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HAMMÂD b. EBÛ SÜLEYMAN Skip to content Ebû İsmâîl Hammâd b. Ebî Süleymân Müslim b. Yezîd el-İsfahânî el-Kûfî (ö. 120/738)
Ebû Hanîfe’nin hocası, döneminin Kûfe fakihi.
Babası aslen İsfahan’ın Bürhuvâr nahiyesinden olup rivayete göre İsfahan melikinin oğludur. Kaynakların verdiği bilgiye göre babası, Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’nin İsfahan’ı fethi sırasında (20/641 veya 21/642) esir düştü ve onun huzurunda müslüman oldu. Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî ile aralarında bir nevi himaye ve hükmî hısımlık anlaşması demek olan “velâ bağı” kurulduğu için Eş‘arî nisbesiyle de anılır. Ebû Süleyman, Ebû Mûsâ tarafından Hz. Ömer’e götürüldü ve onun huzurunda Müslümanlığını yeniden ilân etti. Hz. Ömer kendisine Kûfe’de bir arazi verdi (Ebü’ş-Şeyh, I, 95). Ebû Nuaym ise İsfahan’ın fethi sırasında oranın melikinin Fâzûsfân (Pâdûspân) olduğunu (Ẕikru aḫbâri İṣbahân , I, 46), Ebû Süleyman’ın Bürhuvâr’da esir alındığını ve Muâviye’nin Ebû Mûsâ’ya hediye ettiği on köle arasında yer aldığını kaydeder (a.g.e. , I, 50, 51, 341). Ancak Ebû Süleyman’ın fetih sırasında Müslümanlığı kabul ettiği göz önüne alınırsa bu son rivayetin doğru olmaması gerekir. Nitekim başka kaynaklarda Muâviye’nin onu Hakem Vak‘ası’nda Dûmetülcendel’de (veya Ezruh) bulunan Ebû Mûsâ’ya elçi olarak gönderdiği ifade edilir (İbn Sa‘d, VI, 332; İclî, s. 132).
Kaynaklarda Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî ailesinin veya onun oğlu İbrâhim’in yahut da torunu Bilâl b. Ebû Bürde’nin mevlâsı olarak anılan Hammâd’ın hayatı hakkındaki bilgiler oldukça sınırlıdır. İyi bir tahsil görmesi için babası tarafından Kûfe Mescidi’nde hadis ve fıkıh okutan İbrâhim en-Nehaî’nin yanına verildi. Varlıklı bir insan olan babası oğlunun ilimden başka bir şeyle uğraşmasını istemiyor, bunun için elinden geleni yapıyordu. Üstün bir zekâya sahip olan Hammâd’ın yetişmesinde şüphesiz ki en büyük pay, Emevîler döneminde Irak bölgesinde fıkhî düşüncenin ve re’y hareketinin gelişmesine öncülük eden ve Irak medresesinin imamı olarak anılan İbrâhim en-Nehaî’ye aittir. Hammâd Nehaî’nin en önde gelen öğrencisiydi. Onun yetişmesinde, daha çok hadisçi kimliğiyle tanınan Âmir b. Şerâhîl eş-Şa‘bî’nin de önemli katkısı olmuştur. Hadis tahsil ettiği hocaları arasında ashaptan Enes b. Mâlik, tâbiînden Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Hasan-ı Basrî, Saîd b. Cübeyr, Ebû Vâil Şakīk b. Seleme, Abdullah b. Büreyde, Hz. Ömer’in mevlâsı Abdurrahman b. Sa‘d ve İbn Abbas’ın mevlâsı İkrime el-Berberî vardır. Böylece tâbiîn neslinin son halkasında yer alan Hammâd, sahâbe döneminden itibaren bölgede oluşan ve seçkin tâbiîn âlimlerinin ilim meclislerinde ve ders halkalarında giderek zenginleşen Kur’an ve hadis bilgisini, fıkhî düşünce ve çözüm örneklerini farklı hocalardan öğrenme ve kendi re’y ve yorumlarıyla da bunu geliştirip sentez yapma imkânı bulmuştur.
