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HAMÂRNEH Skip to content Sâmî Halef Hamârneh (1925-2010)
Özellikle tıp ve eczacılık alanındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınan Ürdünlü İslâm bilim tarihçisi.
2 Şubat 1925 tarihinde Amman’ın güneybatısındaki Me’debâ’da bir hıristiyan Arap ailenin yedinci çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Bu sırada kendisine verilen Selâme adı daha sonra Sâmî şeklinde değiştirilmiştir. İlk ve orta öğrenimi esnasında tarih ve matematiğe büyük ilgi duydu. Lise yıllarında, hasta ve yoksulların maddî ve ruhî sıkıntılarını giderebilmek için ilgisi tıp öğrenimine yöneldi. Babası eczacılık hususunda ısrar edince Şam’daki Suriye Üniversitesi Eczacılık Enstitüsü’ne girdi. Bir taraftan eğitimine devam ederken bir taraftan da çalıştı ve 1946’da Eczacılık Enstitüsü’nden mezun oldu. Suriye’nin Deyriatiye şehrinden olup o sırada Şam’a hastahane eğitimi için gelen hemşire Nezhe ile 1948’de evlendi ve Ürdün’e döndü. Amman’da dört yıl kadar eczacılık yaptıktan sonra 1952’de göçmen olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne gidip yerleşti. Burada ileri seviyede tıp öğrenimine devam ederek 1956’da Wahpeton’daki North Dakota State Üniversitesi College of Science’ta eczacılık ve biyokimya alanında yüksek lisans yaptı. Bu tarihten itibaren çalışmalarını Arap-İslâm tıp kültür, felsefe ve tarihi üzerine yoğunlaştırdı. Bu amaçla belgeleri, önemli yazmaları incelemeye yöneldi; resmî ve özel birçok kütüphane ile dokümantasyon merkezini dolaştı, özellikle tıp mesleğine ve bununla ilgili ilimlere ait bir kısmı nâdir belge ve yazmaları gün yüzüne çıkararak inceledi.
Wisconsin Üniversitesi’nde Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zehrâvî’nin Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf li-men ʿaceze ʿani’t-teʾlîf ’inin bitkisel yağlarla yapılan ilâçlara (edhân) dair yirmi beşinci makalesi üzerine hazırladığı, Endülüs İslâm medeniyeti, Zehrâvî’nin tıp tarihi içindeki yeri ve et-Taṣrîf ’in Latin Avrupası’nda tıp bilimlerinin kuruluşundaki rolü, yazmaları ve muhtevasının tahliline dair geniş bir giriş de içeren doktora tezini tamamlayan Hamârneh (Some Pharmaceutical Aspects on Al-Zahrawi’s Al-Tasreef , 1959) daha sonra bu çalışmasını gözden geçirip yayımladı (aş.bk.). Bu sırada hazırladığı İslâm tıp bilimi ve tarihiyle ilgili eserler ve süreli yayınlar bibliyografyasını yayımladı (1964). Ardından Kahire’de Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de bulunan tıp ve eczacılık yazmaları üzerine çalışarak iki tıp koleksiyonunun katalogunu bir girişle birlikte neşretti (1967). Bunu Şam’da Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’deki tıp yazmalarıyla ilgili kitabı izledi (1969). Amerika, Avrupa, Pakistan, Hindistan ve Ortadoğu’da çıkan çeşitli dergilerde tıp bilimleriyle ilgili İngilizce çok sayıda makalesi yayımlandı. Bunların büyük bir kısmı Münevver Enver Enîs’in editörlüğüyle bir araya getirilip iki cilt halinde neşredildi (1983-1984). Ardından yakın memleketlisi İbnü’l-Kuf hakkındaki kitabı, British Library’deki tıp ve eczacılıkla ilgili eserlere dair katalogu, İslâm tıp bilimleri kültür tarihine dair eserleri basıldı. Bugünkü tıp biliminin ortaya çıkması ve gelişmesinde Arap-İslâm bilim birikiminin katkısına yeterince önem verilmediğine işaret eden Hamârneh, bu alanda yaptığı incelemelerle tıbbın İslâm bilim tarihindeki altın dönemini keşfetmeye ve müslümanların tıp alanına sağladıkları katkıları ortaya koymaya çalıştı.
