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HAMSE Skip to content Klasik İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında bir şairin beş mesnevisinden oluşan külliyat.
Arapça hams (beş) kelimesinin müennesi olan hamse , beş mesneviden oluşan külliyat anlamında ilk defa Nizâmî-i Gencevî’nin (ö. 608/1211-12 [?]) Maḫzenü’l-esrâr , Ḫüsrev ü Şîrîn , Leylâ vü Mecnûn , Heft Peyker , İskendernâme adlı Farsça eserleri hakkında kullanılmıştır. “Penc genc” (beş hazine) adıyla da anılan bu mesnevilerin taklit edilmesiyle sayıları artmaya başlayan bu tür eserlere “hamse” adı verilmiştir. Hamse yazan şairlere “hamse-nüvîs” veya “sâhib-i hamse”, yazdığı mesnevi sayısı beşten fazla olan şairlere de “sâhib-i sitte, sâhib-i seb‘a” gibi adlar verilmiştir.
Daha çok Nizâmî’nin Ḫamse ’si taklit edilerek veya ona nazîreler yazılarak ortaya konulan ilk hamselerin başında gelen Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî’nin Ḫamse ’sindeki mesnevilerin konuları Nizâmî’ninkiyle aynıdır. Ancak burada ilk mesnevi Maṭlaʿu’l-envâr adını almış, bunu Şîrîn ü Ḫüsrev , Mecnûn ü Leylâ , Heşt Bihişt ve Âyîne-i İskenderî takip etmiştir. Fars edebiyatında hamselerin büyük bir kısmı Nizâmî’nin Ḫamse ’sinin taklidi olmakla beraber bazıları konu ve vezin bakımından yenidir. Meselâ Hâcû-yi Kirmânî’nin Ḫamse ’sinde Hümâ vü Hümâyûn , Kemâlnâme , Gül ü Nevrûz ve Gevhernâme adlı orijinal sayılabilecek mesneviler yer almaktadır. Nizâmî’nin eserinden sonra diğer önemli bir hamse de Abdurrahman Câmî’nin Heft Evreng ’idir. Bu eserde Silsiletü’ẕ-ẕeheb , Selâmân ü Ebsâl , Tuḥfetü’l-aḥrâr (Nizâmî’nin Maḫzenü’l-esrâr ’ına nazîre), Ṣubḥatü’l-ebrâr , Yûsuf u Züleyḫâ , Leylâ vü Mecnûn , Ḫırednâme-i İskenderî adlı yedi mesnevi bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Silsiletü’ẕ-ẕeheb ve Selâmân ü Ebsâl dışındakilere Ḫamse-i Câmî adı da verilmiştir. Külliyatındaki mesnevi sayısı altı olan Hâtifî’nin eserinde Timurnâme , Şîrîn ü Ḫüsrev , Heft Manẓar , İsmâʿîl-nâme , Leylâ vü Mecnûn ve Şehinşahnâme adlı mesneviler yer almaktadır. Fars edebiyatında konuları Nizâmî’ninkinden farklı olan diğer bir hamse de Feyzî-i Hindî’nindir. Hindî’nin külliyatı Merkez-i Edvâr , Süleymân ü Belḳīs , Hint kaynaklı bir aşk hikâyesi olan Nel ü Demen , Heft Kişver ve Nizâmî’nin İskendernâme ’si örnek alınarak yazılan Ekbernâme adlı mesnevileri ihtiva eder. Bunların dışında bazılarının adına yalnız kaynaklarda rastlanan hamse sahipleri arasında Dervîş Eşref, Kevkebî, Sâdık Nâmî, Hilâlî-i Çağatâyî, Kemâleddîn-i Zamîrî, Hâşim-i Herevî gibi isimler sayılabilir.
Fars edebiyatının etkisiyle Türk edebiyatında da XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren hamse yazılmaya başlanmıştır. Türk edebiyatındaki hamselerin çoğu Nizâmî-i Gencevî, Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî ve Câmî’nin mesnevilerine nazîre, cevap veya bunlardan tercüme yoluyla yazılmıştır. Klasik mesnevi konularının esas alındığı bu eserler yeni ilâvelerle zenginleştirilerek yarı telif hale getirilmiştir. Farsça ve Türkçe hamselerde en çok tekrar edilen konu “Leylâ ve Mecnûn” kıssasıdır. Bunun ardından Fars edebiyatında “Hüsrev ü Şîrîn”, Türk edebiyatında “Yûsuf ve Züleyhâ” kıssaları gelir. Öte yandan tamamen Türk yerli hayatını konu alan orijinal mesneviler de kaleme alınmıştır. Taşlıcalı Yahyâ ile Nev‘îzâde Atâî’nin hamseleri bu bakımdan büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Türk edebiyatında hamse yazan ilk şair Çağatay sahasından Ali Şîr Nevâî’dir (ö. 906/1501). Nevâî’nin Hamse ’sinin ilk mesnevisi olan Hayretü’l-ebrâr , Nizâmî’nin Maḫzenü’l-esrâr ’ı ile Emîr Hüsrev’in Maṭlaʿu’l-envâr ’ı ve Câmî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-aḥrâr ’ına nazîre niteliği taşımakla beraber eserde yer alan “makale” ve hikâyelerin tamamı Nevâî’nin kendi buluşudur. Ferhâd ü Şîrîn , Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’dan sonra dördüncü mesnevi olan Seb‘a-i Seyyâre ’de Nevâî, eserin kahramanı Behrâm-ı Gûr’u Nizâmî ve Emîr Hüsrev’den farklı bir şekilde ele alarak değişik bir mesnevi ortaya koymuştur. Nevâî, Sedd-i İskenderî adını taşıyan beşinci mesnevisinde Firdevsî’nin bir efsane kahramanı, Nizâmî’nin ise efsane kahramanı olmakla birlikte peygamber kimliğiyle de anlattığı İskender’e büyük bir Türk hükümdarı niteliği vermiş ve adaletli, gerçekçi, ihtiraslardan uzak bir hükümdar olarak görünmesine dikkat etmiştir. Nevâî’nin iki baskısı yapılan Hamse ’sinin (Hîve 1880; Taşkent 1904) birçok yazma nüshası vardır (geniş bilgi için bk. Levend, Ali Şir Nevaî III: Hamse , tür.yer.).
