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HALKİYAT Skip to content Halkın maddî ve mânevî kültürünü özel metotlarla derleyen, sınıflandıran, çözümleyen ve yorumlayan bilim dalı.
Düğün, bayram, kandil, doğum, ölüm, ad koyma, kan kardeşliği gibi gelenekler; cin, peri, büyü, efsun, muska gibi halk inançları; türkü, mâni, masal, efsane, tekerleme, bilmece, atasözü gibi halk edebiyatı ürünleriyle halk mûsikisi, halk tiyatrosu ve halk oyunları halkiyatın başlıca konularıdır. XIX. yüzyılda Avrupa’da ortaya çıkan ve İngilizce folklore (folk “halk, avam”; lore “bilim”) terimiyle adlandırılan bu bilim dalının Türkçe’de kullanılan ilk karşılığı halkiyat tır. Daha sonraki yıllarda hikmet-i avâm, halk bilgisi, budun bilgisi gibi terimler kullanılmaya başlanmışsa da son yıllarda folklor ve bunun yanı sıra halk bilimi (halkbilim) terimleri yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Günümüzde sadece halk müziği ve halk oyunları için folklor teriminin kullanılması kavramın anlam alanını daraltmaktadır. Aslında folklor, halk oyunları ve halk müziğinden başka daha birçok konudaki derleme, inceleme ve araştırmayı kapsar, bunları sınıflandırarak değerlendirir ve yayımlar.
22 Ağustos 1846 tarihli Athenaeum dergisinde ilk defa William John Thoms tarafından kullanılan “folklore” kelimesi daha önce Batı ülkelerinde “folkminde, folklorul, folkways, folk life, folk fiction” vb. terimler kullanılmıştır. Bugün ise hemen hemen bütün dünya ülkelerinde kullanılan ortak terim folklordur. XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa’nın birçok ülkesinde daha sistemli bir şekilde yürütülen halkiyat çalışmaları sonucu derleme ve araştırmalar hızlandırılarak müzeler ve sergiler açılmış, arşivler, dernekler ve enstitüler kurulmuş, festivaller, kongreler ve seminerler düzenlenmiş, halkiyat üniversite programlarına ders olarak alınmış, yapılan derleme, inceleme ve araştırmaların yayımlar yolu ile tanıtılmasına hız kazandırılmıştır.
Türkiye’de folklordan ilk defa Ziya Gökalp söz etmiş ve folklor karşılığı olarak halkiyat terimini kullanmıştır (Halka Doğru , sy. 14, s. 107-108). Ziya Gökalp’ten sonra M. Fuad Köprülü, “Yeni Bir İlim: Halkiyat-Folklore” (İkdam , sy. 14) başlıklı yazısında bu iki terimi bir arada kullanmış; halkiyatın mahiyeti, romantizm akımı ile yakınlık derecesi, milliyetçilik ve sömürgecilik hareketlerinde halkiyatın rolü konularında açıklamalarda bulunmuştur. Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı) ise “Folklor: Folk-lore” (Peyâm: Edebî İlâve , sy. 20) adını taşıyan yazısında, “Lafzan tercüme edilirse hikmet-i avâm tamamıyla folklor mukabili olmuş olur” dedikten sonra hikmet-i avâm tabirinin bizde “durûb-ı emsâl” karşılığı kullanıldığını, oysa Avrupa’da folklor deyince durûb-ı emsâl de dahil olmak üzere halk şarkıları, destanlar, bilmeceler, hatta hikâyelerin hep birden hatıra geldiğini belirtmiştir. Rıza Tevfik, folklor teriminin avam edebiyatının bütün eserlerini anlatmak üzere kullanıldığına işaret ettiği için folklorun sadece edebiyat yönü üzerinde durmuştur. Yazısında, bugün halk edebiyatı ve anonim halk edebiyatı diye anılan alandaki ürünlerden özellikle atasözleriyle türkülerin nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve anonimleştiği noktalarına ağırlık veren Rıza Tevfik görüşlerini bunlarla ilgili örneklere dayandırarak sunmaya çalışmıştır.
