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HAMİDİYE ALAYLARI Skip to content II. Abdülhamid döneminde Doğu Anadolu’da aşiretlerden oluşturulan hafif süvari birlikleri.
Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları Doğu Anadolu’da merkezî otoritenin sağlanması, devletin etkin olacağı yeni bir sosyopolitik dengenin kurulması, aşiretlerin askerî gücünden faydalanılması, bölgede Ermeniler’in sürdürdüğü faaliyetlerin engellenmesi ve muhtemel bir Rus saldırısına karşı bölge savunmasının güçlendirilmesi için teşkil edilmiştir. 1890 yılı başlarında kurulma çalışmalarına başlanan Hamidiye Alayları’nın teşkilinin amacı bu konuyla ilgili belgelerde, “askerlik hizmetinin umumileştirilmesi ve dolayısıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nin silâhlı kuvvetlerinin sayıca arttırılması gayesiyle, askerî nizam ve hizmet altında tutulmayan, binicilik ve nişancılıkta meşhur, çadırda yaşayan aşiret fertlerinden süvari birlikleri oluşturulması” şeklinde açıklanmaktadır. IV. Ordu Kumandanı Müşir Zeki Paşa, Anadolu ıslahât-ı umûmî müfettişi ve padişah yaveri Ahmed Şâkir Paşa, Teftîş-i Askerî Komisyonu üyesi Miralay İbrâhim Bey, bu projenin fikir ve uygulama aşamasında aktif rol almışlardır. Doğu Anadolu’da yaşayan Arap, Kürt, Türkmen ve Karakalpak aşiretlerinden başlangıçta yirmi bir alay olarak kurulması planlanan alayların sayısı gösterilen büyük ilgiden dolayı 1892’de kırk beş, 1893’te elli altı, 1894 Ağustosunda elli sekiz, 1898’de altmış ve 1901’de altmış beşe ulaşmıştır. Hazırlanan raporlardan, bölgedeki potansiyelin 100 alay çıkarabilecek güçte olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Gerek devletin gerekse aşiretlerin bu projeden beklentilerini en iyi şekilde gösteren belge, 13 Mayıs 1896 tarihinde yayımlanan 121 maddelik alayların kuruluş kanunudur. Buna göre, Osmanlı ordusunun nizamî süvari alaylarına ilâveten teşkilâta dahil edilecek alaylar en az dört, en fazla altı bölükten oluşacak ve aşiretin nüfus gücüne göre alaylarda asgarî 512, âzami 1152 kişi bulunacaktı. Nüfusu bir alay çıkaramayan aşiretlerden birkaç bölük teşkil edilecek, bu bölükler barış döneminde kendi aralarında tâlim yapacak ve savaşta bir kumandan idaresinde diğer küçük aşiretlerin askerleriyle birleştirilecekti. Aşiret ve kabilelerin erkek nüfusu defterlere kaydedilecekti. Ayrıca her alaydan İstanbul’daki süvari mektebinde tahsil görmek üzere bir genç seçilecek ve tahsil sonunda mülâzım rütbesiyle alayına katılacaktı. Askerler, aşiretlerin on yedi-kırk yaş arasındaki erkeklerinden oluşturulacaktı. On yedi-yirmi yaş “ibtidaiye”, yirmi-otuz iki yaş “nizâmiye” ve otuz iki-kırk yaş arası da “redif” sınıflarına dahil olacaktı. Askerlerin hepsinin eğitilmesi, gerek öğretmen temininde gerekse malî ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında zorluk çıkaracağından eğitimin birlikler arasında değişmeli olarak yapılması kararlaştırılmıştı. Bu nöbetleşe tâlim sayesinde tarımla uğraşan kimselerin üretimi de engellenmemiş olacaktı. Askerler elbise, hayvan ve koşum takımları gibi ihtiyaçlarını kendileri temin edecek, silâh ve cephaneleri ise devlet tarafından karşılanacaktı. Alay kumandanlıkları ile mektepli subaylara verilecek diğer memuriyetler, sağladıkları asker sayısı ile orantılı olarak aşiret reislerine dağıtılacaktı. Aşiret mensupları Harbiye Mektebi’nde üç yıl süvari tahsili gördükten sonra subay olabileceklerdi. Alay mensupları ile aile efradı âşâr ve koyun vergisi dışındaki vergilerden muaf tutulacaktı. Toplanma dönemlerinde emirlere aykırı hareket edenler cezalandırılacaktı. Seferberlik çağrısına mazeretsiz katılmayanlara ise hapis cezası, vergi muafiyetinin kaldırılması vb. cezalar verilecekti. Teçhizatı eksik olanların ihtiyaçları aşiret reisi tarafından karşılanacaktı. Kendi yaylakları dışında toplanıp tâlime veya savaşa katılan aşiret askerleri nizamî asker kadar tayinat alacaklardı. Harbiye’den mezun aşiret subayının ailesine devlet sahip çıkacaktı. Okullu olmayan askerlerden gazilere ve şehidlerin ailelerine maaş bağlanacak, Harbiye’den mezun aşiret subaylarına emeklilik hakkı tanınacaktı. Aşiretlerden subay olmak isteyenlerin eğitimi için Erzurum, Van, Diyarbekir ve Bağdat askerî rüşdiyeleri devreye sokulacak, buradan mezun olanlar Harbiye’ye gönderilecekti.
