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HALÎFE b. HAYYÂT Skip to content Ebû Amr Halîfe b. Hayyât b. Halîfe eş-Şeybânî el-Basrî (ö. 240/854-55)
Ṭabaḳātü’r-ruvât ve et-Târîḫ adlı eserleriyle tanınan hadis hâfızı, tarihçi ve ensâb âlimi.
Hayatı hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Basra’da doğdu. Doğum tarihi bilinmemekle beraber Zehebî’nin seksen yaşlarında vefat ettiğine dair verdiği bilgi dikkate alınırsa 160 (777) yılı civarında dünyaya geldiği kabul edilebilir. Kendisine niçin verildiği bilinmeyen Şebâb lakabıyla meşhurdur. Bâhilî ve Temîmî nisbeleriyle de anılan Halîfe, ailesi ya “aspur” adlı kumaş boyası ticareti yaptığı veya bu adla bilinen bir kabile koluna mensup olduğu için Usfurî nisbesiyle de tanınır. Kendisiyle aynı adı taşıyan dedesi Ebû Hübeyre Halîfe b. Hayyât hadisle uğraşan sika bir râvi olduğu gibi (İbn Hibbân, s. 157) babası Hayyât da hadis râvisidir.
İlim tahsili için seyahat etmemiş veya çok az seyahat etmiş olan Halîfe, ailesinden ve Basra şehrindeki âlimlerden başta kıraat olmak üzere Kur’an ilimleri, hadis, ahbâr ve ensâb öğrendi ve hadis rivayet etti. Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Târîḫu Baġdâd ’ında adının zikredilmemesinden Bağdat’a hiç gitmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Verkā b. Amr ile Ebû Amr b. Alâ’dan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm kıraatini rivayet etti; kendisinden de Ahmed b. İbrâhim b. Osman el-Verrâk ile Mugīre b. Sadaka kıraat ilmine dair bilgileri rivayet ettiler.
Halîfe’nin hadis öğrendiği şeyhleri arasında başta babası olmak üzere İsmâil b. Uleyye, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Mu‘temir b. Süleyman ve Ebû Dâvûd et-Tayâlisî gibi âlimler vardır. Kendisinden hadis rivayet eden muhaddisler içinde Buhârî, Bakī b. Mahled, İbn Ebû Âsım, Abdullah b. Ahmed b. Hanbel, Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî, Abdullah b. Abdurrahman ed-Dârimî, Abdân el-Cevâlîkī el-Ahvâzî ve Zekeriyyâ es-Sâcî de bulunmaktadır. Zehebî, bazı hadis âlimlerinin Halîfe’nin hadis rivayetinde gevşek olduğunu söylemelerini doğru bulmamış ve onu sika kabul eden âlimlerin görüşüne katılmıştır. Halîfe’nin günümüze kadar ulaşan iki eserini de neşre hazırlayan Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî onun Buhârî tarafından sika bir râvi olarak kabul edildiğini söylemekte, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’de Halîfe’nin lehinde veya aleyhinde bir ifade kullanılmadığını belirtmektedir. Buna karşılık İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Buhârî’nin Halîfe’den hadis rivayet ettiği zaman bunu bir başka senedle teyit ettiğini veya onun rivayetlerini muallak olarak zikrettiğini ifade etmektedir (Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , III, 161). Bu hususu araştıran Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî, Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde Halîfe’nin on sekiz ayrı rivayetinin bulunduğunu, bunlardan on beşinin İbn Hacer’in tesbitlerine uygun olduğunu, üç rivayetten ikisinin Buhârî’nin Halîfe’yi sika kabul ettiğini gösterecek rivayetler olmadığını, ancak geriye kalan bir yerde Buhârî’nin doğrudan doğruya hem de akaid konusuyla ilgili bir hadisi (Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 55) ondan rivayet ederek eserine aldığını tesbit etmiş ve Buhârî’nin onu ilk sıralardaki şeyhlerinden biri gibi olmasa da sika bir râvi kabul ettiği sonucuna varmıştır (Halîfe b. Hayyât, et-Târîḫ [nşr. Ömerî], nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 8-9).
