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HADIM Skip to content Genellikle harem hizmetlerinde çalıştırılan erkekliği giderilmiş kimse.
1/2 Müellif: AYDIN TANERİ Bölüme Git
Terimin aslı, Arapça “hizmet etmek” anlamındaki hıdme masdarının ism-i fâili olan hâdimdir (“hizmetkâr”; çoğulu hadem, huddâm). Kelime zamanla Türkçe’…
2/2 Müellif: RAHMİ YARAN Bölüme Git
FIKIH. İslâm dini, bir erkeğin kendi isteğiyle veya isteği dışında hadım edilmesini yasaklayıp haram kılmıştır. Bu konuda İslâm âlimleri arasında icmâ…
Terimin aslı, Arapça “hizmet etmek” anlamındaki hıdme masdarının ism-i fâili olan hâdim dir (“hizmetkâr”; çoğulu hadem, huddâm ). Kelime zamanla Türkçe’de hadım şeklini almış ve saray hizmetkârlarının çoğunun, özellikle harem kısmında çalışanların tamamının erkekliği giderilmiş kişiler olmasından dolayı “iğdiş” anlamını kazanmıştır. Aynı mânada kullanılan Arapça hasî “husyeleri alınmış insan veya hayvan” demektir. Kelime kaynaklarda müfred olarak geçtiği gibi el-huddâmü’l-hısyân şeklinde çoğul olarak da zikredilmektedir. Bunun yanında erkeklik organlarının tamamı alınmış kimseye mecbûb denilir. Kişinin erkeklik organlarının kökünden sökülerek hadım edildiğini ifade eden bu kelimeye kaynaklarda pek az rastlanmaktadır. Makdisî, bizzat şahit olduğu bir hadım etme operasyonunu anlatırken önce kişinin husyelerinin alındığını, ardından erkeklik organının kesildiğini ve buraya bevl için bir kurşun çubuk takıldığını söyler (Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 242-243). Ancak bu tür operasyonların yaygın olmayıp hadımların çoğunun hasî olduğu bilinmektedir. Avrupa’da beyaz köleler önce İspanya’ya gönderilir ve burada yahudiler tarafından iğdiş edildikten sonra Doğu’ya satılırdı. Tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla bu işin merkezi Verdun idi (Lévi-Provençal, II, 125).
Câhiliye devrinde iğdişle ilgili birkaç hadise zikredilmekle birlikte bunun yaygın olduğu söylenemez. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “evin hanımına şehvet duymayan erkek hizmetçilerden” (en-Nûr 24/31) söz edilerek bu hususa atıfta bulunulur, ancak Asr-ı saâdet’te de bu işlemin yaygın olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hz. Peygamber, ashaptan Osman b. Maz‘ûn’un kendisini iğdiş etme isteğini reddetmiş, bunu duyan Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās da, “Eğer Resûl-i Ekrem ona izin verseydi hepimiz kendimizi iğdiş ederdik” demiştir (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 8). İslâm dünyasında her devirde erkek ve kadın hizmetçi kullanılmıştır. Enes b. Mâlik ve diğer bazı sahâbîler Hz. Peygamber’in özel hizmetinde bulunmuşlardı (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 105-107). Resûl-i Ekrem’in hizmetçilere karşı iyi davranmayı emreden hadislerine ve İslâm dininin insanları, hatta hayvanları iğdiş etmeyi yasaklamasına rağmen hadım hizmetkâr kullanımı Emevî Halifesi I. Muâviye’ye kadar uzanmaktadır. Eski Ön Asya, Grek, Roma, Bizans ve İran saraylarında hadımların bulunduğu ve bunların bir kısmının çok önemli görevlere geldiği bilinmektedir. Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda bazı aileler çocuklarını kilisenin hizmetine vermek için onları hadım ederlerdi. Aslında İznik Konsili hadımların rahip olmasını açıkça yasaklamıştı. Bu sebeple hadımlar ancak Doğu kiliselerinde görev yapabilirlerdi. İmparator Romanos Lakapenos, oğlu Theophylaktos’u İstanbul patriği yapmak için böyle bir operasyondan geçirmişti. Câhiz, dinî kanunların hâkim olduğu milletlerde mâbedlerin hizmetine giren çocukların hadım edildiğini belirtir (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , I, 124-125, 128). Devlet düzeninde daha çok Sâsânîler’le Bizanslılar’ı örnek alan Araplar’ın sarayda istihdam ettikleri hadımların sayısı Abbâsîler döneminde özellikle Halife Emîn’den itibaren artmıştır. Kaynaklarda Muktedir-Billâh’ın 11.000 siyah ve beyaz hısyânının bulunduğu (Sâbî, s. 8), iki Bizans elçisinin huzura kabul edildiği bir törende 4000 beyaz, 3000 siyah hadımın görev aldığı kaydedilir. Abbâsîler’den sonra gelen İslâm ve Türk devletlerinden Sâmânîler’de bunlara rastlandığı gibi Beyhakī’nin verdiği bilgilerden Gazneliler devrinde de hadımların bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Târîḫ , s. 489). Meselâ Sultan Mesud’un mâbeyincisiyle Hârizmşah Altuntaş el-Hâcib’in Şeker adlı nedimi bunlardandır. Daha sonra Sâmânî-Gazneli geleneklerini sürdüren Büyük Selçuklular, Zengîler, Anadolu Selçukluları, Eyyûbîler ve diğer bazı devletlerde de hadımların kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî, 557’de (1162) hücre-i saâdette ve Mescid-i Nebevî’de yapılacak hizmetler için on iki hadım görevlendirmiş ve bunların hâfız olmasını şart koşmuştu. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî buradaki hadımların sayısını yirmi dörde çıkarmış ve başlarına Bedreddin el-Esedî’yi getirmişti (İbrâhim Rifat Paşa, I, 459). İlhanlılar’da hadımlar “hâce-serâ” unvanıyla anılırdı. XIV. yüzyılda da Mescid-i Nebevî’nin kapıcıları şeyhülhuddâmın emrinde görev yapan hadımlardı. Safevî sarayının özellikle harem kısmında görevlendirilen ve kendilerine yine hâce-serâ denilen hadımlar siyasî işlere karışmışlardır. Hânedanın yıkılmasında, daha ziyade Malabar civarından gelen ve sayıları gittikçe artan hadımların önemli rol oynadığı bilinmektedir.
Mısır, Kuzey Afrika, Endülüs ve Hindistan saraylarında da hadımlar vardı ve bunların bazıları kumandan olarak seferlere katılmış, donanmaları sevk ve idare etmiştir. Fâtımîler’in ilk döneminde Slav asıllı bir hadım olan Cevher idarede önemli rol oynamış, beyaz hadım olan Bercevân ise Halife Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın hocalığını yapmıştır. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda da çeşitli askerî kuvvetlere kumandanlık ve bazı önemli şehirlerde valilik yapan hadımlar vardı. Halife Âdıd devrinde (1160-1171) bunlar daha nüfuzlu bir hale gelmişlerdi. Fâtımîler’de hadımlar emîrlerin hemen arkasından gelirdi. Özel hizmet memurları da hadımdı. Bir kısım hadımların ise İhşîdîler’den Ebü’l-Misk Kâfûr (966-968) gibi hükümdarlığa kadar yükseldikleri görülmektedir. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin ünlü saray nâzırı Bahâeddin Karakuş da bir hadımdı. Memlük sarayında bu tür görevlilere, Türkçe tapığçı (hizmetçi) kelimesinden Arapçalaştırılan tavâşî adı verilmiş ve bu tabir XIV. yüzyılda Anadolu’ya geçerek Beylikler dönemi saraylarında da kullanılmıştır. Sinop’ta İsfendiyar Bey zamanına ait 838 (1434-35) tarihli bir kitâbede adı geçen Şehâbeddin Şâhin el-Memlük et-Tavâşî’nin, Âşıkpaşazâde Târihi ’nde Candaroğlu İsmâil Bey’in veziri olarak gösterilen Şehâbeddin Ağa olduğu ve ağa unvanının kendisine belki de tavâşîliği dolayısıyla verildiği tahmin edilmektedir (İA , V/1, s. 46; hadım-ağa ilişkisi için bk. AĞA ). Memlükler zamanında saray içinde ve dışında çeşitli zümreler halinde görev yapan tavâşîler genellikle Rum, Habeş, Hint ve Batı Afrika asıllı idiler. Bunların büyük çoğunluğu kendi memleketlerinde hadım edildikten sonra Memlük Sultanlığı’na gönderiliyordu. Harem kısmında çalışan ve tamamı siyahî olan tavâşîlerin başkanı “zimâmdâr” unvanıyla anılırdı; bu yetkili sultanın hareminin bütün işlerine nezaret ederdi. Özellikle Sultan Muhammed b. Kalavun’un 1341’de ölümünden sonra zimâmdârın nüfuzu çok arttı. Sultanın veya emîrlerin maiyetindeki tavâşîlerin reisine “mukaddemü’l-memâlîk” denirdi ve bunun rütbesi zimâmdârın üstündeydi. Sarayda perdedârlık yapan ve kendilerine “huddâm-ı sitâre” denilen hizmetkârlar da tavâşîlerdendi. En yaygın tavâşî isimleri Miskal, Cevher, Sandal, Anber, Fîrûz, Kâfûr, Lü’lü’, Mercân, Hoşkadem, Şâhin ve lakapları Zeynüddin, İzzeddin, Sa‘deddin, Fârisüddin, Safiyyüddin, Sâbıkuddin, Şücâüddin, Bedreddin, Şemseddin, Cemâleddin vb. idi (Kalkaşendî, V, 489; Ayalon, Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet , s. 275-276).
Osmanlı sarayında Çelebi Sultan Mehmed, bir rivayete göre ise II. Murad döneminden itibaren çoğunluğunu Boşnak ve Rum kökenlilerin oluşturduğu beyaz ırklara mensup “akağa” denilen hadımların çalıştırıldığı görülür. II. Murad zamanında kapı ağası, hazinedarbaşı ve kilercibaşı gibi görevlilerin bu beyaz hadımlardan olduğu bilinmektedir; zamanla bunlar saray dışında da kullanılmışlardır. Daha çok padişahın özel hizmetine ayrılmış olan akağalardan Şehâbeddin Paşa Rumeli beylerbeyiliğine ve vezirliğe, Atik Ali Paşa, Hadım Sinan Paşa, Hadım Süleyman Paşa, Hadım Mesih Paşa, Hadım Hasan Paşa ile Gürcü Mehmed Paşa da vezîriâzamlığa kadar yükselmişlerdir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinden itibaren sarayda, özellikle haremde siyah hadım ağalarının (karaağalar) istihdam edildiği ve zamanla bunların sayısının arttığı görülmektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. DÂRÜSSAÂDE ). Osmanlı sarayından başka devlet büyüklerinin konaklarında da hadımlar bulunuyor ve bunların çoğunu yine siyahîler oluşturuyordu.