Hamârneh doktorasını tamamladığı 1959’da Washington’da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Millî Müzesi’ne bağlı Smithsonian Institution’da Division of Medical Sciences bölümünde müdür olarak göreve başladı ve 1972 yılına kadar bu göreve devam etti. 1977’ye kadar aynı bölümde araştırmacı sıfatıyla çalıştı. Bu enstitüdeki görevi sırasında 1964’te George Washington Üniversitesi’nde yardımcı profesör, 1969’da Pennsylvania Üniversitesi’nde misafir profesör olarak bulundu. 1959-1979 yılları arasında enstitüde üstlendiği yöneticilik ve araştırmacılık görevi çerçevesinde gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetleri dışında özellikle ahlâk, felsefe ve diyetle ilgili eczacılık dalları başta olmak üzere İslâm tıbbının bütün alanlarında kitaplar okudu ve eserler yazdı. Bu süre içinde Amerika, Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika’nın birçok ülke ve şehrini gezerek arkeolojik yerleri, müzeleri, tıp ve eczacılık araç ve gereçlerini inceleme fırsatı buldu. Aynı şekilde tıpla ilgili çok sayıda Arapça yazmayı inceledi. İslâmiyet’in başlangıcından günümüze kadar diş hekimliği, anne ve çocuk, çocuk bakımı ve tedavisi, ebelik, hemşirelik, cerrahlık, çevre ve tıp teknolojisi, meslekî ahlâk ve felsefe, toplum sağlığı, hıfzıssıhha ve hastahane yönetimi gibi alanlarda makale ve monografiler kaleme aldı. Hayatını, Arap-İslâm tıp bilim mirasının gün yüzüne çıkarılıp değerlendirilmesine ve Batı biliminin gelişmesine etkilerini ortaya koymaya yönelik araştırmalara adadı.
1979’da Halep Üniversitesi Arap Bilim Tarihi Enstitüsü’nde profesör olarak çalıştı. Ocak 1980’de Washington’da âni bir felç geçirdiyse de iki yıl sonra sağlığına kavuştu. Cidde’deki Kral Abdülazîz Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’nde kısa bir süre (Eylül 1982-Haziran 1983) İslâm tıbbı profesörü, 1984-1990 yıllarında Ürdün Üniversitesi Tıp ve Eczacılık Fakültesi ile Halk Sağlığı Fakültesi’nde ve Yermük Üniversitesi’nde misafir profesör olarak görev yaptı. Buradan ayrılıp 1990-1993 yıllarında kendini tamamen İslâm tıbbıyla ilgili araştırmalara verdi. 1993 Mayısında Kuala Lumpur’daki International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization’da İslâm tıp bilimi profesörü olarak göreve başladı ve 1999 yılına kadar burada kaldı. 3 Aralık 2010 tarihinde Washington’da öldü. American Association History of Medicine, American Institute History of Pharmacy, International Academy of the History of Pharmacy, The American Scientific Affiliation, Arab History of Pharmacy, Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye (Dımaşk), Ürdün Kraliyet Akademisi gibi birçok ilmî kuruluşa üye olan Hamârneh 1965’te Ürdün Kralı Hüseyin tarafından Ürdün Yıldızı madalyasıyla (Visâmü’l-kevkebi’l-Ürdünî) taltif edildi. 1966’da Amerika Eczacılık Tarihi Enstitüsü tarafından verilen “Edward Kremers National Award” ile 1997’de “Citation of Merit Award” ödülünü kazandı.