Devlet Hamidiye Alayları vasıtasıyla Doğu Anadolu bölgesine doğrudan müdahaleyi ve buradaki varlığını iyice hissettirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Askerlik hizmeti mecburi tutulmakla aşiret mensupları süvari alaylarına katılmaya sevkedilmiş, böylece yörede Ermeniler tarafından şikâyet konusu olan kanun ve nizam tanımazlıklar önlenmek istenmişti. Askerî disiplin altına alınacak aşiretlerle bölgede asayiş ve güvenliğin sağlanması planlanıyordu. Dolayısıyla dış müdahale vesilelerinden önemli biri ortadan kaldırılmış olacaktı. Zira bir yandan İngiltere, bilhassa 1877-1878 savaşından sonra Doğu Anadolu’da Ermeniler lehine bazı düzenlemelerin yapılmasını talep ederken öte yandan Rusya Ermeni çetelerini silâh ve cephane bakımından destekliyordu. Bu proje ile hem bölgede devletin aşiretler üzerindeki hâkimiyetinin, hem de bu mahallî birlikler sayesinde dış destekli Ermeni meselesinin çözümünün sağlanması düşünülmekteydi.
Osmanlı Devleti, alayların faaliyete geçmesiyle sadece silâh ve cephane masrafı karşılığında en az 35.000 süvari ve asker kazanacaktı. Alayların ağırlıklı olarak Rusya ve İran sınırına yakın bölgelere yerleştirildiği göz önüne alınırsa bunun çok önemli bir emniyet hizmeti sağlayacağı anlaşılır. Öte yandan normal zamanlarda aralarında çatışanlara çeşitli cezaların uygulanacağının bildirilmesi, barış dönemlerinde bölgede asayişi ve merkezî otoriteyi sağlamlaştırmaya yönelik bir tedbirdi.
Vergi muafiyetleri hususuna gelince, esasen çok defa tahsil edilemeyen vergilerden vazgeçilmiş olması devlet adına malî bakımdan büyük bir kayıp teşkil etmemekteydi. Bölgenin merkeze uzaklığı ve arazi yapısı, devletin burada varlığını göstermesine önemli bir engel oluşturmaktaydı. Padişahın halife sıfatıyla kendi adını vererek alayları himayesine alması en üst derecede bir sahiplenmeyi göstermektedir. Hamidiye Alayları’nı kurma faaliyetleri başlar başlamaz aşiret reislerinin halifeyi ziyaret edip bağlılıklarını bildirmeleri dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca bir defaya mahsus olmak üzere çeşitli suçların affedilmesi de halkın devlete sempatisini arttırmıştı. Hamidiye Alayları’na dahil edilen aşiretlerin ileri gelenlerinin çocukları askerî okullara kabul edilmiş, ayrıca Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu yöresine gezici öğretmenler ve vâizler gönderilerek bölge halkının eğitimine önem verilmiştir.
