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HÂFIZ AHMED PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1041/1632)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Muhtemelen 971 (1564) yılında doğdu. Filibeli bir müezzinin oğludur. Babasının mesleğine izâfetle Müezzinzâde diye de anılır. Küçük yaşlarda hıfzını tamamladı. On beş yaşında iken İstanbul’a gitti ve I. Ahmed zamanında sesinin güzelliği farkedilerek Enderun’a alındı. Şair tabiatı sayesinde kısa sürede burada padişah musâhipliğine kadar yükseldi. 22 Şevval 1016’da (9 Şubat 1608) doğancıbaşılıktan kaptan-ı deryâlığa getirildi. 1017’de (1608-1609) İskenderiye’den Mısır irsâliyesini getirirken bir kısım gemileri Venedikliler’in eline geçti. Mısır dönüşü Tersâne-i Âmire’de donanma işleriyle uğraştı; ancak Şubat 1609’da görevden alındı, yerine Kayserili Halil Paşa getirildi. Aynı yılın nisanında Şam beylerbeyiliğine tayin edildi. Şam’a giderken önce Akşehir’deki, ardından da Külek Kalesi’ndeki eşkıyayı dağıttı ve 14 Temmuz 1609’da Şam’a girdi. Bu görevi esnasında Havran civarındaki eşkıyayı sindirdi. 1610 yılında İran seferine çıkan Vezîriâzam Kuyucu Murad Paşa’nın yanında yer aldı ve ordu ile birlikte Tebriz’e kadar gitti. Fakat kış mevsiminin yaklaşması üzerine tekrar Şam’a döndü. Daha sonra aldığı takviye kuvvetlerle Ma‘noğlu Fahreddin üzerine yürüdüyse de Deyrülkamer’i ele geçiremedi; ancak Dürzî topluluklarının önemli bir kısmını itaat altına almayı başardı. 1618’de Erzurum beylerbeyiliğine getirilmesi Dürzîler’e karşı giriştiği harekâtın yarım kalmasına sebep oldu.
II. Osman zamanında vezirlikle Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine tayin edilen Hâfız Ahmed Paşa 1622 yılı içinde padişah tarafından İstanbul’a çağrıldı. Maltepe’ye geldiğinde İstanbul’da II. Osman’a karşı büyük bir ayaklanma başlamıştı. Olayın fâillerinden Sadrazam Kara Dâvud Paşa’nın kendisini İstanbul’a sokmaması üzerine Diyarbekir’e dönen Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın, II. Osman’ın intikamını almak için Erzurum Valisi Abaza Paşa ile gizlice haberleştiği, yakın adamlarından olup o sırada Diyarbekir defterdarlığında bulunan tarihçi Peçuylu İbrâhim’den öğrenilmekte, ancak Abaza Paşa’nın hedefini doğrudan Osmanlı hükümetine yöneltmesi üzerine onu yalnız bıraktığı anlaşılmaktadır (Târih , II, 391 vd.).
Bekir Subaşı, Bağdat beylerbeyiliği kendisine verilmediği için, hükümet tarafından Bağdat beylerbeyi olarak tayin edilen Süleyman Paşa’yı şehre sokmayınca Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Bağdat üzerine gönderildi. Çeşitli eyaletlerin askerlerinden oluşan orduya serdar olan Ahmed Paşa, Süleyman Paşa’yı Bağdat’a vali yapabilmek amacıyla bu şehre yürümenin uygun olmayacağını belirtip Bağdat’ın geçici olarak Bekir Subaşı’ya verilmesini hükümete arzettiyse de bunun kabul edilmemesi ve ikinci bir fermanın gelmesi üzerine Musul’a doğru yola çıktı. 