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HALVET Skip to content Nikâh akdinden sonra ve birleşmeden önce kadın ve erkeğin baş başa kalmasını ifade eden fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “bir yerin boş olması, o yerde hiç kimsenin, hiçbir şeyin bulunmaması; yalnız kalma veya biriyle baş başa kalma” anlamlarına gelen halvet kelimesi dinî literatürde, aralarında nikâh bağı ve devamlı evlenme engeli bulunmayan bir erkekle kadının baş başa kalmasını, fıkıh terimi olarak sahih bir nikâhtan sonra karı kocanın, üçüncü bir kişinin izinsiz muttali olamayacağından emin bulundukları bir yerde cinsî birleşme olmaksızın baş başa kalmalarını ifade eder. Halvete ifdâ da denir. 1917 tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi ’nde halvet yerine ictimâ terimi kullanılmıştır (s. 1021; ayrıca bk. md. 83, 84).
Evli olmayan ve aralarında devamlı bir evlenme engeli de bulunmayan bir erkekle bir kadının başkalarının giriş ve görüşüne açık olmayan kapalı bir mekânda baş başa kalması İslâmiyet’te yasaklanmış, İslâm âlimleri bir koruma tedbiri mahiyetindeki bu yasaklamanın kapsamı, derecesi ve amacı üzerinde farklı fikirler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Fıkıh literatüründe ise halvet teriminin daha dar bir anlam kazandığı ve bu terimle, kadın ve erkeğin nikâh akdi sonrasında başkalarının muttali olamayacağı kapalı bir mekânda ve cinsî münasebete bünyevî, şer‘î veya tabii bir engelin bulunmaması kaydıyla baş başa kalmasının kastedildiği görülür. Böyle bir halvetin gerçekleşmiş olup olmaması kadının sosyal itibarını, mehir, nesep, iddet gibi maddî ve mânevî haklarını ve görevlerini yakından ilgilendirdiğinden fakihler bu konuyu ayrıntılı biçimde ele almış ve hangi durumlarda halvetin gerçekleşmiş sayılacağına dair birtakım ölçüler getirmeye çalışmışlardır.
Halvet, hüküm doğurması açısından sahih ve fâsid kısımlarına ayrılır ve halvet terimi fıkıh kitaplarında tek başına kullanıldığında genelde sahih halvet kastedilir. Halvetin sahih olması için sahih nikâh akdinden sonra vuku bulması ve eşler arasında birleşmeye engel bir durumun olmaması gerekir. İzinsiz girilemeyen ev, oda, kapıları kapalı bahçe, çadır gibi yerler halvete mahal teşkil edebilir. Ancak mescidler, kapıları kapalı olmayan yerler, başkalarının geçebileceği açık alanlar, yollar, etrafı açık damlar halvete mahal olamaz. Mâlikîler, Hanefîler’in sahih halvet adını verdikleri halvete “halvetü’l-ihtidâ”, eşlerin birbirlerini kendi evlerinde yahut üçüncü bir kişiyi onun evinde ziyaret etmeleri esnasında gerçekleşen halvete “halvetü’z-ziyâre”, kocanın evinde vuku bulana da “halvetü’l-binâ” adını verirler.
