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HAMDULLAH EFENDİ, Şeyh Skip to content (ö. 926/1520)
Osmanlı hat ekolünün kurucusu.
Amasya’nın Eslem Hatun (halk arasında İslam, bugün Dere) mahallesinde doğdu. Amasyalı Sarıkadızâdeler ailesinden ve Buhara’dan Amasya’ya göç etmiş erenlerden Sühreverdiyye şeyhi Mustafa Dede’nin oğludur. “Şeyh, ibnü’ş-şeyh, kıbletülküttâb, kutbülküttâb, şeyhürrâmiyân” unvanlarıyla tanınır. Müstakimzâde 840’ta (1436) dünyaya geldiğini kaydederken (Tuhfe , s. 185) Osman Fevzi Olcay (Amasya Meşâhiri , s. 54) ve Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi’ye (Fâtih Devri Hattatları , s. 49) göre 830-833 (1426-1430) yılları arasında doğmuştur.
Hamdullah, dinî ilimlerle birlikte dil ve edebiyat ilimlerini Hatib Kasım Efendi’den öğrendi. Hat sanatının beşiği kabul edilen Amasya’da dönemin önde gelen hat üstatlarından Hayreddin Mar‘aşî ’den meşk ettiği altı yazı türünden (aklâm-ı sitte ) icâzet aldı. Aynı zamanda babası Şeyh Mustafa Dede’nin yanında seyrüsülûk ünü tamamlayarak hilâfet aldı. Şehzadeliği döneminde muhtemelen babasının sohbet meclislerinde tanıştığı II. Bayezid ’in dostluğunu kazandı. Beste yapabilecek kadar mûsiki bilgisi yanında Türk, Arap ve Fars edebiyatlarına da vâkıf olan Bayezid, Şeyh Hamdullah’ı kendisine hat hocası tayin etti ve ondan icâzet aldı. Daha Amasya’da iken tanınmaya başlayan Şeyh Hamdullah, bu yıllarda Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hususi kütüphanesi için bazı eserler istinsah etti. Bunlardan Kitâbü Ḥuneyn b. İsḥâḳ fi’l-mesâʾil ve ecvibetihâ fi’ṭ-ṭıb ile (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 1996) Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3740) adlı eserler günümüze ulaşmıştır (Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân Nail Okuyucu ve Zahit Tiryaki tarafından yapılan Türkçe çevirisi ile birlikte Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu tarafından neşredilmiştir: İstanbul 2012).
Şeyh Hamdullah dayısı meşhur hattat Celâleddin Amâsî ’nin kızıyla evlendi; bir kızı ve kendisi gibi hattat olan Mustafa adlı bir oğlu oldu. II. Bayezid tahta çıkınca onun daveti üzerine ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul’a gitti. Sarayda kâtip ve hizmetlilere muallim olarak görevlendirilen Şeyh Hamdullah’a mushaf yazması için Harem Dairesi civarında ve Edirne Sarayı’nda bir meşkhâne, arpalık olarak da Üsküdar’da iki köy tahsis edildi; bir köyün geliri de onun yazı için kullanacağı kağıtları, üzerine mühre vurarak parlatan mührezenlerine verildi. Şeyh Hamdullah en güzel eserlerini sarayda görevlendirildikten sonra vermeye başladı; bundan sonra eserlerinin ketebesinde “kâtibü’s-sultân Bâyezîd Han” unvanını kullandı. II. Bayezid’in âlim ve sanatkârlara verdiği inʻâm ve ihsanların kayıtlı olduğu 909-917 (1503-1512) yıllarına ait inʻâmât defterine göre en yüksek meblağlar yazdığı mushaflar karşılığında Şeyh Hamdullah’a verilmiştir.