Eserleri. 1. Verd min şevḳ. On üç bölümde din ve bilim felsefesiyle ilgili konuların işlendiği on üç kısa neşîdeyi içerir (Amman 1950). 2. A Brief Study of Custom and Civilization in Bible Lands. Müellifin otobiyografisiyle Ahd-i Atîk’in Tekvîn kitabına bir giriş içerir (Washington 1960). 3. A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain with Special References to the “Adhān”. Hamârneh’in doktora tezinin gözden geçirilip geliştirilmiş şeklidir (Leiden 1963, Glenn Sonnedecker ile birlikte). 4. Bibliography on Medicine and Pharmacy in Medieval Islam. İslâm bilim tarihinde tıp ve eczacılık alanında ortaya konulmuş eserler ve müellifleriyle ilgili olup müellif adlarına göre düzenlenmiştir (Stuttgart 1964). 5. History of the Division of Medical Sciences. Smithsonian Institution’da başlangıçtan (1881) bugüne kadar derlenen tıp bilimi tarihiyle ilgili millî koleksiyonlar üzerine yapılmış en kapsamlı incelemedir (Washington 1964). 6. Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye el-müteʿalliḳa bi’ṭ-ṭıb ve’ṣ-ṣaydele. Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’deki Halîl Ağa ve Halîm Sâmî’ye ait tıp koleksiyonlarının katalogunun bir girişle birlikte yapılan neşridir (Kahire 1967). 7. eṣ-Ṣaydele: al-Bīrūnī’s Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica. Bîrûnî’nin Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣaydele ’si Hakîm Muhammed Saîd ve Rânâ İhsân İlâhî tarafından neşredilip İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiş (I-II, Karaçi 1973), II. ciltte Hamârneh geniş bir girişle birlikte esere dair açıklamalara yer vermiş ve bir değerlendirmesini yapmıştır. 8. eṭ-Ṭabîb ve’l-cerrâḥu’l-ʿArabî Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Ḳuf el-Kerekî (630-685/1233-1286): ʿAṣruhû ve ḥayâtühû ve aʿmâlüh. Hamârneh, babasının dünyaya geldiği Kerek’te doğup yaşayan ve Aclûn Kalesi’nde yaklaşık on yıl kadar çalışan İbnü’l-Kuf ile ilgili bu eserine özel bir önem vermiştir (Kahire 1394/1974). 9. Delîlü’l-bâḥis̱în fî târîḫi’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab ve’l-müslimîn. İslâm bilim tarihiyle ilgilenen çağdaş bilim adamlarının biyografilerine dair olup kişiler ve çalışmalarıyla ilgili İngilizce ve Arapça olarak kısa bilgilere yer verilmiştir (Halep 1979). 10. Health Sciences in Early Islam. Hamârneh’in neşredilmiş makalelerinin çeşitli başlıklar altında gruplandırılarak derlenmesinden oluşmuştur (ed. Munawar A. Anees, I-II, Blanco / Texas 1403-1404/1983-1984). 11. Târîḫu türâs̱i’l-ʿulûmi’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye ʿinde’l-ʿArab ve’l-müslimîn. Bütün Doğu ve Batı İslâm dünyası ile İslâm öncesi dönemde Hint, Süryânî, Sâsânî, Yunan, Roma kültür ve medeniyetlerinde teşekkül eden tıp mirası, esasları, kaynakları ve tarihi üzerine kapsamlı bir inceleme olup meşhur müslüman tabipler, eserleri ve bunların muhtevaları, önemleri, yazma nüshaları ve neşirleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir (Amman 1406/1986). 12. Introduction to al-Biruni’s Book on Precious Stones and Minerals. Bîrûnî’nin el-Cemâhir fî maʿrifeti’l-cevâhir adlı eserinin mukaddimesi ve değerlendirmesidir (Karachi 1988; ayrıca bk. “Muḳaddimetü Kitâbi’l-Cemâhir fî maʿrifeti’l-cevâhir li’l-Bîrûnî”, MTUA , VII/1-2 [1983], s. 3-38; “Evaluation of al-Bîrûnî’s Book on Precious Stones and Minerals”, Hamdard Medicus , XXXI/2 [Karachi 1988], s. 3-34). 13. Directory of Historians of Islamic Medicine and Allied Sciences. İslâm tıbbı ve bununla ilişkili bilimlere dair çalışmalar yapan müslüman veya gayri müslim çağdaş bilim adamlarının biyografileriyle ilgilidir. Eserde müellifin otobiyografisiyle birlikte 103 kişiye alfabetik sırayla yer verilmiştir (ed. Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas, Kuala Lumpur 1995).