Hanefî mezhebine göre sahih halvetin gerçekleşmesine engel olan haller üç kısımda ele alınır. 1. Hakiki (bedenî) engeller. Bunlar münasebete mâni hastalıklar, bedenî kusurlar ve yetersizliklerdir. Bu tür engellerin kadında bulunmasının halvete mâni teşkil ettiğinde ittifak vardır. Ancak kusurların erkekte olması halinde bunların engel teşkil edip etmeyeceği konusunda ihtilâf edilmiştir. Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve çağdaşı bazı fakihlere göre erkekteki kusurlar halvete engel değildir. Meselâ erkek iktidarsız (innîn), iğdiş edilmiş (hasî) veya cinsî organı kesik (mecbûb) olsa da halvet sahih kabul edilir. Bu hüküm, hem nikâh akdinin menfaat mülkiyeti üzerine kurulan icâre akdine kıyas edilmesinden, hem de kadının haklarını korumaya öncelik verilmesinden ve hakların zayi olma ihtimali bulunduğunda ihtiyatla ameli gerekli görmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ebû Yûsuf ve Şeybânî, mecbûb konusunda Ebû Hanîfe’den farklı düşünerek bu durumda halveti gerçekleşmiş saymazlar. Eşlerden birinin münasebete güç yetiremeyecek derecede yahut birleşmeden zarar görecek şekilde hasta olması da halvetin gerçekleşmesine engel sayılır. 2. Şer‘î engeller. Eşlerde münasebete mâni dinî yahut hem dinî hem tabii engellerdir. Eşlerden biri farz namaz kılıyor, ramazan orucu tutuyor, mescidde bulunuyor, farz veya nâfile hac ya da umre için ihrama girmiş bulunuyorsa yahut kadın hayızlı veya nifaslı ise halvet gerçekleşmez. Çünkü ihramda iken birleşme hac ve umrenin fâsid olmasını, dolayısıyla bunların kazâ edilmesini ve kurban kesmeyi, oruçlu iken birleşme de kazâ ve kefâreti gerektirir; farz namazı bozmak ise büyük günahtır. Hayız ve nifas halinde birleşmenin günah olmasının yanı sıra bu haller eziyet verici yönleriyle de tabii birer engeldir. Fakat nâfile, adak, kazâ ve kefâret oruçları ile farz olmayan namazlar halvete mâni değildir. Hanefî mezhebinde nâfile orucun halvete engel olacağı rivayeti de mevcuttur. Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, İbn Ebû Leylâ, Süfyân es-Sevrî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre kadının hayızlı, oruçlu ya da ihramlı olması halvete mâni teşkil etmez; Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen bir diğer rivayete göre ise halvete mânidir; üçüncü bir rivayete göre de sadece ramazan orucu engel teşkil eder (İbn Abdülber, XVI, 131; İbn Kudâme, VI, 727). 3. Tabii engeller (çevre engelleri). Tenhadaki eşlerin yanında üçüncü bir kişinin yer almasıdır. Bu kişi kör olsa ya da uykuda bulunsa veya ergenlik yaşına girmemiş mümeyyiz çocuk olsa bile halvete engel olur. Buna karşılık deli, baygın ve mümeyyiz olmayan çocuk halvete engel teşkil etmez. Ahmed b. Hanbel, başkalarının yanında da olsa şehvetle dokunmayı ve öpmeyi sahih halvet gibi kabul eder.
Sahih halvet bazı durumlarda birleşme gibi sonuç doğurur. Bu bakımdan sahih halvete hükmî birleşme de denir. Sahih nikâh akdinden sonra ve cinsî münasebetten önce gerçekleşen boşamalarda, “Evlendiğiniz kadınları mehir tayin ettiğiniz halde temas etmeden boşarsanız tayin ettiğiniz mehrin yarısı onlarındır” (el-Bakara 2/237) meâlindeki âyet gereği akid esnasında kararlaştırılan mehrin yarısının ödenmesi gerekir. Ancak birleşme olmamakla birlikte sahih halvetin gerçekleşmesi durumunda bu halvetin birleşme hükmünde görülüp mehrin tamamını vermenin zorunlu hale gelip gelmeyeceği konusu (buna fıkıh literatüründe “mehrin teekküdü” veya “takarruru” denir) fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. İçlerinde Hz. Ömer, Hz. Ali, Zeyd b. Sâbit, Abdullah b. Ömer, Muâz b. Cebel, Enes b. Mâlik ve Câbir b. Abdullah gibi sahâbîlerin; Urve b. Zübeyr b. Avvâm, Ali b. Hüseyin, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Süleyman b. Yesâr, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, İbrâhim en-Nehaî gibi tâbiîlerin; Ebû Hanîfe, Züfer, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, İbn Ebû Leylâ, Evzâî, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Leys b. Sa‘d, Ahmed b. Hanbel, İshak b. Râhûye ve eski görüşünde İmam Şâfiî gibi müctehidlerin yer aldığı çoğunluk, birleşme gerçekleşsin gerçekleşmesin halveti mehrin teekküdünde etkili görmüşlerdir. Tahâvî bunu ashabın üzerinde icmâ, Cessâs ise ittifak ettikleri bir görüş olarak verir. Bu görüşte olanlar, Bakara sûresinin 237. âyetinde geçen “temas” ifadesini halvet olarak yorumlarlar ve ayrıca Nisâ sûresinin 20-21. âyetleriyle, “Kim bir kadının peçesini açar yahut ona bakarsa birleşme gerçekleşsin gerçekleşmesin mehir gerekir” hadisini (Dârekutnî, III, 307; Cessâs, II, 148-149) delil olarak gösterirler.
Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd (bu sahâbînin önceki grupla aynı görüşte olduğunu gösteren rivayet de mevcuttur), Abdullah b. Abbas, Kādî Şüreyh, Şa‘bî, Tâvûs b. Keysân, İbn Sîrîn, Mekhûl, Hasan b. Sâlih, yeni görüşünde Şâfiî, Ebû Sevr, Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî, İbn Hazm ve Mâlikîler’den İbn Abdülber, âyette geçen “temas” ifadesini cinsî birleşme diye yorumlayarak halvetin mehrin tam ödenmesinde bir etkisinin bulunmadığını ve halvet sebebiyle kadının iddet beklemesinin gerekmediğini söylemişlerdir.
İmam Mâlik’ten, halvetin mehrin tam olarak verilmesinde etkisi konusunda üç rivayet nakledilmiştir. 1. Nerede olursa olsun halvet gerçekleşirse mehir tam ödenir. 2. Yalnızca birleşme etkili olup halvetin bir etkisi yoktur. 3. Kocanın evinde olan halvet etkilidir, başka mekânda gerçekleşen halvetin bir tesiri olmaz. Bu rivayetleri kaydeden Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî ilkinin en sahih rivayet olduğunu, bunu üçüncüsünün takip ettiğini, ikinci rivayetin ise zayıf sayıldığını belirtir (Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 367).
Mâlikîler’e göre sahih halvet büsbütün hükümsüz değildir. Eşler birleşmenin gerçekleşmediğini söyleseler bile kadın iddet beklemek zorundadır. Öte yandan birleşmenin vukuu konusunda eşlerin farklı beyanlarda bulunması durumunda halvet belirleyici rol oynar. Zira Mâlikîler’e ve Şâfiîler’den İbnü’l-Münzir’e göre halvet kocanın evinde gerçekleşmişse kadının bu esnada birleşme vuku bulduğunu iddia etmesi halinde mehir tam olarak verilir. Çünkü birleşmenin gerçekleşmesinde esas olan mahal kocanın evidir ve iskân görevi kocanın sorumluluğundadır. Halvet, kocanın karısını ailesinin evinde ziyareti sırasında gerçekleşmişse kadın birleşmenin olduğunu iddia etse bile kocanın inkârı durumunda bunun sözü geçerlidir. Ancak öğrencisi İbn Vehb’in rivayetine göre Mâlik daha sonra bu görüşünden dönmüş ve halvet nerede gerçekleşirse gerçekleşsin kadının sözünün geçerli sayıldığını kabul etmiştir (İbn Abdülber, XVI, 126, 129). Nitekim mezhebin kaynaklarında belirtildiği üzere halvetü’l-ihtidâ gerçekleşir ve kadının birleşmenin vuku bulduğu iddiasına karşılık koca birleşmeyi inkâr ederse kadına yemin teklif edilir, yemin ederse mehir kendisine tam olarak ödenir. Kadının yeminden kaçınması durumunda bu defa kocaya yemin teklif edilir, koca yemin ederse kadına yarım mehir, etmezse tam mehir verilir. Çünkü halvet şahit yerine, yeminden kaçınma bir başka şahit yerine geçer. Yine Mâlikîler’e göre bir kadın, birleşme olmaksızın bir yıl yahut örfte uzun sayılan bir müddet kocasının yanında ikamet ederse bu ikamet birleşme yerine geçer.