Daha sonra bu alanda gerçekleştirilen ilk resmî faaliyet, 1920 yılında Ankara’da Maarif Vekâleti’ne bağlı Hars Dairesi’nin kurulmasıdır. 1922’de aynı bakanlığın bir genelgesiyle öğretmenlerden ve konuyla ilgilenenlerden derlemeler yapmaları istenmiştir. Bu sırada Diyarbakır’da bulunan Gökalp etrafına topladığı gençlerle bir ekip çalışması başlatmış, çıkardığı Küçük Mecmua ’da derlediği bazı masalları yayımladığı gibi “Usullere Dair” genel başlığı altında çıkan “Halkiyat I – Masallar” yazısında halk masallarının tesbit usulü konusunu ele almıştır (Küçük Mecmua , sy. 18, s. 9-12). Gökalp’in bu dönemde folklor ve etnografya çalışmaları için geniş çaplı planlar içinde olduğu Köprülü’ye Diyarbakır’dan yazdığı bir mektubundan anlaşılmaktadır (Limni ve Malta Mektupları , s. 26-28).
1924’te Ankara’da Etnografya Müzesi’nin kurulması görevi Macar Meszaroş’a verildikten sonra 1925’te müzenin temeli atılarak bir yıl sonra inşaatı tamamlanmış, 1927 yılında müdürlüğüne Hâmid Zübeyir (Koşay) getirilerek 18 Temmuz 1930’da ziyarete açılmıştır. Devletçe atılan bu ilk adımların yanında halkiyat alanındaki bir başka önemli faaliyet, merkezi Ankara’da bulunan Anadolu Halk Bilgisi Derneği’nin kurulmasıdır (1 Kasım 1927). Daha sonra adı Türk Halk Bilgisi Derneği olan bu kuruluş Halk Bilgisi Toplayıcılarına Rehber (Ankara 1928) adlı bir kitapla Halk Bilgisi Mecmuası (tek sayı yayımlanmıştır, 1928) ve Halk Bilgisi Haberleri (ilk sayı 1 Kasım 1929, önce Ankara’daki derneğin yayın organı olarak on dokuz sayı, bir süre sonra Eminönü Halkevi’nin yayın organı olarak 105, toplam 124 sayı) dergilerini yayımladı. Halk Bilgisi Haberleri , önceleri dağınık ve sistemsiz bir şekilde yürütülen çalışmaları bazı esaslara bağlayarak toparlamaya çalıştı. Daha çok derleme ve değerlendirmeye dayalı yazılarla halkiyat ve halk edebiyatı alanında önemli gelişmeler sağlayan bir yayın organı olarak Türk folklor tarihinde özel bir yer edindi.
Halkevlerinin faaliyetleri arasında yer alan kitap ve dergi yayımcılığı halkiyat ürünlerinin derlenmesinde de büyük katkılar sağlamıştır. Halkevleri merkez yayın organı durumunda bulunan Ülkü dergisinin yanı sıra Gaziantep (Başpınar ), Çorum (Çorumlu ), Malatya (Derme ), Kayseri (Erciyes ), Erzurum (Erzurum ), Trabzon (İnan ), Denizli (İnanç ) gibi çeşitli illerde çıkarılan dergilerde (Tan, Folklor , s. 36), genel ve mahallî nitelikte yazıların önemli bir bölümü de halkiyatla ilgilidir.
Halkevleri yanında Türkiyat Enstitüsü, Türk Dil Kurumu, Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, İstanbul Yüksek Tahsil Gençliği’nce kurulan Yüksek Tahsil Gençliği Türk Folklor Enstitüsünü Kurma Derneği (1966’dan sonra Türk Folklor Kurumu, 1973’ten sonra da Folklor Kurumu adlarıyla), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Folklor Kulübü, Konya Kültür ve Turizm Derneği, Türk Halk Sanatlarını ve Ananelerini Tetkik Cemiyeti de (1959’da Türk Etnografya ve Turizm Folklor Derneği, 1973’te Folklor Araştırmaları Kurumu adlarıyla) çeşitli kitap yayımları ile halkiyat çalışmalarına genişlik ve zenginlik kazandıran kuruluşlardır.
İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı ile Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı tarafından yürütülen halk müziği derlemelerine üniversitelere bağlı olarak sonradan kurulan konservatuvarlar da katılarak pek çok halk türküsü ve oyun havası derlenmiş, bunların önemli bir bölümü notaya alınarak arşivlerde toplanmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda ön planda yer alan Muzaffer Sarısözen’in Ankara Radyosu’nda kurduğu Yurttan Sesler Topluluğu tarafından da halk türkülerinin bütün yurtta tanıtılıp yayılması sağlanmıştır (bk. HALK MÛSİKİSİ ).
Türkiye’nin hemen bütün il ve ilçelerinde özellikle halk müziği ve halk oyunlarının ağırlıklı olduğu çalışmalar yapan halk eğitim merkezleri ve 150’den fazla dernek bulunmaktadır (bk. a.g.e. , s. 32-36). Bu kuruluşlar, yurt içinde ve dışında düzenlenen çeşitli şenliklere ve festivallere katılarak Türk halkiyatının bu yönünü yaşatmakta ve yarışmalarda dereceler elde etmektedir. Bu arada çeşitli bankalarla Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu da zaman zaman yayımladıkları kitap ve dergilerle halkiyat alanına hizmetlerde bulunmaktadır.
1973’ten sonraki adıyla Folklor Araştırmaları Kurumu yayımladığı çeşitli kitaplar, her yıl düzenlediği dizi konferanslar ve 1983’ten itibaren Eskişehir Valiliği’nin de desteği sonucu gerçekleştirdiği milletlerarası Türk halk edebiyatı seminerleriyle son yıllarda önemli çalışmalarda bulunan derneklerin başında yer almaktadır. Bu kurum, 1981 yılından beri her yıl Türk folkloruna hizmet edenlere “İhsan Hınçer Türk Folkloruna Hizmet Ödülü” vermektedir. Adına ödül konan İhsan Hınçer, Halk Bilgisi Haberleri dergisinin kapanmasıyla ortaya çıkan boşluğu dolduran Türk Folklor Araştırmaları adlı dergiyi Ağustos 1949’dan Ekim 1979’a kadar kesintisiz olarak çıkarmış, ölümünden sonra üç sayı daha yayımlanarak 366. sayıya ulaşan dergi Ocak 1980’de kapanmıştır.
Üniversitelerdeki folklor ve halk edebiyatı çalışmaları, ilk olarak 1938 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi’nde ders programına alınmıştır. Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi de halkiyat alanında yoğun ve etkili çalışmalarda bulunmuştur.
Devletin bakanlıklar düzeyinde halkiyat konusuna el atması 1966 yılında Millî Folklor Enstitüsü’nün kurulmasıyla başlamıştır. 1983’te Millî Folklor Araştırma Dairesi (MİFAD) ve 1990’da Halk Kültürünü Araştırma Dairesi adını alan bu kuruluş dağınık olan çalışmaları toparlayıcı, organize ve koordine edici bir karakter kazanarak faaliyetlerini sistemli bir şekilde yürütmektedir.
Halkın bir yaşama biçimi olarak benimsediği ve uygulamalarla geçmişten günümüze canlı tuttuğu kültür öğelerinden oluşan ürünler, halkiyatın bilim olarak ortaya çıkışından önceki zamanlarda da vardı. Kökleri çok eski yüzyıllara uzanan bu ürünler statik, durağan, müzelik değerler olmayıp dinamik, hareketli, yaşayan, devamlı yeni ürünler doğuran bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu ürünler alan araştırması, kaynak durumundaki kişilerden yapılan derlemeler ve geçmişteki şekillerinin yer aldığı yazılı kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesiyle gün ışığına çıkarılmaktadır. Alan araştırmalarında gözlem, görüşme ve anket tekniklerini kullanan derlemeci veya derleme ekibi, gerektiğinde kılavuz adı verilen ve derleme yapılacak alanı çok iyi bilen kişilerden de faydalanır.
Türk halk edebiyatını, dolayısıyla Türk halkiyatını bir ilim konusu olarak ele alan ilk isim Ignacz Kunoş’tur. Rumeli ve Anadolu’nun çeşitli yörelerinden derlediği metinleri 1887’den itibaren sistemli bir şekilde yayımlamaya başlayan Kunoş, 1925 yılında Ankara’da verdiği konferansları da Türk Halk Edebiyatı adıyla kitap haline getirdi (İstanbul 1925). Kunoş’tan sonra Gyula Németh, Georg Jacob, Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff, Friedrich Giese, Theodor Menzel, Hellmut Ritter, Otto Spies, Walter Ruben, Wolfram Eberhard, Georges Dumézil, Jean Deny, Edmond Saussey, Bela Bartok, Ulla Johansen, Felik Luschan de aynı çalışma yöntemiyle Türk halkiyatı üzerinde önemli araştırmalarda bulundular.