II. Bayezid’in vefatından sonra sekiz yıl süreyle inzivaya çekilen Şeyh Hamdullah, I. Selim dönemini talebe yetiştirerek ve müridlerini irşad ederek geçirdi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın onu saraya davet ederek hürmet gösterdiği ve kendisi için bir mushaf yazmasını istediği, ancak hattatın yaşlandığını ileri sürerek dayısının oğlu Celâlzâde Muhyiddin Amâsî ’yi tavsiye ettiği, bunun üzerine Kanûnî’nin ona bir samur kürk giydirip hayır duasını aldığı bilinmektedir. Şeyh Hamdullah’ın bu hadiseden birkaç ay sonra (926/1520) vefat ettiğini söyleyen Müstakimzâde ölümüne şu beyti tarih düşürmüştür: “Şeyh Hamdullāh olup küttâba kıble pîr-i hat / Rihletinde dil dedi târîhini dayf-i ilâh”. Bazı eserlerde Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında vefat ettiği belirtilmişse de Müstakimzâde’nin tesbitinin daha doğru olduğu kabul edilmektedir. İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (AY, nr. 6495) bir murakka‘ ının ketebesinden bu murakka‘ı yazdığı sırada yaşının seksen üçü aşkın olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Müstakimzâde’nin verdiği doğum tarihi (840/1436) doğru kabul edilirse milâdî yıla göre seksen dört yaşında vefat ettiği söylenebilir. Ancak bazı araştırmacılar onun doksan yaşını aştığı görüşündedir. Nefeszâde İbrâhim ile Suyolcuzâde Mehmed Necib 110 yıl yaşadığını söylüyorlarsa da bu rivayet mübalağalı görünmektedir.
Şeyh Hamdullah’ın cenaze namazı Şeyhülislâm Zenbilli Ali Efendi tarafından Ayasofya Camii’nde kıldırılmış, vasiyetine uyularak Üsküdar Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nda, dönemin hattatlarından Ali b. Yahyâ es-Sûfî ’nin yakınına defnedilmiştir. Daha sonra II. Mustafa ’nın saray hattatı Şâhin Ağa (ö. 1113/1701) tarafından yazılan mezar taşı kitâbesinde, “Reîsülhattâtîn Hamdullah el-ma‘rûf bi’bni’ş-şeyh rahmetullāhi aleyh” ibaresi yer alır. Günümüzde var olan mezar taşındaki 927 tarihi, mezar taşının yüz yıl kadar önce çekilmiş fotoğrafında bulunmayıp daha sonra hakkedilmiştir ve hatalıdır. Birçok meşhur hattat Şeyh Hamdullah’ın mezarının yakınına defnedilmiş, bu mekân zamanla Şeyh Sofası adını almıştır.
Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin, Şeyh Hamdullah’ın Halvetiyye ve Zeyniyye hilâfetini babasından aldığını ve kendi eliyle yazdığı tarikat silsilenâmesinin Esad Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunduğunu söyler. Ancak adı geçen kütüphanede bu silsilenâmeye rastlanmamıştır. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 2862) Hamdullah Efendi’nin hattıyla, baş tarafı ve ketebe sayfası eksik, sülüs hatla yazılmış on sekiz kıtalık bir Halvetiyye silsilenâmesi mevcuttur.
Şeyh Hamdullah zamanının ünlü okçularındandı. II. Bayezid tarafından Mahmud ve Hamza dedelerden sonra Okmeydanı Atıcılar Tekkesi şeyhliğine tayin edilmiştir. Okçuluk risâlelerindeki kayıtlara göre Şîr-i Merd adında bir pehlivanın menzilini ağaç okla 1105,5 gez (729,63 m.) atarak kırmış ve bunun hâtırasına Okmeydanı Dergâhı’na yakın bir yere nişan taşı dikmiştir. Okmeydanı ’nda 1454 numaralı adada mevcut nişan taşlarının en eskisi olan bu taş 1,53 m. boyunda olup üzerinde “Sâhibü’l-menzil Hamdullah ibnü’ş-şeyh reîsü’l-hattâtîn şeyhü’r-râmiyân, sene 911” yazılıdır. Kaynaklarda ayrıca Şeyh Hamdullah’ın Üsküdar’dan Sarayburnu’na yüzecek kadar iyi bir yüzücü olduğu ve II. Bayezid için ek yerleri belli olmayacak şekilde bir kaftan dikerek terzilikte de hüner gösterdiği belirtilmektedir.
II. Bayezid ilim ve sanata, bilhassa hat sanatına gösterdiği büyük ilgi ve destekle Şeyh Hamdullah’ın etrafında yeni ufukların açılmasını sağlamıştır. Nitekim dönemin hâkim hat üslûbunun kurucusu Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî ’ye ait yedi adet yazıyı hazineden çıkarıp kendisine veren II. Bayezid’in “Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’nin itina edip yazdıklarını görmemişsinizdir; bu tarzdan gayri bir vadi ihtirâ olunsaydı iyi olurdu” diye tavsiyede bulunmasından sonra Şeyh Hamdullah’ın kendi üslûbunu ortaya koyduğu bütün kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir.