Ancak bu projenin pek çok meseleyi de beraberinde getirdiği görülmektedir. 1890-1895 yılları arasında bölgede meydana gelen Ermeni olayları sonrasında İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya Ermeniler lehine ıslahat taleplerini tekrarladılar. II. Abdülhamid, 11 Mayıs 1895 tarihinde adı geçen devletlerin elçileri tarafından ortaklaşa verilen ıslahat projesinde Hamidiye Alayları’na ilişkin olarak bunların sıkı bir şekilde denetlenmesi yönündeki isteklerine müdahale etmiştir. Padişah, aşiret reislerinin birtakım Ermeni çetecilerinin iftiraları ile tehdit ve tehlikeye uğramamasına valiler, mutasarrıflar ve kaymakamlar tarafından dikkat edilmesini emrederek alayları korumak istemiştir. Yörede çeşitli olayların, İstanbul’da da büyük devletlerin baskılarının devam etmesi üzerine II. Abdülhamid Müşir Ahmed Şâkir Paşa’yı müfettiş olarak Doğu Anadolu’ya gönderdi. Şâkir Paşa, 1897’de IV. Ordu Kumandanı Zeki Paşa ile birlikte Hamidiye Alayları’nın disiplin altına alınmasını sağlamakla görevlendirildi. Fakat bunlar, üç aylık bir çalışmadan sonra Aralık 1897’de hazırladıkları bir raporla Hamidiye Alayları’nda gereken disiplinin sağlanamadığını kabul ettiler. Raporda alayların askerî otoriteye bağlılıklarının gevşek olduğu, bazı subayların dirayetsizliği ve aşiret reisleriyle menfaat ilişkileri içinde bulundukları, mahallî eşrafın bu durumdan duyduğu rahatsızlık, aşiretlerin kendi reislerinin kontrolünden çıkmalarının ortaya koyduğu sıkıntılar belirtilmiş ve kalabalık nüfusu ile birkaç alay oluşturan aşiretlerin bulundukları kesimlerde hâkim duruma gelmelerinin bölgedeki sosyal yapıyı derinden etkilediği ve mevcut sosyal dengeyi sarstığı üzerinde durulmuştur.
Müşir Ahmed Şâkir ve Zeki paşaların Hamidiye Alayları’nı yeniden düzene sokmak için öngördükleri en önemli tedbirler ise halen müstakil birimler halinde bulunan alayların başlarına birer mirlivâ tayin edilerek yedi livâya ayrılması ve hepsinin, Malazgirt’i merkez edinecek bir ferikin idaresinde kurulacak Hamidiye Umum Kumandanlığı’na bağlanmasıydı. Bunlar Rus ve İran sınırı boyunca yerleştirilecekti. Ayrıca alay mensupları esasen atçılık ve binicilikte mâhir olduklarından bunlara verilecek eğitimin düzen ve itaat noktalarında yoğunlaştırılması ve aşiret ileri gelenlerinin problemlerini alay kumandanı ile çözmeleri gerektiği belirtilmekteydi. Barış zamanlarında aşiret subay ve erlerinin uygunsuz davranışlarının önlenmesi, emirlere itaatsizlik edenlerin nizamî ordularda askerliğe zorlanmaları, yağma ve talan gibi kanunsuzlukların şiddetle cezalandırılması ve aşiretlerin ödeyecekleri âşâr ve koyun vergisinin tahsil edilerek alay masraflarına karşılık tutulması da teklif edilmekteydi. Adlî vak‘alarda alay idareci ve mensuplarının, kendilerini doğrudan padişaha bağlı saymaları sebebiyle mahkeme kararları ile vali ve kaymakamların emirlerini dinlememeleri konusunun, ahali arasında çıkacak her türlü anlaşmazlıkta tek yetkilinin mahallî adlî otorite olduğu belirtilerek önlenebileceği ileri sürülmekteydi. Ancak bu teklifler tam olarak uygulanamadı. Öte yandan dış baskılara mâruz kalan hükümetin bazı uygulamalarının aşiretlerin devlete küsmesine sebep olabileceği ihtimaline karşı II. Abdülhamid, aşiret ileri gelenleriyle padişah-halife sıfatını ön plana çıkaracak doğrudan özel ilişkiler kurmayı tercih etti ve dış baskılara direnerek aşiretlere yanlarında olduğu mesajını vermeye çalıştı. Bu politika ile aşiretleri şahsına bağladığı gibi hilâfet makamı ile olan irtibatlarını da sağlamlaştırdı. 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânına kadar mahallî, mülkî ve askerî otoritelerle Hamidiye Alayları mensupları ve aşiretleri arasındaki sürtüşme ve çekişmeler eksik olmadı. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı ve hemen ardından II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesiyle yeni bir siyasî anlayışın ortaya çıkması, yönetimin bölgede halen mevcut olan veya geri dönen Ermeniler lehine kararlar alması sosyal tepkilere yol açtı. Aşiretler arasında devlete karşı propaganda yapanlar, idarenin Ermeniler’i kayırdığı ve devletin müslüman vasfının tehlikeye girdiği söylentilerini yaymaya başlayarak huzursuzluğu arttırdılar.
