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HALİM SABİT ŞİBAY Skip to content (1883-1946)
Son devir din âlimi ve II. Meşrutiyet döneminin önemli yayın organlarından İslâm Mecmuası ’nın nâşiri.
Kazan’da Simbir vilâyetine bağlı Küçük Tarhanlı köyünde doğdu. Babası, İdil-Volga havzasında hüküm süren Bulgar-Türk mirzalarından Şibay sülâlesine mensup Sâbir Can Efendi, annesi Hayat Hanım’dır. İlk öğrenimine 1890 yılında İdil boyundaki Sâmerrâ şehrinin yeni usulle eğitim veren yatılı okulunda başladı, orta öğrenimini de burada tamamladı. 1897’de İdil boyu Simbir vilâyeti içinde Ulutarhan’daki Medrese-i Halîmiyye’de okudu. Bu arada Rus lisesine girerek buradan da mezun oldu. Daha sonra bir müddet Orenburg’daki Hüseyniye Medresesi’nde müderrislik yaptı.
Birçok Kazanlı arkadaşı gibi tahsilini İstanbul’da sürdürmek isteyen Halim Sabit 1901’de İstanbul’a gitti ve Mercan İdâdîsi’ne girdi. Bir yandan da Fâtih Camii’nde devrin tanınmış âlimlerinden Dağıstanlı Abdülfettah Efendi’den ders aldı. Şubat 1906’da Mercan İdâdîsi’ni bitirdikten sonra Dârülfünun İlâhiyat Şubesi’ne girdi. Temmuz 1910’da buradan mezun oldu, ayrıca idâdîlerde muallimlik hakkını elde etmek için yapılan imtihanı kazandı.
Halim Sabit daha sonra, Orta Asya’daki Türk topluluklarının hayat tarzını inceleyip araştırmak maksadıyla Türkistan’a doğru Altaylar’a kadar uzanan bir seyahate çıktı. Bu sırada uğradığı Kazan’da Züyebaşı (Züvebaşı) köyünde Mehmed Rahim Abdürrezzakov’un kızı Zeliha Hanım’la evlendi (2 Ekim 1911). Geziye ait notları ve tesbitleri daha sonra “Altaylar’a Doğru” adıyla seri makaleler halinde Türk Yurdu dergisinde yayımlanmıştır (Tuncer, Türk Yurdu Üzerine Bir İnceleme , s. 95).
Türkiye’ye döndükten sonra Eylül 1912’de ulûm-i dîniyye muallimi olarak Gelenbevî İdâdîsi’ne tayin edildi. Mart 1914’te Dârülfünun’un Ulûm-ı Şer‘iyye Şubesi’nde Mahmud Esad Efendi’nin yanında târîh-i dîn-i İslâm ve târîh-i edyân dersleri müderris muavini olarak ve aynı yıl Mahmud Esad Efendi’nin Şûrâ-yı Devlet Tanzimat Dairesi reisliğine getirilmesi üzerine müderris sıfatıyla ders vermeye başladı. Kasım 1915’te Dârülfünun’un ıslahı sırasında Ziya Gökalp’in tavsiyesiyle Edebiyat Fakültesi’nin çeşitli kürsülerine davet edilen genç müderrisler arasında Halim Sabit de bulunuyordu. Onun buradaki görevi dersin kaldırıldığı 24 Mart 1919’a kadar devam etti. Mart 1925’te Seyyid Bey’in ölümü üzerine İslâm hukuku müderrisi olarak tekrar Dârülfünun’a dönmesi yönündeki daveti geri çevirdi; fakat açıkta bulunduğu 1933’te Dârülfünun’a dönmeyi kendisi istediyse de Maarif Vekâleti’ne yaptığı başvuru sonuçsuz kaldı.
