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HALİFE Skip to content Şeyhi adına irşad faaliyetinde bulunan ve ölümünden sonra yerine geçen kimse, insân-ı kâmil anlamında tasavvuf terimi.
Sözlükte “arkada olmak, birinin arkasından gelmek, yerine geçmek” anlamlarına gelen half kökünden türetilmiş olup “birinin yerine geçerek işini, görevini devam ettiren” şeklinde açıklanan (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḫlf” md.; İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḫlf” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫlf” md.) halîfe kelimesi (çoğulu hulefâ , halâif ) terim olarak biri siyasette, diğeri tasavvufta olmak üzere başlıca iki alanda kullanılmaktadır. Bir kimsenin diğer bir zatın yerini tutmasına hilâfet , halife tayin etme işine de istihlâf veya tahlîf denir.
İnsanın Allah’ın halifesi olup olamayacağı sûfîlerden önce ulemâ tarafından tartışılmış, “Yeryüzünde bir halife yaratacağım” (el-Bakara 2/30); “Sizi yeryüzünün halifeleri kılan…” (el-En‘âm 6/165; en-Neml 27/62) meâlindeki âyetlerde geçen halife kelimesi iki şekilde açıklanmıştır. Bazı âlimlere göre insan kendinden önce yeryüzünde hâkim olan cinlerin yerine getirildiği için “bu varlık türünün ardından gelenler” anlamında Hz. Âdem ve soyuna halife denmiştir. İbn Abbas’ın bu görüşte olduğu rivayet edilir. Bu görüş sahipleri “Allah resulünün halifesi” ifadesini kullanır, ancak “Allah’ın halifesi” tabirinden hoşlanmazlar (Mâverdî, s. 15). İbn Mes‘ûd’un da katıldığı ikinci görüşe göre Hz. Âdem ve insan yeryüzüne hükmettiği için Allah’ın halifesi olmuştur. “Ey Dâvûd! Biz seni yeryüzünde halife yaptık. O halde insanlar arasında adaletle hükmet” (Sâd 38/26) meâlindeki âyet de bu görüşü desteklemektedir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, I, 381; İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, I, 64).
Mutasavvıflar, halife konusundaki görüşlerini geliştirirken terimin “insanlar arasında Allah adına hükmetme” şeklindeki ikinci anlamını esas almışlardır. Hasan-ı Basrî, takvâ sahibi temiz ve seçkin kullar için “Allah’ın halifesi” tabirini kullanmış olmakla beraber (Taberî, XXIV, 117) ilk sûfîler arasında bu konu üzerinde durulmamış, halife ve hilâfet bir tasavvuf kavramı olarak insân-ı kâmil ve kutub fikrinin gelişmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Halife kelimesine ilk defa tasavvufî anlam yükleyen Gazzâlî olmuştur. İnsanın Allah tarafından üflenen bir ruh taşıdığına (bk. el-Hicr 15/29) ve Allah’ın Âdem’i kendi sûretinde yarattığına dikkat çeken Gazzâlî, Allah ile insan arasında mânevî mahiyette özel bir münasebetin bulunduğunu, bu münasebetin yazıyla anlatılmasının mümkün olmadığını ifade eder ve insanın Allah’ın halifesi olmasını bu münasebete bağlar (İḥyâʾ , III, 315; IV, 294). Gazzâlî, Allah’ın kendisine isimleri öğretmiş olması sebebiyle Âdem’in O’nun halifesi olmaya hak kazandığını da belirtir (a.g.e. , I, 20). Şehabeddin es-Sühreverdî de nefsin Allah’ın yeryüzündeki halifesi olduğunu söyler (Se Risâle , s. 77).