Nehaî hayatta iken fetva vermeye başlayan Hammâd, onun ölümü üzerine (96/714) Kûfe bölgesi ilim muhitinin ortak talep ve kabulü sonucu Kûfe Mescidi’nde ilim halkasının başına ve fetva makamına geçerek hayatının sonuna kadar yirmi dört yıl fıkıh okuttu. Nehaî’ye de kendisinden sonra kimden fetva istenebileceği sorulunca Hammâd’ı aday göstermişti. Zira Hammâd fıkıhçı kişiliğiyle temayüz etmiş, re’y ve kıyas konusunda kendini yetiştirmişti. Derslerine on sekiz yıl devam eden Ebû Hanîfe’den başka ünlü öğrencileri arasında oğlu İsmâil, Hakem b. Uteybe, A‘meş, Zeyd b. Ebû Üneyse, Mugīre b. Miksem, Hişâm ed-Destüvâî, Muhammed b. Ebân el-Cu‘fî, Hamza b. Habîb ez-Zeyyât, Mis‘ar b. Kidâm, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Şu‘be b. Haccâc, Hammâd b. Seleme vardır. Böylece Hammâd, dönemindeki fıkhî tefekküre katkısının yanı sıra Kûfe bölgesinde İbn Mes‘ûd’la başlayan, birinci ve ikinci nesil tâbiîn âlimlerinin katkılarıyla gelişip zenginleşen ilmî mirasın, aralarında Ebû Hanîfe’nin de bulunduğu tebeu’t-tâbiîn nesline aktarılmasında âdeta bir köprü görevi de üstlenmiştir. Bundan dolayı İbrâhim en-Nehaî ve öğrencisi Hammâd, daha sonraları Hanefî mezhebi adıyla anılacak olan Irak fıkhının ve re’y ekolünün doğuşuna zemin hazırlayan, hatta müessir olan iki önemli şahsiyet olarak anılmaktadır.
Kûfe’de hocası Nehaî’nin izinden yürüyen Hammâd re’y ile ictihada, hükümlerin illetlerini ve şâriin maksadını araştırmaya, âyet ve hadisleri bu yönüyle yorumlamaya önem vermiş ve bu konuda öncülük etmiştir. Hac dönüşü başından geçenleri Kûfeliler’e anlatan Hammâd, Hicaz’ın meşhur âlimleri Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Tâvûs b. Keysân ve Mücâhid b. Cebr ile karşılaştığını söyler ve onların nasların zâhirine tutunmalarını, illet ve makāsıd yönünde derinleşmemelerini kastederek, “Sizin çocuklarınız ve torunlarınız onlardan daha âlimdir” der. Çağdaşı İbn Şübrüme, ilim konusunda Hammâd’dan daha güvenilir bir kimse görmediğini belirtir. Ebû Hanîfe de onu tâbiî âlim Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh’tan üstün görürdü (İbn Abdülber, II, 253). Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh ise, “Hammâd olmasaydı Kûfeliler fıkıhsız kalırdı” demiştir (Tirmizî, V, 741). Âlimler ve tabakat müellifleri, Hammâd’ın dirayetli bir fakih olduğu ve döneminin fakihleri arasında seçkin bir yere sahip bulunduğu yönünde benzer ifadeler kullanırlar.
Hammâd re’y ve ictihad anlayışı, fıkhî tefekkür ve metot bakımından hocası Nehaî’den büyük çapta etkilenip âdeta onun yolunu takip etmekle birlikte, dirayetli bir müctehid olması sebebiyle hocasından devraldığı fıkhî mirası diğer muhitlerden edindiği bilgilerle mezcetmiş ve neticede onu geliştirip zenginleştirerek bir sonraki nesle aktarmıştır. Konuyla ilgili özel bir araştırma yapan Muhammed Revvâs Kal‘acî, Hammâd’ın fıkhî görüş ve tercihlerinin birçok konuda hocası ile benzerlik arzettiğini, yirmi altı meselede ise hocasından farklı düşündüğünü ifade eder (Mevsûʿatü fıḳhi Ḥammâd b. Ebî Süleymân , s. 22). Kaynaklarda, özellikle de musannef türü hadis mecmualarında yer alan bilgilerle sınırlı olarak tesbit edilebilen bu görüş farklıkları (a.g.e. , s. 22-26), iki fakihin hemen hemen aynı ilmî muhite ve bilgi birikimine sahip olduğu da düşünülürse Hammâd’ın ilmî dirayetini göstermede yeterli bir ipucu sayılmalıdır. Meselâ Hammâd, eğitilmiş av köpeğinin satışının câiz olmayışı, kölenin diyetini âkılenin üstlenmesi, muhâleanın talâk değil ayrılık olduğu, beytülmâlden çalanın elinin kesilmesi, şüf‘a hakkının yalnız bitişik komşuya ait olması, bir gruba zina iftirasında bulunana sadece bir haddin gerekmesi gibi görüşleriyle hocası Nehaî’den ayrılmıştır.