Basra’da yetişen âlim ve muhaddisler arasında mühim bir mevkiye sahip olduğundan ilim öğrenmek için Basra’ya gelen birçok kimse ona uğrar ve kendisinden hadis rivayet ederdi. 223 (838) yılında Basralı bazı Mu‘tezilîler’in şehrin ileri gelen bir kısım âlimleriyle birlikte onu da kadı Ahmed b. Riyâh’a şikâyet etmeleri (Vekî‘, II, 175), kendisinin hem i‘tizâl hareketine karşı bir muhaddis hem de şehrin ileri gelen şahsiyetlerinden biri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Halîfe b. Hayyât 240 (854-55) yılında Basra’da vefat etti. 230 (845) veya 246 (860) tarihlerinde öldüğü de ileri sürülmüştür. Ancak et-Târîḫ ’inde 232 (846-47) yılı olaylarına kadar gelmesi, Ṭabaḳātü’r-ruvât ’ında 236 (850-51) yılında vefat eden şahsiyetleri zikretmesi onun 240’ta (854-55) öldüğünü göstermektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭabaḳāt (Ṭabaḳātü’r-ruvât ). Ashap, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiînden 3229’u erkek, 129’u kadın sahâbî olmak üzere toplam 3358 râvinin hal tercümesini ihtiva etmekte olup zamanımıza ulaşan en eski tabakat kitaplarından biridir. Eserde hal tercümelerinden bazıları tekerrür etmektedir. Meselâ Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh iki, Zübeyr b. Avvâm üç, Abdullah b. Ebü’l-Ced‘â dört, Ammâr b. Yâsir beş ayrı yerde zikredilmiştir. Bilhassa sahâbîlerde görülen bu tekrarlar, onların Medine dışında hangi şehirlere gittiklerini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Eserini nesep, tabaka ve şehir esasına göre tasnif eden müellif önce Medine’den başlamış, ardından sırasıyla Kûfe, Basra, tekrar Medine, Mekke, Tâif, Yemen, Yemâme, Mısır, Mağrib-Endülüs, Şâmât (Suriye), Avâsım, el-Cezîre, Musul, Horasan, Rey, Medâin, Vâsıt, Bağdat şehirlerindeki râvilere geçmiş, kitabın sonunda da hadis ezberleyen kadın sahâbîlere yer vermiştir. Halîfe, çağdaşı olan İbn Sa‘d’ın (ö. 230/844) eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’l-kübrâ ’sındaki usulün aksine ashabı tabakalara ayırmamış, Hz. Ömer’in divan teşkilâtında yaptığı gibi Hz. Peygamber’in kabilesi Hâşimoğulları’ndan başlayarak önce Kureyş’in kollarını ve bu kabilelerin mevâlîsini, ardından ensarı ve diğer Arap kabilelerini ensâb âlimlerinin benimsediği esasa göre sıralamıştır. Çocuk sahâbîlerle tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn nesillerini ise başta aşere-i mübeşşereden ileri gelen sahâbîlerle görüşenler olmak üzere çeşitli tabakalara ayırarak bir tasnife tâbi tutmuştur. Meselâ Medine’yi dokuz, Kûfe’yi on bir, Basra’yı on iki tabakaya ayırmıştır. Müellif, eserinde ele aldığı sahâbîlerin nesebini baba ve anne cihetine göre ayrı ayrı verir; daha sonraki nesillerde, özellikle tebeu’t-tâbiînde ise kabile nisbesi azalır ve daha çok mesleklere veya yaşadıkları şehirlere olan nisbeleri kaydeder. Hal tercümesini yazdığı kimselerin yaşadıkları şehirler yanında seyahatlerini, vefat yıllarını, iştirak ettikleri gazve ve seriyyelerle fütuhatlarını, idarî görevlerini ve hadis aldıkları şeyhlerini belirtir. Bunların neseplerini en büyük dedelerine, yani mensup oldukları kabilelerin atasına kadar zikretmesi eseri hem ensâb bakımından, hem de İslâm’dan sonraki kabile göçlerini ve her şahsın annesinin kabilesini vermek suretiyle ilk devir İslâm tarihindeki siyasî ve içtimaî gelişmelerin daha iyi anlaşılması, kabileler arası münasebetlerin ve özellikle Araplar’ın yabancı kadınlarla evlenmesinin sosyal hayattaki tesirlerinin tesbit edilmesi bakımından değerli kılmıştır. Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , Mûsâ b. Zekeriyyâ et-Tüsterî ve Bakī b. Mahled yoluyla ayrı ayrı rivayet edilmekle beraber günümüze sadece Mûsâ b. Zekeriyyâ’nın rivayeti ulaşmıştır. Halîfe eserinin başında kendilerinden faydalandığı âlimlerin isimlerini zikretmiş, eserin içinde ise hemen hiç sened zikretmemiştir. Ancak ihtilâflı konularla rivayet mesuliyetini yüklenmek istemediği yerlerde nâdir olarak sened vermiştir. Özellikle nesep konusunda Ebü’l-Yakzân Sühaym b. Hafs el-Hüzelî ile Hişâm b. Muhammed el-Kelbî’den faydalanmış, ayrıca tarih, ensâb ve ahbârla ilgili bilgileri İbn İshak, Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Vâkıdî, Ali b. Muhammed el-Medâinî’den almıştır. Halîfe b. Hayyât eserine Resûl-i Ekrem’in anne ve babasının nesebiyle başlamış, ardından kısaca Adnânîler ve Kahtânîler’e temas etmiştir. Halîfe İbn Sa‘d’ın zikrettiği Hemedan, Kum, Enbâr, Bahreyn, Sugūr, Eyle şehirlerini eserine almamış, buna karşılık onun yer vermediği Musul ile Mağrib’e geniş bir şekilde yer ayırmıştır. Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭabaḳāt ’tan, başta et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’inde Buhârî olmak üzere birçok müellif nakillerde bulunmuş, eseri rivayet edenlerden Bakī b. Mahled bu kitabı Endülüs’e götürüp tanıtmıştır. Yazma nüshası Dımaşk Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan eser (Genel, nr. 1248; Hadis, nr. 544) Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî (Bağdat 1387/1967; Riyad 1402/1982) ve Süheyl Zekkâr (I-II, Dımaşk 1966-1967) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Thomas Koszinowski de doktora çalışması olarak bir mukaddime ile birlikte eseri neşre hazırlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Halîfe’nin hayatına dair yazdığı mukaddimelerde olduğu gibi “Ibn Khayyāt al-‘Usfurī” maddesinde de Süheyl Zekkâr, İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’inde Halîfe’nin beş eserinin bulunduğunu zikretmesine rağmen yanlış olarak dört kitabı olduğunu yazmakta (EI2 [Fr.] , III, 862-863), Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭabaḳāt ile Kitâbü Ṭabaḳāti’l-ḳurrâʾ nın tek eser olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Halbuki İbnü’n-Nedîm bu iki eseri ayrı ayrı kaydetmektedir. Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî Halîfe’nin kıraatle uğraştığını, Ebü’l-Hayr İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin kendisine kurrâ arasında yer verdiğini ve onun kurrâ için ayrı bir eser yazdığını kabul eder. Bunun yanında İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Halîfe’nin kurrâ ile ilgili eserinden aldığı bir rivayeti de örnek verir (Halîfe, et-Târîḫ [nşr. Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî], nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 11-13).