Halife ve hilâfet konusu üzerinde geniş bir şekilde durarak bunu tasavvufun temel kavramı haline getiren Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve takipçileri olmuştur. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre Allah’ın halifesi, isim ve sıfatlarıyla kendisinde en mükemmel biçimde tecelli ettiği insân-ı kâmildir. Mülk Allah’ındır. İnsân-ı kâmil bu mülkte onun halifesi yani vekilidir. Mühür nasıl hazineyi korursa Allah da halifesi olan insân-ı kâmil vasıtasıyla halkı ve mülkü öyle korur (Fuṣûṣ , s. 50). Öte yandan insan işini ve varlığını Allah’ın himayesine havale ettiği için Allah da insanın halifesidir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber sefere çıkarken, “Allahım yolda sahibim, ailemde halifem sensin” diye dua ederdi (el-Fütûḥât , IV, 148). Allah’ın kulunu halife kılması mutlak, kulun rabbini halife kılması mukayyet bir hilâfettir. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre Allah’ın yeryüzündeki halifesi peygamberlerdir. Peygamberler O’nun hükümlerini O’nun adına insanlar arasında uygularlar. Hz. Muhammed’den sonraki halifeler Allah’ın değil resulünün halifeleridir, çünkü onun getirdiği şeriatı uygularlar (Fuṣûṣ , s. 162); uyguladıkları hükümleri de rivayet yoluyla Peygamber’den alırlar. Bunlar zâhirî mânada halifedir. Halbuki velîler arasında doğrudan doğruya Allah’tan hüküm alan halifeler de vardır. Onların Allah’tan hüküm almaları peygamberlerin hüküm almalarının aynıdır. “Sen de onların yoluna uy” (el-En‘âm 6/90) meâlindeki âyete göre hareket eden Resûl-i Ekrem’in kendisinden önceki peygamberlere uyması Allah’tan hükümler ve bilgiler almasına nasıl engel olmamışsa halifenin de Allah’tan doğrudan hüküm ve bilgi alması Hz. Peygamber’e uymasına engel olmaz. Onun hakkında “keşfen Allah’ın halifesi, zâhiren Resûlullah’ın halifesi” denir (a.g.e. , s. 163). Hz. Peygamber, ümmeti içinde doğrudan Allah’tan hilâfet alan bir kimsenin bulunduğunu bildiği için yerine hiç kimseyi halife tayin etmemiştir (a.g.e. , s. 163). Böylece İbnü’l-Arabî, devletin başında bulunan ve halife adını alan sultanlarla Allah’ın halifeleri olan velîleri birbirinden ayırır; birinciler zâhiren, ikinciler ise mânen halifedir.
İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî’ye göre tasavvufî anlamdaki hilâfetin sebebi, halkın Hak’tan gelen feyiz ve irfanı doğrudan kabul etme kabiliyetine sahip olmamasıdır. Bu husus, ateşte yaş ağaçların arasına kuru odunların konulmasına veya sultanın halkla arasına vezir ve mâbeyinci koymasına benzer (Rûḥu’l-beyân , I, 64).
Tarikatlar döneminde şeyhin, kendi adına müridleri terbiye ve irşad etme yetkisi verdiği mensuplarına da halife denilmiştir. Ankaravî hilâfeti şeklî, mânevî ve hakikî olmak üzere üçe ayırır. Bir tekkenin ve oradaki görevli dervişlerin yönetilmesi için yetkili kılınan kişi şeklen halifedir. Bu kişinin âlim olması veya seyrüsülûkün usulünü bilmesi gerekmez, ehliyetli bir yönetici olması yeterlidir. Seccâdenişin olan şeyhzâdelerin halifelikleri de böyledir. Sülûkünü tamamlayan bir kimseye şeyhi tarafından irşad izni verilmesine mânevî hilâfet denir. Hakikî hilâfet ise bizzat Allah’ın bir zatı irşad için görevlendirmesidir. Kâmil bir şeyhin terbiyesinde bulunan bir kişide bazan hilâfetin bu üç derecesi de gerçekleşebilir. Şeklen halife olduğu halde hilâfetin mâna ve hakikatinden nasibi olmayanlar da vardır (Minhâcü’l-fukarâ , s. 27). Şeyh, sülûkünü tamamlayan müridin irşad ehliyetine sahip olduğunu hilâfetnâme denilen bir belge ile tesbit eder. Uzak bölgelerde bulunan müridlere halife oldukları bir mektupla veya sözlü bir beyanla bildirilir. Halife unvanını alan sâlik, mürşidi adına müridlerin mânevî terbiyesiyle ilgilenir. Şeyhe mânen en yakın olan ve vefatı halinde yerine geçen halifeye “halîfetü’l-hulefâ” denir. Bir tarikattan hilâfet alan bir sâlikin diğer tarikatlardan da teberrüken hilâfet alması mümkündür.