İbnü’n-Nedîm Hammâd’ın kadılık yaptığını belirtirse de (el-Fihrist , s. 285) bu bilgi başka kaynaklarca doğrulanmamaktadır. Ancak onun Kûfe Kadısı Abdullah b. Nevf el-Eş‘arî’ye bir olayla ilgili olarak danışmanlık yaptığı (Vekî‘, III, 24, 31), bir başka Kûfe Kadısı Muhârib b. Disâr’ın hüküm verirken iki yanında yer alan Hammâd ile Hakem b. Uteybe’ye danıştığı rivayet edilir.
Bir yakınının ölmesi üzerine Hammâd ondan kalan mirası almak için muhtemelen 112 (730) yılında yerine Ebû Hanîfe’yi bırakarak Basra’ya gitti (Hatîb, XIII, 333). Kendisiyle arasında velâ bağı bulunan Basra Valisi (yahut Kadısı) Bilâl b. Ebû Bürde ile görüştü. Bu ziyaret sırasında Hammâd b. Seleme, Hişâm ed-Destüvâî gibi Basralı meşhur muhaddisler ondan hadis dinlediler. Hammâd b. Ebû Süleyman, hadislerin senedlerinde kopukluk olmaksızın rivayet edilmesi (isnad) usulünü Basra’ya ilk getiren kişidir. Hammâd b. Seleme’nin anlattığına göre Katâde b. Diâme rivayette bulunacağı zaman, “Hz. Peygamber’den bize ulaştı (beleganâ an…)”; “Ömer’den bize ulaştı”; “Ali’den bize ulaştı” diye söze başlar, hemen hemen hiç sened vermezdi. Hammâd Basra’ya gelince, “İbrâhim ve filân bize rivayet etti (haddesenâ)” demeye başladı. Bunun üzerine Katâde de isnadla haber rivayet etti.
Hammâd’ın hadisçiliği hadis âlimleri arasında tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Basralı âlim Osman el-Bettî, “Hammâd re’yini söyleyince isabet ederdi; İbrâhim’den rivayette bulununca hata ederdi” diyerek bir yandan onun güçlü fıkıhçı şahsiyetini ortaya koyarken öte yandan aynı derecede güçlü bir râvi olmadığına işaret etmiştir. İbn Maîn, Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî, Nesâî, İbn Hibbân gibi hadis münekkitleri ise onu sika kabul ederler. Hadisçilik yönünü zayıf görenler, özellikle hayatının sonlarında hâfızasının zayıflaması sebebiyle hadisleri karıştırdığını, sara nöbetleri geçirdiğini, Mürciî olduğunu ileri sürerler. Re’y ekolünden olması da hadisçilerin bu yöndeki eleştirilerine önemli bir zemin teşkil etmiştir. Nitekim bir rivayete göre İmam Mâlik, “Iraklılar deyince aklımıza Basralılar gelirdi. Kûfe’de de Alkame, Esved, Şüreyh gibi âlimler vardı. Hammâd adında biri ortaya çıktı; dine itiraz ederek din hakkında re’yi ile konuştu” demiştir (İbn Adî, II, 656; İbn Hacer, III, 18).
İbn Sa‘d, Hammâd’ı çok hadis rivayet eden kişiler arasında sayarken (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 333) Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî onun hadislerinin 200’den daha az olduğunu söyler. Zehebî, Hammâd’ın çok rivayette bulunmamasını rivayet döneminden önce vefat etmiş olmasına bağlar (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 231). Ancak Ebû Hanîfe’nin naklettiği yaklaşık 2000 hadisin Hammâd’dan rivayet edilmiş olduğu göz önüne alınırsa (DİA , X, 135) rivayetlerinin pek de az olmadığı anlaşılır. Ebû Hanîfe, Hammâd’ın kitaplarını Muhammed b. Câbir’den alarak rivayet etmiştir (İbn Hibbân, el-Mecrûḥîn , I, 74).
Buhârî el-Edebü’l-müfred ’de, Müslim el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’te bir yerde, ayrıca diğer dört sünen sahibi Hammâd’dan hadis rivayet etmişlerdir. Buhârî el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inin bab başlıklarında (“Vuḍûʾ”, 36, 67, “Ṣavm”, 29, “Kefâlet”, 1, “Ṭalâḳ”, 25, “Diyât”, 29) Hammâd’ın fikirlerine yer vermiş ve bir yerde (“Vuḍûʾ”, 36) onun aracılığıyla Nehaî’nin görüşünü nakletmiştir. Hammâd’ın naklettiği müsned, mürsel ve mevkuf rivayetlerin büyük kısmı Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin el-Âs̱âr adlı eserleriyle günümüze intikal etmiştir.