2. et-Târîḫ . Bakī b. Mahled yoluyla rivayet edilen eser, İslâm dünyasında kronolojik esasa göre yazılmış tarih kitaplarından günümüze intikal eden ilk örnektir. Eser, tarihlendirmenin önemine ait bazı âyet ve hadislerle insanların kullandıkları takvimler ve Hz. Ömer zamanında hicretin tarih ve takvim başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmesine dair rivayetlerle başlamakta, ardından Hz. Peygamber’in doğum tarihiyle Mekke ve Medine’deki ikamet sürelerine ait haberlere kısaca yer vermektedir. Daha sonra hicretin 1. yılından (m. 622) başlayarak 232 (846-47) yılına kadar vuku bulan hadiseleri, savaşları, ihtilâlleri, ölümleri (vefeyât), hac mevsimlerinde kimlerin emîr-i hac olduğunu, halifelerin çeşitli eyaletlerde, bilhassa Medine, Mekke, Basra ve Kûfe şehirlerindeki vali ve kadılarını, kâtip ve mühürdarları, ayrıca şurta, beytülmâl ve berîd işlerinde kimlerin görevlendirildiğini anlatmaktadır. et-Târîḫ , muhtemelen kronolojik esasa bağlı olması sebebiyle Hz. Peygamber’in hicretten önceki Mekke dönemine hiç yer vermez. Vefeyâtı kaydederken birçok muhaddis ve din âlimi yanında ileri gelen şahsiyetlerle idarecilerden de söz eden Halîfe böylece siyasî, askerî, idarî ve kazaî tarih yanında ilim ve kültür tarihine de ciddi katkılarda bulunmuştur. Savaşlara ve fetihlere devlet içerisinde cereyan eden hadiselere nazaran daha geniş yer veren müellifin Emevîler devrini ayrıntılı biçimde ele aldığı eserinde bizzat şahit olduğu Abbâsîler dönemini muhtasar olarak anlatması dikkat çekicidir. Halîfe b. Hayyât eserde İslâm fetihlerine ait haberleri iki yoldan rivayet etmiştir. Bunlardan ilki fethedilen memleketlerin yerli râvileri, diğeri ise resmî rivayet gibi telakki edilen Ehl-i Medîne rivayetleridir. Meselâ Mısır’ın fethine dair rivayetleri önce Mısırlı İbn Lehîa’dan ve diğerlerinden, sonra da Medine ehli Urve b. Zübeyr’den nakleder. Ṭabaḳātü’r-ruvât ’ında takip ettiği usulün aksine et-Târîḫ ’te rivayetler için sened zikreder. Hadis rivayetinde isnadın önemini çok iyi bilen Halîfe b. Hayyât, tarih sahasında bunun daha gevşek kullanılması şeklinde yaygınlaşan anlayışı benimsemiştir. Bundan dolayı münkatı‘ ve mürsel senedler yanında hadis rivayetinde cerh ve ta‘dîle tâbi tutulmuş bazı kimselerin rivayetlerini almakta bir sakınca görmemiş, İbnü’l-Kelbî ve Vâkıdî gibi müelliflerin rivayetlerini nakletmekten çekinmemiştir. Başta siyer konuları olmak üzere Hz. Osman zamanındaki fitne, Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşları gibi önemli hususlarda sened zikretmeye özen göstermiş, buna karşılık savaşlarda şehid olanları, halifelerin, çeşitli görevlerde bulunan kimselerin listesini verirken hemen hemen hiç sened zikretmemiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in siyerine kısaca temas eden Halîfe b. Hayyât, bu döneme ait haberleri İbn İshak’ın el-Mübtedeʾ ve’l-mebʿas̱ ve’l-meġāzî adlı eserinin Bekir b. Süleyman ve Vehb b. Cerîr b. Hâzim yoluyla kendisine intikal eden rivayetinden almıştır. Bu rivayetlerle, yine İbn İshak’ın Ziyâd b. Abdullah el-Bekkâî rivayetiyle İbn Hişâm’ın tehzibi olan es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye adlı eserinde bazı bilgiler arasında farklar bulunması dikkati çekmektedir. İrtidad savaşlarına ait haberleri, İbn İshak’ın günümüze ulaşmayan Aḫbârü’l-ḫulefâʾ adlı kitabından almış olması da önemlidir. Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşlarıyla Basra’daki havâric harekâtına dair haberleri Vehb b. Cerîr’in rivayetlerinden; Yemâme Savaşı’nı, özellikle de Yemâme’de şehid olan müslümanların kabilelere göre listesini Ebû Ma‘şer es-Sindî’den; Hz. Peygamber’in megāzîsiyle irtidad hareketleri, Horasan ve doğudaki fetihlerle Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde Mekke, Medine ve Horasan’daki Hâricî hareketleri, Basra’daki gelişmeler, Cemel Vak‘ası ile İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın isyanı ve bu şehirde 131 (748-49) yılında ortaya çıkan veba hastalığı gibi konulara ait bilgileri Ali b. Muhammed el-Medâinî ile Ebû Ubeyd Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’dan almıştır (diğer râvi ve kaynakları için bk. Halîfe, et-Târîḫ , nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 16-30). Yazma nüshası Rabat Evkaf Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (nr. 199) et-Târîḫ , Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî (Bağdat 1386/1967; I-II, Necef 1967; Beyrut 1977; Medine 1403/1983; Riyad 1405/1985) ve Süheyl Zekkâr (I-II, Dımaşk 1967-1968) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Fârûk Ömer Fevzî, Halîfe b. Hayyât’ın tarihçiliğine dair bir eser yazmıştır (Ḫalîfe b. Ḫayyâṭ müʾerriḫan , Bağdat 1988).