Halim Sabit, müderrislikten ayrılmak zorunda kaldığı tarihten sonraki yirmi yıl içinde (1919-1939) ticarî faaliyette bulundu. Bu dönemde zaman zaman Türkiye’ye gelip gittiyse de vaktinin büyük bir kısmını belli başlı Avrupa şehirlerinde ve özellikle Baltık ülkelerinde geçirdi; Almanya, Avusturya, Bulgaristan, İngiltere, İtalya, Macaristan, Romanya ve Rusya’ya seyahatler yaptı. Bu ülkelere afyon, tütün, halı ve çeşitli gıda maddeleri ihraç etti. Afyon ticaretinin devletleştirilmesi ve II. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması üzerine 1939’da Türkiye’ye döndü. Aynı yıl, Avrupa’da yayımlanan ve Türkçe’ye tercümesi için hazırlıklara başlanan İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nde önce hazırlık memuru, daha sonra da neşir bürosu kâtibi olarak Ağustos 1944’e kadar görev yaptı. Halim Sabit’in son memuriyeti, 19 Ağustos 1944’te tayin edildiği Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Müşavere Heyeti âzalığı olmuştur. Hayatının son yılları hastalıkla geçen Halim Sabit 27 Aralık 1946 tarihinde Ankara’da öldü ve Cebeci Asrî Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Devrin siyasî cereyanlarına doğrudan katılmamakla beraber Halim Sabit, İttihat ve Terakkî liderlerinin İslâm birliği, Türkçülük ve Rusya meselesi hakkında düşüncelerinden faydalandıkları fikir adamlarından biri olmuştur. İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası’nın hars şubesi mensuplarından Hamdullah Suphi (Tanrıöver), Celâl Sâhir (Erozan), Köprülüzâde Fuad gibi isimlerin yanında Halim Sabit de yer almakta ve bu arada konferanslar vermekteydi. Aynı zamanda Türk Bilgi Derneği’nin İslâmiyat şubesi kâtipliği görevini üstlenmiş ve Türk Ocağı’nın faaliyetlerine katılmıştır.
I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanlar’a esir düşen müslüman askerlerin hayat şartlarını yerinde görüp incelemek üzere Tunuslu Şeyh Sâlih, Abdürreşid İbrahim ve Ağaoğlu Ahmet’le birlikte Halim Sabit de çeşitli tarihlerde Berlin’e gitmiş, 1916 yılı Kasımında Suriye’de Cemal Paşa’nın emrindeki IV. Ordu’yu ziyaret eden İttihat ve Terakkî liderleri arasında bulunmuştur. Ziya Gökalp’le Ağaoğlu Ahmet’in hem en samimi dostlarından, hem de o devirde birer edebî ve fikrî mahfel olan evlerine devam edenlerden biriydi. Mart 1917’de Rus İhtilâli’nden sonra Bakü-İstanbul yolunun açılması üzerine Rusya’dan birçok müslüman Türk İstanbul’a gelmişti. Rusya’nın Mazlum Milletleri Cemiyeti’nin bir bürosunu Almanya’da açmak ve burada cemiyetin temsil heyeti sıfatıyla bulunmak üzere seçilenler arasında Hüseyinzâde Ali Turan ve Köprülüzâde Fuad ile birlikte Halim Sabit de vardı. Talât Paşa’nın yardımıyla 27 Ekim 1918’de İstanbul’dan hareket eden heyet, yolculuğu sırasında Macaristan ve Almanya’da karışıklıklar çıktığını öğrenince geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Talebesi Mükrimin Halil’in (Yinanç) ifadesine göre Halim Sabit o sırada Türk-Alman Dostluk Cemiyeti’ne dahil olmuş, Cumhuriyet’ten sonraki yıllarda da Türk dili kurultaylarının ilk üçüne “sâbık Dârülfünun müderrisi” sıfatıyla davet edilmiştir. Ziya Gökalp’le birlikte Türk ocaklarının kuruluşuna katılmış ve daha sonraki faaliyetlerinde görev almış, Şeyhülislâm Mûsâ Kâzım tarafından Islâh-ı Medâris âzalığına seçilmiş ve 1914 yılında yayımlanan Islâh-ı Medâris Nizamnâmesi’nin hazırlanmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Dârülfünun’da talebe iken yayın hayatına giren Sırât-ı Müstakîm mecmuasında “İctihâda Dair”, aynı mecmuanın devamı olan Sebîlürreşâd ’da “Hac ve Kâbe” başlıklı seri yazılarıyla dikkati çekmiştir. Ancak onun asıl ilmî faaliyeti, 12 Şubat 1914-30 Ekim 1918 tarihleri arasında altmış üç sayı yayımladığı İslâm Mecmuası ’nda görülür. İttihat ve Terakkî’nin malî desteğiyle çıkarılan mecmua daha çok modernist-İslâmcı ve Türkçü-İslâmcı şeklinde nitelendirilmiştir. Din hakkındaki esas tavrını “dinli bir hayat, hayatlı bir din” prensibiyle ortaya koyan mecmuanın hedefi, yeni bir yorumla İslâm’a hareketlilik kazandırmak ve dini sosyal canlanmanın ve izmihlâlden kurtulmanın temel muharrik kuvveti yapmaktı.