Türk halkiyatı bakımından içinde birçok bilgi ve ipucu bulunan yazılı kaynaklar arasında Orhon Yazıtları , Kutadgu Bilig , Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk , Dede Korkut Hikâyeleri , İbn Battûta Seyahatnâmesi , Bâbürnâme , Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi gibi klasik değer kazanmış olanların yanında albümler, arşiv belgeleri, baytarnâmeler, cönkler, defterler (Matbah-ı Âmire defterleri, mühimme defterleri, tahrir defterleri vb.), divanlar, falnâmeler, fermanlar, fetvalar, fotoğraflar, fütüvvetnâmeler, gazavatnâmeler, gravürler, günlükler, hızırnâmeler, kıyafetnâmeler, mecmualar, mektuplar, menâkıbnâmeler, mesneviler, minyatürler, narh defterleri, nevsâller, rûznâmçeler, salnâmeler, seyahatnâmeler, seyirnâmeler, surnâmeler, şairnâmeler, şehrengizler, şer‘î mahkeme sicilleri, şükûfenâmeler, tarihler, vekāyi‘nâmeler, vefeyâtnâmeler, yıldıznâmeler, zenannâmeler vb. eserler de bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynaklarda halkiyatın inceleme alanına giren adlar, lakaplar, yer adları, eski gelenekler, halk ilâçları, büyüler, tılsımlar, halk tiyatrosu, el sanatları, meslekler ve bunlara bağlı töreler, ölçü birimleri, kıyafetler, halk veterinerliği, tarikat gelenekleri ve töreleri, halk tabâbeti, halk edebiyatı, inanışlar gibi değişik konularda gerekli bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Mezarlıklar, sivil mimari yapıları ve eserlerle buralardaki eşya da halk kültürünün maddî yönünü oluşturmaları bakımından folklorun inceleme alanı içinde yer alır.
Halkiyat bir bakıma toplumun tarihini inceler; ancak tarihçinin görevi olayları doğru bir şekilde ortaya koymak olduğu halde halkiyatçı olayların gerçekteki durumu ne olursa olsun gerçeğe uyan ve uymayan bütün yönlerini ortaya koymak zorundadır. Bundan dolayı halkiyat tarih, coğrafya, etnoloji, etnografya, tıp, dinler tarihi, hukuk, edebiyat, psikoloji ve sosyoloji ile yakın ilişkileri olan bir çalışma alanıdır. Özellikle etnografya ile halkiyat ayrı bilim dalları olmakla beraber iç içe olan tek bir bilim dalı gibi görünürler.
Geniş bir araştırma alanı olan halkiyatın, diğer bilimler gibi kendine has bir sınıflandırma sistemine ve çalışma alanına kavuşması için hem Batı’da hem de Türkiye’de birtakım çalışmalar yapılmıştır. XX. yüzyılın başlarında Fransa’da Paul Sébillot ve Arnould van Gennep, İngiltere’de Charlotte Burne, Almanya ve İsviçre’de Hofmann Krayer, Belçika’da Paul Saintyves, halkiyatın çalışma alanını tesbit ederek bazı eserler yayımlamışlardır. Türkiye’de ise önce Türk Halk Bilgisi Derneği’nin yayımladığı Halk Bilgisi Toplayıcılarına Rehber (Ankara 1928) adlı kitapla başlayan sınıflandırma denemesi 1949’da Ziyaeddin Fahri Fındıkoğlu ve 1969’da Naki Tezel tarafından birtakım değişikliklerle geliştirilmiş, 1977’de Sedat Veyis Örnek ayrı bir sınıflandırma modeli hazırlamıştır. Bugün için Türkiye’de en geniş ve hemen hemen bütün konuları içine alan sınıflandırma, Millî Folklor Araştırma Dairesi tarafından (yeni adı Halk Kültürünü Araştırma Dairesi) 1976 yılında yeni bir kodlama sistemiyle oluşturulmuştur (Tan, Folklor , s. 10-14).