İslâm milletlerinin an‘anevî sanat anlayışları ve zevkleriyle en güzel klasik formlarını bulan yazı çeşitlerinde, üstat ve muhitlere göre farklı özellikler gösteren pek çok hat mektebi arasında Şeyh Hamdullah ekolü en uzun süre yaşamıştır. Hamdullah Efendi’nin klasikleşen formları, kendisini takip eden üstatlar tarafından harflerin tenâsüp, duruş ve terkipleri güzelleştirilerek birçok kol ve tarza ayrılmış, günümüze kadar bütün İslâm dünyasında hâkim bir hat ekolü olarak devam etmiştir.
Şeyh Hamdullah ekolüyle aklâm-ı sitte nin bütün nevilerinde olgunluk çağı idrak edilmiş; mushaf , cüz, murakka‘ , kıta ve kitaplarda yeni bir anlayışla hat sanatının en güzel örnekleri verilmiştir. Hamdullah Efendi’nin Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan aklâm-ı sitte murakka‘ları (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 2083, 2084, 2086) bu altı çeşit yazıdaki gelişmeyi gösteren en güzel örneklerdir.
Hamdullah Efendi’nin sanat hayatında Amasya ve İstanbul olmak üzere iki dönem vardır. Yâkūt üslûbunun hâkim olduğu başlangıç devri yazılarını Amasya’da, kendi üslûbunu ortaya koyduğu eserlerini ise İstanbul’da vermiştir. Başlangıç yazılarına (evâil) örnek olarak gösterilen Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (III. Ahmed, nr. 1996) ve Süleymaniye (Ayasofya, nr. 3740) kütüphanelerinde kayıtlı eserleriyle Yâkūt’un İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (AY, nr. 6680) kayıtlı mushafı mukayese edilirse nesih yazıda üslûp benzerliğini görmek mümkündür. Ancak Şeyh Hamdullah’ın başta İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde (AY, nr. 6662) bulunan mushaf olmak üzere olgunluk devrine ait (evâhir) eserleri adı geçen başlangıç eserleri ile karşılaştırıldığında onun nesih yazıda yaptığı yenilikler açık bir şekilde ortaya çıkar.
Nesih hattının Şeyh Hamdullah ekolüyle insanda hayranlık uyandıracak derecede güzelleşmesi ve kolay okunan bir yazı haline gelmesi kitap ve mushaf yazısı olarak tercih edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Mushaf metni sadece nesihle yazılarak metinde devamlılık ve okumada kolaylık sağlanmış; muhakkak , reyhânî veya aklâm-ı sitte nin karışık olarak kullanıldığı Yâkūt tertibi mushaf kitâbeti zamanla terkedilerek yerine bütün İslâm dünyasında Şeyh Hamdullah’ın geliştirdiği nesih hatla mushaf yazma geleneği hâkim olmuştur. Ayrıca sayfa düzeni ve satır araları en güzel ölçülerini yine Şeyh Hamdullah’da bulmuş; onun üslûbuyla mushaf yazısına zarafet, sadelik, devamlılık ve sevimlilik gelmiştir.
Eserlerinin çoğunu murakka‘ ve kıta olarak veren Şeyh Hamdullah koltuklu sülüs-nesih kıtanın Türk zevkine uygun şekil ve ölçüsünü de ortaya koymuştur. Daha sonra gelen bütün hattatlar onun kıtalarındaki ebat, şekil ve metin özelliklerini kâğıt rengine varıncaya kadar taklit etmişlerdir. Umumiyetle sülüs ve nesih yazıların işlendiği Şeyh Hamdullah ekolünde zamanla reyhânî ve tevkī‘ terkedilmiş, muhakkak yazı besmele kitâbetinde, rikā‘ ise “hatt-ı icâze” adıyla hattat ketebelerinde, ilmiye icâzetnâmelerinde ve kitapların ferâğ kayıtlarında kullanılmıştır.
Şeyh Hamdullah tavrında harflerin tenâsübü, aralıkları, kelimelerin satıra oturuş vaziyetleri yeniden düzenlenmiş; hafif sola meyilli düzenli dik hatlar ve çekilişler ile yazıya akıcılık, kıvraklık, sevimlilik ve canlılık getirilmek suretiyle Yâkūt tarzı satıra oturan yazılardaki durgunluk giderilmiştir. Yâkūt üslûbu, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde hattın güneşi olarak kabul edilen Ahmed Şemseddin Karahisârî istisna edilirse Şeyh Hamdullah ekolünün yaygınlaşmasıyla devrini tamamlamış, bütün hattatlar Şeyh Hamdullah vadisinde yazmaya gayret etmişler ve bu vadide başarılı olanlar “Şeyh gibi yazdı” ifadesiyle takdir edilmişlerdir.