Siyahî hadımların kaynağı Afrika idi. Sekiz-on bir yaşları arasında toplanan çocukların Mısır’da yapılan bir operasyonla erkeklikleri giderilir, daha sonra başta İstanbul olmak üzere büyük merkezlere sevkleri yapılırdı. Ancak devlet kademelerinde zaman zaman bu uygulamaya karşı çıkıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Meselâ 1560’ta Prizren’de bir alay beyi, böyle bir ameliyat sırasında üç reâyâ çocuğunun ölümüne sebebiyet verilmesi yüzünden cezalandırılmış (EI2 [İng.] , IV, 1093), Şehid Ali Paşa’nın (ö. 1716) sadrazamlığı sırasında da Mısır valisine ve kadısına gönderilen bir fermanla Habeşîler’in kısırlaştırılmaması istenmiştir (Râşid, IV, 175-176). Fakat daha sonra bu fermana uyulmadığı ve Ebûtîc, Asyût’un güneyi ve Sudan’dan yukarı Mısır’a gelen güzergâhta her yıl 100-200 gencin iğdiş edildiği bilinmektedir. 1813-1814’te Yukarı Mısır’ı ziyaret eden Burckhardt biri Borgo bölgesi, diğeri Dârfûr olmak üzere iki iğdiş merkezi bulunduğunu ve Kıbtî keşişlerin bu işi ücret karşılığında yaptığını tesbit etmiştir (Travels in Nubia , s. 294-296). Uygulamanın kesin olarak ancak Sultan Abdülmecid döneminde (1839-1861) durdurulduğu görülmektedir. Burckhardt, XIX. yüzyılda Afrika’dan Mekke ve Medine’ye hadım gönderildiğini, Mekke’de nâib-i Harem’den sonra hadım ağasının önemli bir mevki işgal ettiğini, çoğu zenci olan bu hizmetçilerin Mescid-i Harâm’ın temizliğinden sorumlu olduğunu ve hücre-i saâdette görev yapan tavâşîlerin bundan sonra başka bir şahsın hizmetinde bulunamayacağını söyler (Voyages en Arabie , I, 211-214).
Hadımlar karakter bakımından kadın ve çocuklarla kıyaslanabilir. Hadımlar da özellikle kuşlarla oynamaktan hoşlanır ve yemeye içmeye düşkün olurlar. Neşe ve öfkelerini çok çabuk açığa vuran hadımlar dedikoduya meraklı olup normal insanları aşağılar, ancak zengin ve güçlü insanları takdir ederler. Ev işlerinden hoşlanmakla beraber ağır işlere gelemezler. Uzun süre at sırtında kalabilir, iyi ok atabilirler. Ticarî hayatta başarılıdırlar. Özellikle Horasanlılar bu yönleriyle temayüz etmişlerdir. İğdiş edildikleri için büyük bir hınçla doludurlar ve bundan dolayı erkekleri kıskanır, onlardan nefret ederler. Cinsî arzu ve yeteneklerini tamamen kaybettikleri sanılırsa da özellikle bulûğ çağından önce iğdiş edilenlerin cinsî istekten büsbütün yoksun olmadığı bilinmektedir. Emevî Halifesi Muâviye’nin, karısı Fâhite’nin itirazı üzerine hareme sadece yaşlı hadımların girmesine izin vermesi de bunu teyit etmektedir. Osmanlılar da harem görevlilerinin çirkin ve tamamen iğdiş edilmiş zenciler olmasına dikkat ederlerdi.
Hadımlar genellikle efendilerinin yanında yaşarlardı. Kolaylıkla tanınıp kendileriyle alay edildiğinden halkın arasına pek fazla karışmazlardı. Sarayda rahatça gezebilir, efendileriyle onların hanımları ve câriyeleri arasında bir aracı vazifesi görürlerdi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Clauson, Dictionary , s. 437, 438.
Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 8.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , I, 113-176.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Meynard) , VIII, 148-150.
Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 242-243.
Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe , s. 8, 12, 16.
Beyhakī, Târîḫ (Behmenyâr) , s. 489.
Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Köymen) , tür.yer.
Eflâkî, Menâḳıbü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 301.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , III, 268, 272, 481; V, 35, 92, 456, 489; XII, 260.
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih , s. 157.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 445, 487, 518.
Âlî Mustafa, Mevâidü’n-nefâis fî kavâidi’l-mecâlis , İstanbul 1956, s. 30, 40, 161, 205-206.