Dinin sosyal hayattaki önemini çok iyi kavrayan Halim Sabit, Türk milletinin yükselmesi için toplum yapısının temelini oluşturan ahlâk prensiplerinin açıkça teşvik edilmesinin gereğine inanmıştır. Yetiştiği çevrede Türkler’in hayat mücadelesinde en büyük dayanak noktasını teşkil eden, uzun süre millî varlığın tek temeli durumundaki dinî teşkilâtta esasen dinle milliyet meseleleri birbirinden ayrılmayacak şekilde birleşmiş bulunuyordu; zira İslâm dini âdeta Türk milletinin “hikmet-i vücûdu” idi. Bundan dolayı Halim Sabit, İslâm Mecmuası ’nda yayımladığı makalelerinde dinle milliyet arasında bir ayırım yapmayı Türk milletinin tarihî ve kültürel gerçekleri bakımından yanlış bulmuş ve bunun tartışılmasını dahi gereksiz görmüştür. Halim Sabit, hurafelerden arınmış gerçek İslâmiyet’i yaşamak şeklindeki prensibe bağlı kalarak dinin hayatın her safhasında etkin kılınması gerektiğine inanmış, bunu İslâm Mecmuası ’nın temel prensibi olarak ifade etmiştir. Bunun yanında eğitimin modernleşmesi, dil birliği ve millî vicdan konuları üzerinde de önemle durmuştur.
Ziya Gökalp’in “İçtimâî Usûl-i Fıkıh” makalesiyle (İslâm Mecmuası , I/3, s. 84-87) ortaya koyduğu hukukî reforma dair fikirlerini Halim Sabit de desteklemiş, şeriatın nassa ve örfe aynı ölçüde değer verdiğini ve bunların fıkhın başlıca iki kaynağı olduğunu ifade ederek şeriatın yaşanması isteniyorsa şeriatla hayat arasındaki ilgiyi ortaya koyan “içtimâî usûl-i fıkh”ın oluşturulması gerektiğini savunmuştur. İslâm dünyasının içinde bulunduğu sıkıntılardan kurtulabilmesi için Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in gösterdiği yoldan yürüyüp onu anlamanın, anlaşılmasını sağlamanın ve böylece insanla hayat arasındaki âhengi yeniden kurmanın zaruri olduğunu belirtmiştir. Müslümanlığın, herhangi bir özel cemiyet veya rejimin dar kalıplarıyla sınırlandırılmadan kayıtsız şartsız yürürlükte kalması gerektiği görüşünü benimseyen Halim Sabit’in çeşitli yazılarında dinî meselelerin meşihata, hukukî ve ilmî olanların da Adliye ve Maarif nezâretlerine bırakılmasını istemesi dikkat çekicidir. Bu görüşler onun “modernist İslâmcı” olarak tanınmasına ve muhafazakâr İslâmcı çevreler tarafından bazan ağır şekilde tenkit edilmesine sebep olmuştur.
Halim Sabit, uzun dinî tahsili sayesinde İslâmiyet ve özellikle İslâm tarihi ve fıkhı üzerine derin bir vukuf sahibi olmuştu. Temel kaynaklara dayanarak kaleme aldığı makaleleri ve ansiklopedi maddeleri onun bu alandaki gücünü ortaya koyacak niteliktedir. Araştırmaya dayanan bu tür makalelerinde, bir yandan İslâmiyet’i sonradan ilâve edilen unsurlardan arındırarak aslî hüviyetine kavuşturmak için gayret sarfederken bir yandan da İslâm dünyasının içinde bulunduğu sıkıntılar dolayısıyla dini yeniden yorumlamaya çalışmıştır. Ona göre böyle bir yorum, sadece Osmanlı Devleti’nin değil bütün İslâm dünyasının bir nevi kurtuluş reçetesi olacaktır. Meşihata, medreselere ve devrin ilim adamlarına yöneltmiş olduğu tenkitler, bunları daha çok güçlendirerek hayatın gerçek meseleleri içine çekmeyi, hatta bu meselelerin çözümünde öncü yapmayı hedef alıyordu. Dine yeni mânalar, temsilcilerine ise yeni vazifeler ve mükellefiyetler yüklemesi, İslâm âleminin içinde bulunduğu kötü durum sebebiyle düşündüğü çıkış yollarıydı. II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonraki yıllarda hutbelerin Türkçe okunmasını ilk teklif edenlerin içinde yer alması gibi o dönem için ilginç sayılan çıkışlarını bu kaygıların ışığında değerlendirmek gerekir.