Mehrin tam olarak verilmesinde halveti etkili kabul edenlere göre halvetin gerçekleşmesinin ardından evlilik son bulacak olursa halvetten altı ay sonra doğan çocuğun nesebi o erkeğe ait sayılır. Kadının iddet beklemesi gerekir ve iddetin diğer hükümleri geçerli olur. Dolayısıyla iddet esnasında koca onun kalacağı yeri temin edip kendisine nafaka ödemekle mükelleftir. Yine koca, bu kadının iddeti devam ettiği sürece cem‘ ve taaddüd-i zevcâtla ilgili kısıtlamalara tâbi olur. Hanefî âlimlerinden nakledilen bir görüşe göre sahih halvetin iddet konusunda hüküm doğurması zâhire göredir; kadının iddet beklemeden evlenmesi, birleşme gerçekleşmediği için diyâneten câizse de hukuken (kazâen) geçerli değildir (Aynî, el-Binâye , IV, 209; İbnü’l-Hümâm, II, 447).
Öte yandan halvetin zifaf hükmünde sayılmadığı yerler de vardır. a) Sırf halvetten dolayı babalığın, kadının başka kocadan olma kızı ile (üvey kız, rebîbe) evlenmesi haram sayılmaz. Bunun haram olması için annesiyle birleşme şarttır. b) Ric‘î talâkta koca yeni bir nikâh akdine gerek kalmaksızın evliliğe dönebilir. Bu dönme sözle olabileceği gibi fiilen de (mübâşeret) olabilir, yani cinsî birleşme ile veya hurmet-i musâhere doğurabilecek diğer fiillerle de gerçekleşebilir. Bu hususta sadece halvet mübâşeret sayılmaz ve halvet sebebiyle rec‘at gerçekleşmez. Hanbelîler ise iddet içinde vuku bulan halvetle rec‘atin gerçekleşeceğini ileri sürerler (İbn Kudâme, VI, 725). c) Üç defa boşanmış olan bir kadının eski kocası ile tekrar evlenebilmesi için bir başka erkekle evlenip fiilen birleşmesi ve ondan da ayrılması gerektiğinden (el-Bakara 2/230), ikinci evlilikte fiilen birleşme yerine sadece halvetin gerçekleşmesi eski koca ile yapılacak yeni bir evlilik için yeterli değildir. d) Kadın halvetten sonra boşanıp iddet beklemekte iken eşlerden biri ölse bu eşler birbirine mirasçı olamaz. Çünkü mirasın tahakkuku için fiilî birleşme şart koşulmuştur. e) Halvetten sonra boşanan veya kocası ölen kadın bâkire hükmündedir; evlendirileceği zaman rızâ ve icbar gibi hususlarda bâkirenin tâbi olduğu hükümlere tâbi tutulur, meselâ susması ikrar kabul edilir. f) Sahih bir nikâhla evlenmeden önce zina eden kişinin cezası 100 celdedir. Bir kimse nikâhlandıktan sonra halvette bulunsa ve daha sonra zina etse cezası yine 100 celde olarak uygulanır. g) Sırf halvetten sonra gusül gerekmez.
Nikâh akdi fâsid ise veya nikâh sahih olmakla birlikte yukarıda zikredilen engellerden biri mevcutsa gerçekleşen halvete fâsid halvet denir. Halvetin fâsid olması durumunda boşama gerçekleşirse mehrin yarısı verilir, ihtiyaten (istihsana göre) iddet de gerekir. Her ne kadar cinsî birleşmeye engel bir halin mevcut olması kıyasa göre iddeti gerektirmezse de mehir kadının hakkı, iddet ise şeriatın ve çocuğun hakkı olduğundan eşlerin bu hakkı düşürme yetkileri yoktur. Ebü’l-Hasan el-Kudûrî, Şemseddin et-Timurtaşî ve Kādîhan gibi Hanefîler’e göre halvete mâni durum namaz, oruç gibi şer‘î-itibarî ise birleşmeye gerçekte imkân bulunduğu için boşanma durumunda iddet vâciptir; ancak engel hastalık ve yaş küçüklüğü gibi hakiki ise birleşmeye gerçekte imkân olmadığı için vâcip değildir. Kâsânî ise tabii engeli de bu konuda şer‘î engel gibi görür.
Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi ’nde Hanefî mezhebinin görüşü esas alınmıştır. Bu kararnâme ile kabul edilen maddelere göre sahih bir nikâh akdinde mehir belirlenmesi durumunda sahih halvetten sonra boşama gerçekleşirse mehrin tamamı, sahih halvetten önce gerçekleşirse yarısı ödenir. Mehir belirlenmemişse sahih halvetten sonra boşama gerçekleştiği takdirde mehr-i misl, sahih halvetten önce gerçekleştiği takdirde mehr-i mislin yarısını geçmemek üzere örf ve âdete göre tayin edilen bir miktar (müt‘a) ödenir (md. 83, 84). Sahih nikâh akdinin ardından gerçekleşen halvetten sonra boşama veya fesih yoluyla ayrılan kadının iddet beklemesi gerekir (md. 139-141, 143); halvet öncesi boşama veya fesihte ise iddet gerekmez (md. 146).
Şîa’nın halvet konusundaki anlayışı Sünnî telakkiye benzemektedir. Bu mezhebin önde gelen âlimlerinden Şeyhüttâife Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’ye göre bir kimse karısı ile halvete girdikten sonra onu boşarsa birleşme gerçekleşmediğinden kadın mehrin yarısından fazlasını alamaz (en-Nihâye , s. 471). Muhakkık el-Hillî ise halvetin sahih olması durumunda bile mehir gerekmeyeceğini belirtir ve aksi görüşü zayıf olarak niteler. Şeyh Sadûk’a göre halvet gerçekleştikten sonra eşlerin her ikisi de birleşmenin vukuunu inkâr etse sözleri doğru kabul edilmez; zira bu durumda kadın kendisinden iddet bekleme, koca ise mehir yükümlülüğünü kaldırmış olmaktadır; dolayısıyla halvet birleşme hükmündedir. İbnü’l-Cüneyd, normal birleşme dışında değişik yollarla cinsî haz almanın ve inzâl vukuunun da mehri gerektirdiğini söyler. Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm şârihi Muhammed Hasan en-Necefî ise Hillî’ye uyarak mehrin gerekmeyeceği görüşünü daha sahih kabul eder (Cevâhirü’l-kelâm , XXXI, 76-79).
Geniş anlamda halvetin, yani evlenmeleri dinen mümkün olan, fakat aralarında evlilik bağı bulunmayan bir kadınla bir erkeğin kapalı bir mekânda yalnız kalmasının, cinsî birleşme olmadığı sürece mehir, iddet, nesep gibi hukukî bir sonuç doğurmayacağı açıktır. Ancak böyle bir beraberlik harama yol açacak durumların önlenmesi, tarafların iffetinin korunması amacıyla câiz görülmemiştir. Bu yasaklamayı, İslâmiyet’in ırz, namus ve şerefin korunmasına büyük önem atfetmiş ve bunun için bir dizi tedbir almış olmasıyla açıklamak gerekir. Hz. Peygamber bir erkekle, dinen evlenilmesi meşrû (nâmahrem) olan bir kadının arada nikâh bulunmaksızın baş başa kalmasını yasaklamıştır (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 111, 112; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 424; “Selâm”, 19). Aynı şekilde birbirlerine karşı şehvet duyan kadınla kadının ve erkekle erkeğin halvette kalmaları da haram sayılmıştır. Ancak yanlarında başkasının bulunması halinde halvet gerçekleşmez. Nişanlıların halveti de birbirlerine yabancı olanların halveti hükmündedir. Bir kadının sahih halvet teşkil etmeyecek şekilde, meselâ girişin engellenmediği, insanların görebileceği, ancak konuşulanların duyulamayacağı bir yerde güvenilir bir erkekle bir arada bulunup ona soru sormasının veya şikâyetini arzetmesinin dinen bir sakıncası yoktur (Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , XVI, 418).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 384-386 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.