Râşid, Târih , IV, 175-176.
D’Ohsson, Tableau général , VII, 54 vd., 180.
J. L. Burckhardt, Travels in Nubia , London 1822, s. 294-296.
a.mlf., Voyages en Arabia , Paris 1835, I, 211-214.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 34, 159, 257 vd.
İbrâhim Rifat Paşa, Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , I, 459.
Uzunçarşılı, Medhal , tür.yer.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 18, 35, 88, 110, 172-183, 354-357.
E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l’Espagne musulmane , Paris 1950, II, 125.
N. Elisséeff, Nūr ad-Dīn , Damascus 1967, II, 559.
M. Çağatay Uluçay, Harem , Ankara 1971, II, 118, 128 vd.
D. Ayalon, “The Eunuchs in the Mamluk Sultanate”, Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet , Jerusalem 1977, s. 267-295.
a.mlf., “On the Eunuchs in Islam”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , I, Jerusalem 1979, s. 67-124.
a.mlf., “On the Term Khādim in the Sense of Eunuch in the Early Muslim Sources”, Arabica , XXXII/3, Leiden 1985, s. 289-308.
A. Cheikh Moussa, “De la synonymie dans les sources arabes anciennes le cas de ḫādim et de ḫaṣiyy”, a.e. , s. 309-322.
J. Thevénot, 1655-1656’da Türkiye (trc. Nuray Yıldız), İstanbul 1978, s. 67-69.
Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti , İstanbul 1983, s. 137, 140, 144-147, 150, 160, 161.
J. B. Tavernier, Osmanlı Sarayında Yaşam (trc. Perran Üstündağ), İstanbul 1984, s. 23-25, 30, 76, 82.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel) , I, 105-109; III, 234-235, 238-239.
Pakalın , I, 7, 31, 529, 699, 703; II, 705-706; III, 422-424.
A. J. Wensinck, “Hâdim”, İA , V/1, s. 44-45.
M. Fuad Köprülü, “Hâdim”, a.e. , V/1, s. 45-47.
Nejat Göyünç, “Tavâşî”, a.e. , XII/1, s. 66.
Ch. Pellat, “Khāṣī”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 1087-1092.
A. K. S. Lambton, “Khāṣī”, a.e. , IV, 1092.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Khāṣī”, a.e. , IV, 1092-1093.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. İslâm dini, bir erkeğin kendi isteğiyle veya isteği dışında hadım edilmesini yasaklayıp haram kılmıştır. Bu konuda İslâm âlimleri arasında icmâ vardır (İbn Hazm, s. 157). Hadım edilecek kişinin hür veya köle, müslüman veya gayri müslim oluşu bu hükmü değiştirmez. Ancak kısas bundan istisna edilmiş olup Hz. Peygamber, “Kölesini hadım edeni hadım ederiz” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 7) demiştir. Hukukçuların çoğunluğu, şartların gerçekleşmesi halinde kişinin ceza olarak hadım edilebileceğini kabul ederken Hanefîler kısas değil diyet gerekeceği görüşündedirler. Resûl-i Ekrem ile birlikte savaşlara katılan ve uzun süre ailelerinden uzak kaldıkları için cinsî arzu duyan bazı müslümanlar bu arzularına gem vurabilmek amacıyla hadım olma izni istemişlerse de Hz. Peygamber buna müsaade etmemiştir (Buhârî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 5/9, “Nikâḥ”, 8; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 11).