Eserleri. 1. Amelî İlm-i Hâl (I-V, İstanbul 1328-1332). Halim Sabit’in, özellikle İttihat ve Terakkî’nin açmış olduğu mekteplerde okutulmak üzere hazırladığı seri halindeki bu kitapçıklar birçok defa yayımlanmış, ayrıca müellifine ödül de kazandırmıştır.
2. Ulemâ ve Talebe-i Ulûm Efendilere-Islâh-ı Medâris Münasebetiyle (İstanbul 1329). Şeyhülislâm Mûsâ Kâzım tarafından Islâh-ı Medâris Encümeni’ne üye seçildikten sonra Sırât-ı Müstakîm dergisinde bu konu etrafında yayımladığı makalelerden meydana gelen eserde müellifin medrese tahsili yapmış bir kişi olarak medreseye, medrese mensuplarına ve dinî teşkilâta yönelttiği dikkate değer tenkitler yer almaktadır.
Yazı hayatına talebelik yıllarında başlayan Halim Sabit, daha Rusya’da iken Tecvîd-i Fennî , Şâkirdlik Âlemi , Cennet Malda Değil gibi bazı risâlelerle Çocuk Dünyası adlı bir dergi yayımlamış, Türkiye’ye geldikten sonra da çoğu dergi sayfalarında kalan birçok makale yazmıştır. Hayatının son yıllarında kaleme aldığı Kur’an’a Doğru adlı eseri ise henüz yayımlanmamıştır.
İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nde “Azîmet”, “Azrâil”, “Bâkillânî”, “Berâet”, “Cebrâil”, “Cehennem”, “Cennet”, “Cihad” ve “Ebû Hanîfe” maddeleriyle İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi ’nde “Aile” maddesinin bir bölümünü (s. 177-182) kaleme alan Halim Sabit İctimâiyyat Mecmuası , Yeni Mecmua , Sırât-ı Müstakîm , Bilgi Mecmuası , İslâm Mecmuası , Kırım Mecmuası , Hikmet ve Türk Yurdu gibi dergilerle Vakit ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerinde bir kısmı risâle ve kitap hacminde, çoğu araştırma mahsulü olan makaleler yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Eşref Edip [Fergan], Mehmed Akif: Hayatı, Eserleri , İstanbul 1938, s. 41, 582-590.
A. Zeki Velidî Togan, Bugünkü Türkili ve Türkistan ve Yakın Tarihi (İstanbul 1942), İstanbul 1981, s. 480.
Samet Ağaoğlu, Babamın Arkadaşları , İstanbul 1969, s. 79.
Özege, Katalog , I, 47; V, 1948.
Mahmut Tahir, Kazan Türklerince Arap Harfleri ile Yapılmış Neşriyatın Bibliyografyası , Ankara 1976, s. 324.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , İstanbul 1979, s. 325-326, 364.
İsmail Kara, Türkiye’de İslâmcılık Düşüncesi , İstanbul 1986, I, 30-46.
Tûba Çavdar, İslâm Mecmuası’nın Türk Dönemsel Yayını İçinde Yeri ve Önemi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), İÜ Basın-Yayın Yüksek Okulu Gazetecilik ve Halkla İlişkiler Bölümü.
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Biyografik Teşkilat Albümü: 1924-1989 , Ankara 1989, s. 67.
Hüseyin Tuncer, Türk Yurdu Üzerine Bir İnceleme , Ankara 1990, s. 95.
a.mlf., Türk Yurdu Bibliyografyası , İzmir 1993, bk. İndeks.
Abdullah Ceyhan, Sırat-ı Müstakîm ve Sebîlürreşad Mecmuaları Fihristi , Ankara 1991, s. 116.
M. Arai, Jön Türk Dönemi Türk Milliyetçiliği (trc. Tansel Demirel), İstanbul 1994, s. 190-204.
J. M. Landau, Tekinalp: Bir Türk Yurtseveri: 1883-1961 (trc. İlhan Pınar v.dğr.), İstanbul 1996, s. 411.
Muhammed İkbal, İslâmda Dinî Düşüncenin Yeniden Doğuşu (trc. N. Ahmet Asrar), İstanbul, ts. (Birleşik Yayıncılık), s. 208.
“Merhum Halim Sabit Şibay”, İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası , II/67, İstanbul 1947, s. 16.
Abdülkadir İnan, “Rusya Sömürgeleri Müslümanlarının İstiklâl Hareketleri Tarihinden”, TK , V/54 (1967), s. 410-411.
[Maddenin yazımında Halim Sabit Şibay’ın oğlu Ekrem Şibay ve torunu Halim Şibay Tuğsavul’un verdiği bilgilerden de faydalanılmıştır].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 336-337 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.