II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra hükümet, Binbaşı Hacı Hamdi Bey başkanlığındaki bir heyeti Rus sınırına yakın bölgelerdeki alayları ve Fahreddin (Altay) Bey başkanlığındaki bir diğer heyeti de Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki alayları düzenlemekle görevlendirdi. Bu komisyonlar kayıtları kontrol ederek ölen askerleri kayıtlardan çıkarıp yerlerine yenilerini aldı ve aşiret reislerine yeni rütbe ve hediyeler dağıttı. Bu arada teşkilâtın ismi de “aşiret alayları” olarak kısaltıldı. Yine bu dönemde aşiretler çete savaşı yapacak yardımcı birlikler halinde düzenlendi. 1910 düzenlemesinde askerî yükümlülük süresi on sekiz-kırk beş yaşları arasında yirmi yedi yıl olarak belirlendi. Alay kadrosunda aşiret reislerinin etkinliği azaltıldı. 1912’de alaylar birleştirilip “aşiret süvari fırkaları” meydana getirildi. Ayrıca yedi kişilik bir aşiret süvari müfettişliği oluşturularak alayların tek elden yönetilmesine başlandı. 1911’de çıkarılan “Cerâd Nizamı” adlı tâlimatnâme ile alayların görev ve eğitim sistemleri yeniden düzenlendi. Buna göre ordu tarafından desteklenen alayların görevi düşman süvarisinin yanaşık nizamdaki birliklerini dağıtmak, düşman keşif kollarına engel olmak, düşmanı yanıltmak, oyalamak ve baskın yapmak, geri çekilen düşmanı takip ederek zarar vermek, kısaca çete savaşı yapmaktan ibaretti.
Alayların bu son düzenleme ile ne gibi faaliyetler içine girdiklerine dair fazla bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte Karakeçili ve Milli aşiretlerinin Balkan savaşlarına gönüllü üçer alayla katıldıkları ve mücadele ettikleri bilinmektedir. Gerek I. Dünya Savaşı’nda gerekse Millî Mücadele yıllarında aşiret alaylarının bazı askerî görevler aldıkları, Doğu Anadolu’nun savunmasına katkıda bulundukları belirtilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Düstur , Birinci tertip, Ankara 1941, VII, 68-86.
M. Şerif Fırat, Doğu İlleri ve Varto Tarihi , Ankara 1970, s. 144-164.
Esat Uras, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi , İstanbul 1976, tür.yer.
Sakıp Selçuk Günay, Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları: 1890-1918 (doktora tezi, 1983), Atatürk Üniversitesi Ed.Fak. Tarih Bölümü.
Cevdet Küçük, Osmanlı Diplomasisinde Ermeni Meselesinin Ortaya Çıkışı: 1878-1897 , İstanbul 1984, s. 138, 144, 161, 165.
Bayram Kodaman, Sultan II. Abdülhamid Devri Doğu Anadolu Politikası , İstanbul 1987, s. 21-23, 29-41, 43-53, 56-58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 74-75, 77-79, 87, 91, 93, 102, 119, 125.
a.mlf., “Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları: II. Abdülhamid ve Doğu Anadolu Aşiretleri”, TD , XXXII (1979), s. 427-480.
Ali Karaca, Anadolu Islahatı ve Ahmet Şakir Paşa: 1838-1899 , İstanbul 1993, s. 21, 36, 43, 69, 89, 93, 94, 169, 170, 173-179, 182, 213.
a.mlf., “Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları Hakkında Bazı Tespitler (1890-1900)”, Prof. Dr. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız Armağanı , İstanbul 1995, s. 309-318.
Cezmi Eraslan, “I. Sason İsyanı Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Karşılaştığı Sosyal Problemler”, Kafkas Araştırmaları II , İstanbul 1996, s. 67-94.
Stephen Duguid, “The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy in Eastern Anatolia”, MES , IX/2 (1973), s. 145-155.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 462-464 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.