Anadolu’da yazılan ilk hamse Hamdullah Hamdi’ye (ö. 909/1503) aittir. Hamdi’nin Hamse ’si Yûsuf u Züleyhâ , Leylâ vü Mecnûn , Tuhfetü’l-uşşâk , Kıyafetnâme ve Ahmediyye (Mevlid) mesnevilerinden meydana gelmektedir. Bunlardan özellikle Yûsuf u Züleyhâ büyük üne sahiptir. Ayrıca XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yaşamış olan ve hayatı hakkında bilgi bulunmayan Ârif adında bir şairin Mürşidü’l-ubbâd (baş tarafı eksik), Nüsha-i Âlem ve Şerhu’l-Âdem , Mevlid , Mi‘râc , Vefât-ı Nebî adlı beş mesnevisi bulunmaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., İbrâhim Efendi, nr. 355). Anadolu sahasında yazılan ilk hamselerden biri de Bihiştî Ahmed Sinan Çelebi’ye (ö. 917/1511-12 [?]) aittir. Eserin sonunda yer alan bir beyitte Bihiştî, kendisinden önce kimsenin böyle bir eser ortaya koymadığını ileri sürmüştür. Bihiştî’nin Hamse ’sinde yer aldığı bildirilen Vâmık u Azrâ , Yûsuf u Züleyhâ , Hüsn ü Nigâr , Süheyl ü Nevbahâr , Leylâ vü Mecnûn mesnevilerinden bugün yalnız Leylâ vü Mecnûn mevcuttur (bk. BİHİŞTÎ AHMED SİNAN ÇELEBİ ).
XVI. yüzyılda Lâmiî Çelebi (ö. 938/1532), mesnevilerinin sayısı beşten fazla olan bir şair olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Ancak bunlardan hangilerinin hamsesine dahil olduğu bilinmemektedir. Lâmiî’nin mevcut mesnevileri şunlardır: Vâmık u Azrâ , Vîs ü Râmîn , Selâmân ü Ebsâl , Şem‘ u Pervâne , Gûy u Çevgân , Ferhâdnâme , Maktel-i Hüseyin , Şehrengîz-i Bursa ve Heft Peyker . XVI. yüzyılın diğer bir hamse şairi de Hâmidîzâde Celîlî’dir (ö. 977/1569). Şairin hamsesini oluşturan Hüsrev ü Şîrîn , Leylâ vü Mecnûn , Gül-i Sadberg-i bî-Hâr , Hecrnâme , Meheknâme adlı mesneviler, Bibliothèque Nationale’deki 130 varaklık külliyatı içinde yer almaktadır (bk. CELÎLÎ, Hâmidîzâde ). Taşlıcalı Yahyâ Bey de (ö. 990/1582) çoğu yerli konuları işleyen mesnevileriyle dikkat çeken bir hamse şairidir. Eseri Gencîne-i Râz , Usûlnâme , Şâh u Gedâ , Yûsuf u Züleyhâ ve Gülşen-i Envâr adlı mesnevilerden oluşur. Bu yüzyılda altı mesnevi yazmış olan başka bir hamse şairi de Ahmed Rıdvan’dır. Ahmed Rıdvan’ın mesnevileri İskendernâme , Leylâ vü Mecnûn , Hüsrev ü Şîrîn , Rıdvâniyye , Mahzenü’l-esrâr ve Heft Peyker adlarını taşımaktadır. Kaynaklarda hamse sahibi olduğu bildirilen Hayâtî’nin Ahmed Rıdvan’ın mesnevilerini kendine mal ettiği anlaşılmıştır (DİA , II, 123).
XVII. yüzyılda hamse şairlerinin önde gelen ismi Nev‘îzâde Atâî (ö. 1045/1635) Âlem-nümâ (Sâkīnâme) , Nefhatü’l-ezhâr , Sohbetü’l-ebkâr , Heft Hân , