirine karşı hükümetin ilgisiz kalmasını tenkit eden bir yazı sebebiyle verildiğini söyler (Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi , III, 502). Gazete, bu kapanışından kısa bir süre sonra yeniden yayımına izin verilmişse de 56. sayıdan sonra tekrar iki ay tatil edilir. Ebüzziyâ Tevfik tarafından 29 Muharrem 1290’da (29 Mart 1873) yeniden haftalık olarak yayımlanmaya başlanan Hadîka ’nın 58. sayısı “Çocuklara Mahsus Gazete” adıyla çıkmıştır. Bu sayının neşrinden üç gün sonra, Nâmık Kemal’in meşhur Vatan yahut Silistre piyesinin Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu’nda temsili dolayısıyla çıkan olaylar üzerine, gazetenin başta Nâmık Kemal ve Ebüzziyâ Tevfik olmak üzere bazı yazarları tutuklanarak sürgüne gönderilir. Ancak imtiyaz Âşir Efendi’de olduğundan gazete kapatılmayıp yayımını 59. sayıdan itibaren Ebüzziyâ’nın yardımcısı olan Şemseddin Sâmi üstlenir.
Şemseddin Sâmi, 63. sayıda hükümetin Rusya politikasını tenkit eden bir yazı yayımlayınca Matbuat İdaresi kendisine ihtarda bulunmuştu. Fakat onun ihtara sert bir dille karşılık vermesinin ardından endişelenen Âşir Efendi, başına bir iş gelmesinden korkarak hükümete başvurup gazetenin yayımını 64. sayıdan sonra geçici bir süre için bizzat ertelemiş ve bu durumu diğer gazeteler aracılığıyla ilân etmiştir (20 Safer 1290 / 19 Nisan 1873).
Dördüncü dönem. Hadîka bir ay kadar kapalı kaldıktan sonra bu defa Şemseddin Sâmi gazeteyi Âşir Efendi’den kiralamış ve 22 Rebîülevvel 1290’dan (20 Mayıs 1873) itibaren kendi adına siyasî hüviyette ve günlük olarak çıkarmaya başlamıştır. Bu devrede yine hükümetin politikasını tenkit etmekten geri kalmayan Şemseddin Sâmi’nin bu tür muhalefet yazıları dolayısıyla nihayet gazete 42. sayısında yayın imtiyazı da feshedilerek bir daha çıkmamak üzere kapatılmıştır (21 Cemâziyelevvel 1290 / 17 Temmuz 1873).
Başlangıçta La Turquie ve Mekteb-i Fünûn-ı Harbiyye Matbaası’nda basılan Hadîka , ikinci yayın döneminden kapanmasına kadar Ebüzziyâ’nın Tasvîr-i Efkâr Matbaası’nda basılmıştır. Hadîka , özellikle yaptığı siyasî tenkitlerle Türk gazetecilik tarihinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Ayrıca, o dönemde diğer bir kısım süreli yayın organlarında olduğu gibi, bir defa okunup atılacak bir gazete şeklinde düşünülmediğinden her sayısında sayfa numaraları devam ettirilmiş ve ilk dönemde 51. sayının sonunda sekiz sayfa üzerinden gazete toplam olarak 408 sayfaya ulaşmıştır. İlk sayılarında yer alan tebrik mahiyetindeki yazılardan gazetenin özellikle ordu mensupları arasında ilgi uyandırdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sütunlarında okuyucu mektuplarına da yer verilen Hadîka ’da zaman zaman Cerîde-i Askeriyye , Zevrâ , Gülşen-i Saray ve Ma‘mûretü’l-Azîz gibi devrin diğer gazetelerinden iktibaslar yapılmış, ayrıca gazete, yayın hedefi doğrultusundaki kitap ilânlarından ücret alınmayacağının bildirilmesiyle dikkat çekmiştir.
Hadîka ’nın ikinci ve üçüncü dönemlerinin yayımcısı Ebüzziyâ Tevfik 1290 (1873) yılına ait olmak üzere bir de Salnâme-i Hadîka adlı yıllık çıkarmıştır. Küçük ebatta ve 22 + 149 sayfa hacmindeki bu kitap aynı zamanda ilk basın salnâmesi olmuştur. Salnâme-i Hadîka ’da gazeteden seçilmiş bazı makalelerin ve her salnâmede bulunan takvim ve istatistik bilgilerinin dışında Hadîka da dahil olmak üzere yirmi sekiz Osmanlı gazete ve dergisi hakkında kısa bilgi verilmiştir.
Hasan Duman’ın tesbitine göre ilk üç döneme ait koleksiyonları İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı ve Hakkı Tarık Us Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan Hadîka ’nın dördüncü döneme ait sayıları Millî Kütüphane koleksiyonları arasındadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik, Salnâme-i Hadîka , İstanbul 1290.
a.mlf., Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi , İstanbul 1973-74, II, 166, 188-192; III, 477-508.
Selim Nüzhet [Gerçek], Türk Gazeteciliği , İstanbul 1931, s. 52, 59, 61.
Server İskit, Türkiye’de Matbuat İdareleri ve Politikaları , [baskı yeri yok] 1943, s. 32, 36.
Münir Süleyman Çapanoğlu, Basın Tarihine Dair Bilgiler ve Hatıralar , İstanbul 1962, s. 63-64.
Namık Kemal’in Husûsî Mektupları (haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel), Ankara 1967, I, 223-225.
Fuad Süreyya Oral, Türk Basın Tarihi , İstanbul 1968, s. 110, 111, 115.
Hasan Refik Ertuğ, Basın ve Yayın Hareketleri Tarihi , İstanbul 1970, I, 214, 222-223, 225.
Enver Behnan Şapolyo, Türk Gazeteciliği Tarihi: Her Yöniyle Basın , Ankara 1971, s. 153-154, 156.
A. D. Jeltyakov, Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Politik ve Kültürel Hayatında Basın [İstanbul], ts., s. 88.
M. Nuri İnuğur, Basın ve Yayın Tarihi , İstanbul 1982, s. 244-245.
Hasan Duman, Katalog , s. 128-129.
İlhan Yerlikaya, XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Siyasi Hayatında Basiret Gazetesi , Van 1994, s. 91, 115, 182.
Fethi Tevetoğlu, “Hadika”, TA , XVIII, 297-298.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Ebüzziya Tevfik”, İA , IV, 100.
Ziyad Ebüzziya, “Hadîka”, TDEA , IV, 4-5.
a.mlf., “Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik”, DİA , X, 375, 378.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 18-19 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.