Şeyh efendi vefat etmeden önce yerine kimin geçeceğini bildirirse tasavvuf âdâbına göre müridlerin bu emre ve vasiyete uymaları gerekir. Bu durumda şeyhin diğer halifeleri ve mensupları onun çevresinde toplanırlar. Şeyh efendi halifesinin ismini vermeden vefat ettiği takdirde mürid ve halifeleri toplanıp onun yerine geçecek olan zatı belirlerler. Bu belirlemede adayın müridlikteki kıdemi, bilgisi ve liyakati dikkate alınır. Bazan da şeyhin vefat etmeden önce halifelerine karşı takındığı tavırdan ve verdiği işaretlerden hareket edilir. Vefat eden şeyhin kendisini kimin techiz ve tekfin edeceği, cenaze namazını kimin kıldıracağı konusunda yaptığı vasiyet bu tür işaretlerden sayılır. Şeyhin halifesini belirlemeden vefat etmesi durumunda Hz. Peygamber’in halefi konusunda vasiyette bulunmamış olması örnek alınırken halifesini belirlemesi durumunda Hz. Ebû Bekir’in yerine Hz. Ömer’i vasiyet etmesi örneği göz önünde bulundurulur.
Halifenin belirlenmemesi halinde bazan mürid ve halifeleri yerine geçecek kişi hususunda anlaşamazlar. Bu durumda bazı müridler şeyhin halifelerinden birine, diğerleri başka birine bağlanır ve birden çok şeyh ortaya çıkar. Bu ise bir tarikatın şubelere ve kollara ayrılması anlamına gelir. Meselâ Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’nin halifelerinden Akşemseddin ile Ömer Dede Sikkînî arasında çıkan ihtilâf neticesinde Bayramiyye tarikatı biri Şemsiyye, diğeri Melâmiyye şeklinde iki kola ayrılmıştır. Şeyhin postuna oturacak zatı belirleme konusunda müridlerin anlaşmazlığa düşerek çekişmelerine “post kavgası” denir.
Mevlevîlik’te hilâfet şeyhlik ve dervişlik gibi bir makamdır. Bu makamda bulunan sâlike halife denir (Gölpınarlı, s. 137).
Şiîlik’te gerçek halife mâsum imamdır. Resûl-i Ekrem’den sonra Hz. Ebû Bekir zâhiren ve şeklen, Hz. Ali ise bâtınen ve hakikaten halife idi (Haydar el-Âmülî, s. 753; Seyyid Celâleddin Âştiyânî, s. 928-936). Sûfîler de Şiîler gibi hilâfeti (imâmet) zâhirî hilâfet ve bâtınî hilâfet diye ikiye ayırır ve esas olanın ikincisi olduğunu söylerler.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḫlf” md.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḫlf” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫlf” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 141.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , “ḫalîfe” md.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Kahire 1374, XXIV, 117.
Hakîm et-Tirmizî, Ḫatmü’l-evliyâʾ , s. 485.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , Kahire 1960, s. 15.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire 1939, I, 20; III, 315; IV, 294.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , İstanbul 1309, I, 381.
Sühreverdî el-Maktûl, Se Risâle ez Şeyḫ-i İşrâḳ (nşr. Necef Kulı Habîbî), Tahran 1397, s. 77.
İbnü’l-Arabî, Fuṣûṣ (Afîfî) , s. 50, 162, 163.
a.mlf., el-Fütûḥât , I, 36; IV, 148.
Necmeddîn-i Dâye, Mirṣâdü’l-ʿibâd (nşr. M. Emîn-i Riyâhî), Tahran 1352 hş., s. 415.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , II, 411.
Haydar el-Âmülî, Câmiʿu’l-esrâr (trc. Cevâd-ı Tabatabâî), Tahran 1368 hş., s. 753.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1378/1958, II, 31.
İmâm-ı Rabbânî, el-Mektûbât , İstanbul 1962, I, 31.
Ankaravî, Minhâcü’l-fukarâ , İstanbul 1286, s. 20, 27.
İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Rûḥu’l-beyân , İstanbul 1306, I, 64.
Şeybî, eṣ-Ṣıla , s. 633.
Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, et-Taṣavvuf: es̱-S̱evretü’r-rûḥiyye fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1963, s. 307.
Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı, Mevlevî Âdâb ve Erkânı , İstanbul 1963, s. 137.
Cevâd-ı Nurbahş, Ferheng-i Nurbaḫş , Tahran 1369 hş., III, 46, 49.
Seyyid Celâleddin Âştiyânî, Şerḥ-i Muḳaddime-i Ḳayserî ber Fuṣûṣi’l-ḥikem , Tahran 1370 hş./1991, s. 754, 928-936.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 299-300 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.