Hammâd’ın kelâmcılık yönünün bulunmadığı ve herhangi bir kelâmî görüşün savunuculuğunu yapmadığı belirtilir (İclî, s. 132). Sâbit b. Aclân, kendisine cemaatten ayrılmamayı emreden ve ehl-i ehvâdan sakındıran pek çok kişi arasında Hammâd’ı da sayar. Hammâd’ın, döneminin en önemli tartışma konularından biri olan halku’l-Kur’ân meselesinde Kur’an’ın yaratılmadığı görüşünü savunduğu (İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , IV, 160; İbn Hacer, III, 17) ve aksi görüşte olanları tekfir ettiği (Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye , s. 98) bilinmektedir. Bununla beraber kaynaklar umumiyetle onun Mürcie’den olduğunu kaydeder. Bir rivayete göre Hammâd, Zer b. Abdullah el-Hemedânî ile birlikte Kûfe’ye Mürcie anlayışını getiren ilk kişidir (Ukaylî, I, 304). Mürcie’yi benimsedikten sonra hocası Nehaî onun yanına gelmesini yasaklamıştır. Süfyân es-Sevrî, Nehaî’nin öğrencilerinden (yahut kendi arkadaşlarından) çekindikleri için Hammâd’ın yanına gizlice girdiklerini söyler. Bazı iddialara göre ise Hammâd, Kûfe Mürcie ekolünün reisi olması için kendisine teklif edilen 40.000 dirhemi almak amacıyla Mürcie mezhebine girmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 304; Yahyâ b. Maîn, II, 132). Ancak ilk dönem kaynaklarında Hammâd’ın zengin olduğuna dair yer alan bilgiler bu iddianın haklılığı konusunda şüphe uyandırmaktadır.
Hammâd’ın, “Tevhide inandıktan sonra farzları terketmenin sakıncası yoktur” şeklindeki aşırı Mürciî anlayışı benimsediğine dair bir bilgi yoktur. Bir rivayete göre Hammâd Basra ziyaretinden Kûfe’ye dönünce, “Basralılar’ı nasıl buldun?” sorusuna, “Onlar aramızda konaklamış bir grup Şamlıdır” cevabını verir. İbn Sa‘d bu sözü, “Hz. Ali konusunda onlar bizim gibi düşünmez” şeklinde yorumladıktan sonra Hammâd’ın Mürciî olduğunu kaydeder (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 333). İbn Sa‘d’ın bu ifadesini, Hammâd’ın hemşerisi ve çağdaşı Kûfe Kadısı Muhârib b. Disâr’la ilgili olarak söyledikleriyle (a.g.e. , VI, 307) birleştirince onun Hammâd’ı da Hz. Ali ve Hz. Osman’ın durumunu tehir (ircâ) eden, iman ve küfürlerine hüküm vermeyenler anlamında ilk Mürcie’den saydığı anlaşılır. Zehebî, Hammâd’ın Mürciîliği’ni ibadetleri imandan saymama ve imanı dil ile ikrar, kalp ile tasdik olarak görme şeklinde tanımlanan “fukaha Mürciîliği” olarak nitelendirir ve Ehl-i sünnet’in yerleşik görüşüyle bu görüş arasında lafzî olmaktan öteye gitmeyen bir farklılık bulunduğunu belirtir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 233). Nitekim bu anlayışı Ebû Hanîfe’nin de benimsediği bilinmektedir. İbn Abdülber, Ebû Hanîfe’nin Mürcie anlayışını Hammâd’dan aldığını söylerken (Câmiʿu beyâni’l-ʿilm , II, 253) bunu kastetmiş olmalıdır.
Kaynakların verdiği sınırlı bilgiler arasında Hammâd’ın zengin ve cömert olduğu, ramazanda kalabalık misafir gruplarına iftar verdiği, etrafındaki fakir ve kimsesizleri devamlı gözettiği, giyim ve kuşamına özen gösterdiği ve onuruna düşkün olduğu rivayetleri de bulunur (Zehebî, V, 234-238; İbnü’l-İmâd, I, 157). Hicaz, Basra ve Rakka gibi şehirlere olan kısa süreli yolculukları dışında ömrünün büyük bir kısmını Kûfe’de geçirdiği anlaşılan Hammâd’ın 119’da (737) vefat ettiğine dair bazı rivayetler varsa da kaynakların çoğu 120 (738) yılında birleşmektedir. Oğlu İsmâil’in de meşhur âlimlerden olduğu bilinmektedir (Ebü’ş-Şeyh, I, 154; Ebû Nuaym, I, 248-249).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 484-486 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.