3. Müsnedü Ḫalîfe b. Ḫayyâṭ . İbnü’n-Nedîm’in Halîfe’nin kitapları arasında zikretmediği bu eseri Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî ile Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa el-Müsned fi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla kaydederler (el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , I/2, s. 378; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 350; Sezgin, Buhârî’nin Kaynakları , s. 98). Ekrem Ziyâ el-Ömerî, başta Buhârî’nin iki eseri olmak üzere diğer hadis kitaplarında yer alan Halîfe b. Hayyât’ın rivayet ettiği 101 hadisi ilk râvilerini esas alarak alfabetik sıraya göre yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1405/1985).
İbnü’n-Nedîm’in kaydettiğine göre (el-Fihrist , s. 338) Halîfe b. Hayyât’ın bunlardan başka Kitâbü Ṭabaḳāti’l-ḳurrâʾ , Kitâbü Târîḫi’z-zemnâ ve’l-ʿurcân ve’l-merḍâ ve’l-ʿumyân ve Kitâbü Eczâʾi’l-Ḳurʾân ve aʿşârih ve esbâʿih ve âyâtih adlı eserleri de vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Halîfe b. Hayyât, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt (Zekkâr) , nâşirin mukaddimesi I, s. elif-mîm; a.e. (Ömerî), nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 7-79.
a.mlf., et-Târîḫ (Zekkâr), nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, s. elif-nûn; a.e. (Ömerî), nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 5-40.
Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 55.
a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr , I/1, s. 359; I/2, s. 58, 121; II/1, s. 176; II/2, s. 225; IV/1, s. 18, 367.
Vekî‘, Aḫbârü’l-ḳuḍât , II, 175.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , I/2, s. 378-379.
İbn Hibbân, Meşâhîr , s. 157.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 338.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese , s. 225, 230.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , II, 243-244.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 665.
a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 436-437.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 472-474.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , III, 160-161.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 350.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , s. 130, 139.
Fuat Sezgin, Buhârî’nin Kaynakları , İstanbul 1956, s. 98, 248.
a.mlf., GAS , I, 110.
T. Koszinowski, Kitāb aṭ-ṭabaqāt von Ḫalīfa b. Ḫaiyāt (doktora tezi, 1967), Universität Göttingen 1967.
C. Wurtzel, The Umayyads in the History of Khalīfa b. Khayyât (doktora tezi, 1977), Yale University.
Fârûk Ömer Fevzî, Ḫalîfe b. Ḫayyâṭ müʾerriḫan 240 h./854 m. , Bağdad 1988.
Es‘ad Sâlim Kayyim, ʿİlmü ṭabaḳāti’l-muḥaddis̱în , Riyad 1415/1994, s. 152-155.
S. Zakkar, “Ibn K̲h̲ayyāt al-ʿUṣfurī”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 862-863.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 301-303 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.