1622 yazını emrine verilen kuvvetlerin burada toplanmasını sağlamak için Musul’da geçirdi. Bu arada mevcut kuvvetinin yeterli olmadığını ileri sürerek bu seferden vazgeçilmesi yolunda bir teşebbüste daha bulundu. Kapı Kethüdâsı Câfer Ağa’nın gönderdiği mektuplardan, hakkında Bekir Subaşı’dan rüşvet aldığı için Bağdat üzerine yürümediği şeklinde dedikodular dolaştığını öğrenince Bağdat’a yürüyüşünü sürdürdü; fakat gönderdiği öncü kuvvetler, Bekir Subaşı’nın yolladığı Osman Kethüdâ kuvvetleri karşısında başarılı olamadı. Hâfız Ahmed Paşa bunun üzerine hızla yetişip savaşa müdahale ederek karşı tarafa büyük zayiat verdirdi. Bu başarısından sonra Bağdat’ı Kuşlar Kalesi tarafından muhasara etmek için Dicle’yi geçip İmammûsâ mevkiinde yer aldı. Bekir Subaşı ise şehrin abluka altına alındığını görünce bir yandan İran Safevî Hükümdarı Şah Abbas’tan yardım isterken öte yandan da Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’ya başvurarak Bağdat valiliğinin kendisine verilmesi ricasını tekrarladı. Bunun üzerine Ahmed Paşa, Şah Abbas tarafından gönderilen Hemedan Valisi Safî Kulı Han’ın Bağdat’a yaklaştığını haber alınca şehrin İranlılar’ın eline geçmesine engel olmak için Bekir Subaşı’nın tayin emrini yazdı ve kendisinden her türlü tehlikeye karşı Bağdat’ı korumasını istedi. Bekir Subaşı’nın cevabî teşekkür mektubunu aldıktan sonra şehrin gereği gibi savunulacağına kanaat getirerek Musul’a hareket etti. Daha sonra Bekir Subaşı’nın Bağdat’ı İran kuvvetlerine karşı iyi bir şekilde müdafaa ettiğini öğrendi ve Musul’dan ona erzak göndermekle kalmayıp Musul Beylerbeyi Kör Hüseyin Paşa’yı Bağdat’a yardım için yolladı. Fakat Hüseyin Paşa Karçıgay Han’ın tuzağına düşerek hayatını kaybetti. Onun öldürüldüğünü öğrenen Hâfız Ahmed Paşa, Bekir Subaşı’nın ısrarlı yardım taleplerini karşılamak için yeterli kuvvete sahip olmadığından iki ay Mardin’de kalarak Sadrazam Kemankeş Ali Paşa’dan gelecek cevabı bekledi. Ancak İstanbul’dan herhangi bir cevap gelmediği gibi Bekir Subaşı’nın oğlu Derviş Mehmed’in ihaneti yüzünden Bağdat’ın İranlılar’ın eline düştüğü haberini aldı. Ayrıca Bağdat’ın düşmesinden sonra serbest kalan İran kuvvetleri karşısında Hâfız Ahmed Paşa zayıf duruma düştü; Kerkük ve Musul şahın kumandanlarından Kāsım Han tarafından zaptedildi. Ahmed Paşa bunun üzerine Diyarbekir’i tahkim etmek için Dağkapısı ile Rumkapısı arasındaki hisarı üç ay içinde tamamlattı. Kış ayları esnasında sadrazamdan aldığı emri yerine getirerek kumandanlarından Küçük Ahmed Ağa vasıtasıyla Musul’u Kāsım Han’dan geri almayı başardı.
Abaza Paşa üzerine yaptığı başarılı harekâttan sonra Tokat’ta dinlenmeye çekilen yeni Sadrazam Çerkez Mehmed Paşa 28 Ocak 1625’te ansızın vefat edince Hâfız Ahmed Paşa sadrazamlığa getirildi. Bu tayinde yeniçeri ağası Hüsrev Ağa ile Defterdar Bâki Paşa’nın büyük rolleri olmuştu. Ardından Bağdat seraskerliğiyle görevlendirilen Hâfız Ahmed Paşa karargâhını Çermik sahrasına kurdu. Burada bir yandan kuvvetlerinin toplanmasını beklerken bir yandan da erzak tedarikiyle meşgul oluyordu. Bu sırada Gürcü hâkimi Magrav’dan gelen bir mektupta kendisinin Gürcistan’a gelmesi halinde Karabağ, Gence ve Şirvan’ın itaat edeceği bildiriliyordu. Ancak Ahmed Paşa, Bağdat seferiyle görevlendirildiğini göz önünde tutarak Gürcistan’a Batum Beylerbeyi Ömer Paşa kumandasında bir miktar yeniçeri göndermekle yetindi.