Sülüs ve nesih yazıda klasik üslûbun usul ve kaidelerini koyan Şeyh Hamdullah’ın eserlerinde ilk bakışta canlılık, bütünü meydana getiren unsurlarda uyum ve birlik göze çarpar. Yâkūt üslûbunda kelimelerin birbirini itip birbirinden kaçmak istemelerine karşılık Şeyh Hamdullah üslûbunda birbiriyle kaynaşan harflerle kelimeler satır nizamında tek bir gövde gibi yer alır.
Yâkūt mektebinde nesihte olduğu gibi sülüste de harflerin gövde yapıları, biçim ve oranları ortaya konmuştur. Ancak harflerin nisbetlerinde görülen tereddüt ve bocalama Şeyh Hamdullah mektebiyle ortadan kaldırılmış, harfler klasik nisbetlerini bulmuştur. Ayrıca harf gövdelerinin duruşu değişmiş, satır ve sayfa nizamında birliğini bulamamış sülüs yazı, Şeyh Hamdullah ekolünde dağınık ve gevşeklikten kurtularak bütünleşmiştir.
Şeyh Hamdullah aralarında sultan, şehzade, devlet adamı, âlim, meşâyih ve şairlerin de yer aldığı pek çok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Tezkire lerde adı geçen kırk üç talebesi arasında oğlu Mustafa Dede ile damadı Şükrullah Halife, Şeyh Hamdullah mektebinin önemli temsilcileridir. Hamdullah Efendi’den sonra gelen Osmanlı hattatları da onun vadisinde yürüyüp yeni üslûb ve şiveler yaratmışlardır. Mehmed Handan, Ali b. Mustafa, Behrâm b. Abdullah, Hüsâmeddin Hüseyin Şah , Câfer Çelebi, Şehzade Korkut , Mehmed b. Ramazan, Receb b. Mustafa, Mahmud Defterî ve Mustafa b. Nasûh onun başarılı talebelerindendir. Ayrıca Derviş Mehmed (Kevkeb) , Hasan Üsküdârî , Hâlid Erzurûmî, Derviş Ali (Büyük) , Suyolcuzâde Mustafa Efendi , Hâfız Osman , Hâşimîzâde Abdullah Efendi , Eğrikapılı Mehmed Râsim , Kazasker Mustafa İzzet , Mehmed Şefik Bey , Mehmed Şevki Efendi gibi daha sonraki yüzyıllarda yaşamış meşhur hattatlar Şeyh Hamdullah ekolüne canlılık ve yenilik kazandırmışlardır.
Şeyh Hamdullah ile birlikte oğlu Mustafa Dede, yakın akrabaları Abdullah Amâsî , Celâleddin Amâsî ve Celâlzâde Muhyiddin Amâsî , çağdaşları Ahmed Şemseddin Karahisârî ve Bursalı Şerbetçizâde İbrâhim Efendi Anadolu’nun yedi hat üstadı (esâtîze-i Rûm) olarak kabul edilmiştir. Osmanlı hat mektebinin teşekkülünde önemli hizmetleri olan bu sanatkârların her biri verdikleri eserler ve yetiştirdikleri talebelerle çevrelerinde geniş bir hat muhiti meydana getirmişlerdir. Bunlar Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî’nin de içinde bulunduğu yedi üstada (esâtîze-i seb‘a) karşılık Anadolu’nun yedi büyük sanatkârı sayılmıştır.
Müze, kütüphane ve özel koleksiyonlarda aklâm-ı sitte ile yazılmış pek çok eseri bulunan Şeyh Hamdullah’ın kırk yedi mushaf ile 1000 kadar En‘âm, Kehf ve Nebe’ sûreleri, evrâd , ezkâr ve dua mecmuası, tomar, kıta ve murakka‘ yazdığı nakledilmektedir. Bu eserler arasında meşk için veya ticarî gayelerle Şeyh Hamdullah taklit edilerek başkaları tarafından yazılmış olanlar varsa da bunları onun yazılarından ayırmak güçtür. Bugün çeşitli müze ve kütüphanelerde Şeyh Hamdullah ketebe li veya başka bir hattat tarafından ona ait olduğu belirtilen otuz mushaf, elli En‘âm ve cüz, 121 murakka‘ ve kıta ile bazısı Fâtih Sultan Mehmed için istinsah edilmiş tıp ve hadise dair sekiz kitap, altı adet dua mecmuası bulunmaktadır (geniş bilgi için bk. Serin, s. 85-225).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 449-452 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 27.12.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.