Hamârneh’in diğer bazı eserleri de şunlardır: Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’ẓ-Ẓâhiriyye: eṭ-Ṭıb ve’ṣ-ṣaydele (Dımaşk 1389/1969); Pharmacy Museums and Historical Collections on Public Health (Madison 1972); Temples of the Muses and a History of Pharmacy Museums (Tokyo 1972); Origins of Pharmacy and Therapy in the Near East (Tokyo 1973); Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Pharmacy at the British Library (Cairo 1975); Islamic Bicentennial Exhibition – A Salute to America in its 200th Anniversary – A Guide Book (Washington 1976); Pharmacy Museums and Historical Collection on Public View in the United States and Canada (Washington 1981, Ernst Walter Stieb ile birlikte); Promises, Heritage and Peace or the True Children of Abraham According to God’s Promises (Brentwood 1407/1986). İbnü’l-Kuff’un Câmiʿu’l-ġaraż fî ḥıfẓi’ṣ-ṣıḥḥa ve defʿi’l-maraż (Amman 1409/1989) ve el-ʿUmde fî ṣınâʿati’l-cirâḥa (Amman 1415/1994) adlı eserlerini giriş ve açıklamalarla birlikte yayımlayan Hamârneh, Ebû Mervân İbn Zühr’ün Kitâbü’t-Teysîr fi’l-müdâvât ve’t-tedbîr ’ini İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (Guide to Medical Care and Treatment – Kitāb Al-Taysīr Fī Al-Mudāwa Wa Al-Tadbīr , Berkshire 1993).
Hamârneh’in yüzlerce makale ve tebliğinden özellikle tıp ve eczacılık tarihi ve kurumlarıyla ilgili bazıları şunlardır: “Development of Hospitals in Islam” (Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , XVII/2 [Oxford 1962], s. 366-384); “Origins and Functions of the Hisbah System in Islam and its Impact on the Health Professions” (Sudhoffs Archiv , XLVIII/2 [Wiesbaden 1964], s. 157-173); “Arabic Historiography as Related to the Health Professions in Medieval Islam” (a.g.e. , L/1 [1969], s. 2-24); “Origins of Arabic Drug and Diet Therapy” (Physis , XI [Firenze 1969], s. 267-286); “Sources and Development of Arabic Medical Therapy and Pharmacology” (Sudhoffs Archiv , LIV/1 [1970], s. 30-48); “Medical Education and Practice in Medieval Islam” (The History of Medical Education , ed. Charles D. O’Malley, Berkeley 1970, s. 39-71); “The Physician and the Health Professions in Medieval Islam” (Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , XLVII/9 [New York 1971], s. 1088-1110); “A History of Arabic Pharmacy” (Physis , XIV/1 [1972], s. 5-54); “Some Aspects of Medical Practice and Institutions in Medieval Islam” (Episteme , VII/1 [Milano 1973], s. 15-31); “Ecology and Therapeutics in Medieval Arabic Medicine” (Sudhoffs Archiv , LVIII [1974], s. 165-185); “The Life Sciences” (The Genius of Arab Civilization: Sources of Renaissance , ed. John R. Hayes, New York 1975, s. 173-200); “Arabic Manuscripts of the National Library of Medicine, Washington, D. C.” (MTUA , I/1 [1977], s. 72-108); “India’s Contribution to Medieval Arabic Medical Education and Practice” (Studies in the History of Medicine , I/1 [New Delhi 1977], s. 5-35); “Medicine and Pharmacy under the Fatimids” (Hamdard Medicus , XXII/7-12 [Karachi 1979], s. 33-69); “eṣ-Ṣınâʿatü’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-İslâmî eẕ-ẕehebî” (ʿÂlemü’l-fikr , X/2 [Küveyt 1979], s. 295-324); “Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Arabic-Islamic Medicine and the Allied Sciences” (Studies in the History of Medicine , VI, New Delhi 1982, s. 195-213); “Health Sciences in al-Andalus, Tunisia and Egypt during the 10-12th Centuries” (a.g.e. , XII/1-2 [1993], s. 1-42). Hamârneh ayrıca Dictionary of Scientific Biography adlı ansiklopedi için Ali b. Abbas el-Mecûsî, İbnü’l-Kuf, Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî, Ahmed b. Muhammed et-Taberî, İbnü’t-Tilmîz, İbn Vahşiyye, Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zehrâvî ve İbn Zühr gibi maddeler yazmıştır (1995 yılına kadar kaleme aldığı çalışmaların bir listesi için bk. Directory of Historians , s. XXXV-LVII).