Hâfız Ahmed Paşa, bir süre Çermik sahrasında kaldıktan sonra eylül başlarında oradan hareketle önce Musul’a, ardından Kerkük’e vardı (1625). Burada yapılan istişarede topların azlığını hesaba katarak önce Derne ve Derteng boğazlarını tutup daha sonra Bağdat üzerine gitmeyi teklif ettiyse de bu fikri kabul görmedi. Bunun üzerine 13 Kasım 1625’te Bağdat’ı kuşattı. Hâfız Ahmed Paşa askeri cesaretlendirmek için bizzat siperlere giriyor ve atılan lağımları denetliyordu. Kuşatmanın yetmiş ikinci günü patlatılan bir lağımın açtığı gedikten askerler Bağdat’a girdilerse de müdafiler tarafından kısa sürede püskürtüldüler. Öte yandan Şah Abbas’ın kuvvetleri Şat Suyu’ndan Osmanlı ordusuna getirilmekte olan erzakın yolunu kesince Osmanlı birlikleri çok zor duruma düştü. Kuşatma yine de devam etti; ancak şahın ordusunun 7 Haziran’da yaptığı hücumda Osmanlı kuvvetleri büyük kayıplara uğradı. Buna rağmen Hâfız Ahmed Paşa muhasarayı kaldırmadı. Hatta bazı tâvizlerle Bağdat’ı ele geçirmek üzere iken askerleri yiyecekleri kalmadığını bahane ederek onu kuşatmayı kaldırmaya mecbur ettiler. Sonucun böyle olmasında Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın, maiyetindeki kimselerin fikirlerine gereğinden fazla önem vermesinin ve sıcaklar yüzünden askerlerin büyük bir kısmının hummaya yakalanmasının da etkisi olmuştur.
Hâfız Ahmed Paşa, Bağdat’tan ayrıldıktan sonra Şah Abbas’ın hücumunu başarıyla püskürtüp önce Musul’a, oradan da Diyarbekir’e gitti ve kışı Halep’te geçirdi. O sırada IV. Murad’dan gelen bir hatt-ı hümâyunda, gayretlerinin takdir edildiği belirtildikten sonra kendisinden gelecek yıl Bağdat üzerine yapılacak sefer için hazırlıklara başlaması isteniyordu. Fakat birkaç ay sonra 12 Rebîülevvel 1036’da (1 Aralık 1626) görevinden alındı. Bunun üzerine İstanbul’a gelen Ahmed Paşa padişahın kız kardeşi Ayşe Sultan’la evlendi. Rütbesi önce ikinci vezirliğe, ardından üçüncü vezirliğe düşürüldüyse de 29 Rebîülevvel 1041 (25 Ekim 1631) tarihinde Hüsrev Paşa’nın yerine ikinci defa sadrazamlığa getirildi. Ancak bu defaki sadâreti çok kısa sürdü. Zira sadâret kaymakamı Topal Recep Paşa, askerin Hüsrev Paşa’ya olan sevgisini istismar ederek yeniçerilerin Atmeydanı’nda toplanmasını ve Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın kendilerine teslim edilmesini istemelerini sağlamıştı. Ahmed Paşa bunun üzerine padişahın huzuruna çıkmak istemiş fakat zorbaların hücumuna uğrayarak yaralanmıştı. Yaralı olarak huzura çıkıp sadâret mührünü IV. Murad’a teslim eden Hâfız Ahmed Paşa padişahtan izin alarak Üsküdar’a geçmek istedi ve Yalı Köşkü’nde bir kayığa bindi. Fakat eski sadrazamının hayatının tehlikede olduğunu anlayan IV. Murad onu geri çağırttı. Bir süre Bâbüssaâde’de padişahla konuşan Hâfız Ahmed Paşa askerin yatışmayacağı, hatta sonunda işin IV. Murad’ın tahttan indirilmesine kadar gidebileceği endişesiyle askerin ortasına atıldı ve dövüşe dövüşe öldü (19 Receb 1041 / 10 Şubat 1632); vasiyeti üzerine Üsküdar’da Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
İlk sadrazamlığı on bir ay, ikincisi üç buçuk ay kadar süren Hâfız Ahmed Paşa, hazırcevap, cesur ve fedakâr bir kişiliğe sahipti. Ancak onun devlet idaresinde yeteri kadar dirayetli olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda iyi bir münşî ve hânende olan Ahmed Paşa Hâfız mahlasıyla şiirler yazmıştır. Şiirlerinin toplandığı divanın bir nüshası Millet Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Manzum, nr. 799). Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın özellikle Bağdat seferi esnasında yazdığı “Şikâyetnâme”si ünlüdür. Şam beylerbeyiliği sırasında, aruz ilminde ikinci bir Halîl b. Ahmed kabul edilen Zeynüddin’i imtihan ettikten sonra Şam Medresesi’ne tayini kendisinin bu ilimdeki bilgisinin en büyük delilidir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 84-85 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.