Türkler’in yaşadığı coğrafya ve Türk kültürünün tarih içindeki eskiliği göz önüne alındığı takdirde Türk halk kültürünün çok geniş bir inceleme ve araştırma alanı olduğu kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir. Bu genişlikte yalnız Türkiye’deki halkiyat bile bir yandan kökü eski coğrafyalardan getirilen kültür öğelerine, öte yandan dış kültürlerden ve alt kültürlerden bünyesine girmiş olan öğelere bağlı olarak son derece karmaşık ve zengin bir yapı arzetmektedir.
Türk halkiyatı alanındaki çalışmaların bugün için yeterli olduğu söylenemezse de bu konunun enine boyuna, çeşitli tekniklerle derlenerek incelenmesi ve bu noktadan yola çıkılarak Türk kültürünün evrensel kültür içindeki yerinin belirlenmesi için yerli ve yabancı yüzlerce bilim adamı, uzman ve gönüllü araştırmacı gayret sarfetmiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak başlangıçtan bugüne Türk halkiyatında yer alan kültür ve sanat değerlerini gün ışığına çıkararak insanlığın ortak kültürüne de bu yolla hizmet eden isimlerin başında Ziya Gökalp, M. Fuad Köprülü, Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı, Mehmed Halid Bayrı, Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal, Halil Bedî Yönetken, Muzaffer Sarısözen, Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, İhsan Hınçer, Ahmet Süheyl Ünver, Nail Tan, Nida Tüfekçi, Şükrü Elçin, Mehmet Önder, Mehmet Özbek, Saim Sakaoğlu, M. Adil Özder, Eflâtun Cem Güney, Cahit Öztelli, Pertev Naili Boratav, İlhan Başgöz, Sedat Veyis Örnek, Bahaettin Ögel, Ahmet Yaşar Ocak yer almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. van Gennep, Folklor (trc. Pertev Naili Boratav), Ankara 1939.
P. Saintyves, Folklor Elkitabı (trc. Bilâl Aziz Yanıkoğlu), İstanbul 1951.
Ziya Gökalp Külliyâtı II: Limni ve Malta Mektupları (haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel), Ankara 1965, s. 26-28.
Sedat Veyis Örnek, Türk Halkbilimi , Ankara 1977.
Pertev Naili Boratav, Folklor ve Edebiyat , I-II, 1982-83.
a.mlf., 100 Soruda Türk Folkloru , İstanbul 1984.
Şükrü Elçin, Folklor ve Halk Edebiyatının Millî Birliğin Oluşmasındaki Rolü , Ankara, ts. (Türk Kültürü Araştırma Enstitüsü).
Tahir Alangu, Türkiye Folkloru Elkitabı , İstanbul 1983.
Dursun Yıldırım, “Türkiye’de Folklor Araştırmalarının Gelişme Devreleri”, Şükrü Elçin Armağanı , Ankara 1983, s. 115-128.
Hayrettin İvgin, 30. Kuruluş Yıldönümünde Folklor Araştırmaları Kurumu , Ankara 1985.
İlhan Başgöz, Folklor Yazıları , İstanbul 1986.
Nail Tan, Folklor (Halkbilimi): Genel Bilgiler , İstanbul 1988, s. 10-14, 32-36.
a.mlf., “Halkiyat Atlası”, TDEA , IV, 73-74.
a.mlf. – M. Kutlu, “Halkıyat”, a.e. , IV, 69-73.
Ziya Gökalp, “Halk Medeniyeti I”, Halka Doğru , sy. 14, İstanbul 1913, s. 107-108.
a.mlf., “Halkıyat I – Masallar”, Küçük Mecmua , sy. 18, Diyarbakır 1338, s. 9-12.
Rıza Tevfik [Bölükbaşı], “Folklor: Folk-lore”, Peyâm: Edebî İlâve , sy. 20, İstanbul 1914.
M. Fuad Köprülü, “Yeni Bir İlim: Halkiyat-Folklore”, İkdam , sy. 14, İstanbul 1914.
“Folklor”, TA , XVI, 411-412.
“Folklor”, ML , IV, 741-745.
Nida Tüfekçi, “Folklor”, CDTA , III, 775-786.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 367-369 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.