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Sâmî Halef Hamârneh, Delîlü’l-bâḥis̱în fî târîḫi’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab ve’l-müslimîn , Halep 1979, s. ṭ-s, 91; a.mlf., Health Sciences in Early Islam (ed. Munawar A. Anees), Blanco-Texas 1403-1404/1983-84, I, 293-294, 299, 331; II, 133; a.mlf., Târîḫu türâs̱i’l-ʿulûmi’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye ʿinde’l-ʿArab ve’l-müslimîn , İrbid 1406/1986, s. 13-15; a.mlf., Directory of Historians of Islamic Medicine and Allied Sciences (ed. Sharifah Shifa al-Attas), Kuala Lumpur 1995, s. XXIV-LVII; R. Y. Ebied, Bibliography of Medieval Arabic and Jewish Medicine and Allied Sciences , London 1971, s. 41, 78, 86, 89, 119; Bîrûnî, eṣ-Ṣaydele: al-Bīrūnī’s Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica (nşr. ve trc. Muhammed Saîd – Rânâ İhsan İlâhî), Karaçi 1973, I-II; a.mlf., “Sami K. Hamarneh, The Physician, Therapist, and Surgeon Ibn al-Quff (1233-1286), an Introductory Survey of his Time, Life and Works, Cairo, Atlas Press, 1974”, Medical History , XIX/3, London 1975, s. 310-311; Zouhir M. Agha, Bibliography of Islamic Medicine and Pharmacy , Leiden 1983, s. 41; İbrâhim b. Murâd, Buḥûs̱ fî târîḫi’ṭ-ṭıb ve’ṣ-ṣaydele ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 33, 171, 410; Âmir en-Neccâr, Fî Târîḫi’ṭ-ṭıb fi’d-devleti’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1994, s. 143-144; Gregory J. Higby – Elaine C. Stroud, The History of Pharmacy: A Selected Annotated Bibliography , New York 1995, s. 7, 26, 129, 140, 200-201, 212, 284-286, 313; The Different Aspect of Islamic Culture: Science and Technology in Islam (ed. A. Y. al-Hassan), Beirut 2001, II, 482, 545, 559, 682; Abdülkerîm Ebû Şüveyrib, Ḥareketü neşri’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî fi’ṭ-ṭıb ve’ṣ-ṣaydele , Bingazi 2005, s. 12, 29; “Hamarneh (Sami, Khalaf)”, Who’s Who in the Arab World: 2007-2008 , Beirut 2007, s. 364; “Staff Changes at the Smithsonian Institution”, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , XIV/10, Oxford 1959, s. 532; V. L. Bullough, “‘Sami Khalaf Hamarneh and Glenn Sonnedecker’, A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis al-Zāhrāwī in Moorish Spain. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1963”, Speculum , XXXIX/4, Cambridge 1964, s. 703-704; A. T. Awad, “The Physician, Therapist, and Surgeon Ibn al-Quff. An Introductory Survey of his Time, Life and Works by Sami K. Hamarneh”, Pharmacy in History , XVII/2, Madison 1975, s. 77-78; E. Savage-Smith, “Sami K. Hamarneh, The Physician, Therapist and Surgeon Ibn al-Quff, Cairo, Atlas Press, 1974”, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , XXXV/3 (1980), s. 351-353; F. Jamal, “The History of Medicine”, New Straits Times , Wednesday, June 22, Kuala Lumpur 1994, s. 35; E. M. Toral, “La Farmacia Andalusi: Grandes Innovaciones Para Una Profession”, Revista de Estudios Andaluces , sy. 23, Sevilla 2001, s. 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 164; “Aʿżâʾü Mecmaʿi’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye bi-Dımaşḳ”, MMLADm. , LXXIX/1 (1424/2004), s. 214; İktimâl Receb, “ʿAlâmâtü’t-tesemmüm bi’l-edviyeti’l-muḫaddere ʿinde’z-Zehrâvî”, et-Türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabî , XXVI/102, Dımaşk 1427/2006, s. 153-156; Âdil Zeyyât, “Sâmî Ḥamârneh: Ṣaydalânî ve ʿâlim ve ḥayâtün ḥâfile bi’l-incâzi’l-mütemeyyiz” (http://www.al-badyh.com/archive/index.php/t-13070.html); “es-Sâḥatü’l-ʿilmiyye tefaḳḳade’d-Duktûr Sâmî Ḫalef Ḥamârneh” (http://www.addiwannews.com/mobile_more.php?newsid=12125&catid=15).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 522-524 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.