Hayvanların iğdiş edilmesi konusunda İslâm âlimleri farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Abdullah b. Ömer, Resûl-i Ekrem’in atların ve diğer hayvanların iğdiş edilmesini yasakladığını haber vermektedir (Müsned , II, 24). Şâfiî âlimlerinden Nevevî, eti yenmeyen hayvanların iğdiş edilmesinin haram, eti yenenlerin ise küçükken câiz, büyüyünce haram olduğunu naklederken (Şerḥu Müslim , IX, 177) bu görüşün dayanağı veya bu ayırımın sebebi hakkında bilgi vermez. Mâlikî âlimlerinden Kurtubî, besi ve benzeri bir fayda söz konusu ise bazı âlimlerin hayvanların iğdiş edilmesini câiz gördüğünü belirttikten sonra farklı görüşleri de nakleder (el-Câmiʿ , V, 390). Hanefî mezhebinde, atların iğdiş edilmesi hususunda câiz veya haram olduğu şeklinde iki rivayet vardır. Diğer hayvanlar içinse bu işlemin bir fayda temini veya bir zararın önlenmesi maksadıyla yapılması durumunda câiz, aksi halde haram olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Mâverdî’nin, muhtesibin görev ve yetkilerini sayarken, “İnsanların ve hayvanların hadım ve iğdiş edilmesine engel olur ve bundan dolayı te’dib cezası uygular; kısas veya diyet söz konusu ise nizâ ve inkâr olmadığı takdirde bu hakların ödenmesini temin eder” (el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , s. 338-339) demesi, onun da hayvanların iğdiş edilmesini câiz görmediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Hanbelî mezhebinde bir görüşe göre semizleşmeleri için koçların iğdiş edilmesi câiz, bir görüşe göre ise atlarda olduğu gibi mekruhtur. İğdiş edilmiş hayvanların kurban edilmesi bütün mezheplerce câiz görülmüştür. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki hayvanın iğdiş edilmesini kabul etmeyenler bu işlemi hayvana eziyet, Allah’ın yarattığı şekli değiştirme ve tabii dengeyi bozma olarak görmektedirler. Kabul edenler ise bu işlemin sırf hayvana eziyet veya putperestlik dönemi kalıntısı bir âdet olarak yapılmasının câiz görülmeyeceği ve yasaklayıcı rivayetlerin böyle bir maksada mâtuf olabileceği, meşrû bir yarar sağlaması halinde ise câiz olması gerektiği noktasından hareket etmektedirler.
Hadımlık kişinin hak ve yükümlülüklerinde bir değişiklik meydana getirmez. Hadımlar miras hukuku, şahitlik gibi konularda normal erkeklerle aynı statüye tâbi oldukları gibi kadınlarla olan sosyal münasebetleri açısından da diğer erkeklerden farkları yoktur. Meselâ müslüman bir kadının, yakın akrabası olmayan hadım bir erkekle yalnız başına bir arada bulunması veya böyle bir kişinin yanında el ve yüz hariç vücudunun herhangi bir yerini açması haramdır.
İslâm aile hukuku hadımlığı evlilik engeli saymaz. Fakat evlendikten sonra kocasının hadım olduğunu anlayan kadının, bu durumu ileri sürerek boşanma isteğiyle mahkemeye başvurup vuramayacağı hususu İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışmalıdır. Ayrıntıda bazı farklı görüşler ileri sürülmekle genel olarak erkeğin cinsî birleşmede başarısız kalması kadının ayrılma talebi için yeterli görülmüştür. Eğer kocanın erkeklik organı kesik ise (mecbûb) bu durumda dört mezhebe göre de kadın boşanmak için mahkemeye başvurabilir ve bu talebi hemen yerine getirilir.
Nikâh akdinde kadın için belirlenen mehir, Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde “halvet-i sahîha” ile kesinlik kazanır ve bundan sonra taraflar ayrılsalar da erkek mehrin tamamını öder. Hanefî mezhebine göre kocanın hadım olması bu hükmü değiştirmez. Eğer koca mecbûb ise Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre hüküm yine aynıdır. Ebû Yûsuf ve Şeybânî’ye göre ise bu durumda koca mehrin yarısını öder. Ancak her üç âlime göre de ayrılık halinde kadın iddet bekler. Hanbelî mezhebinde bu konuda farklı rivayetler vardır (bk. İbn Kudâme, VIII, 64-65).
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 3 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.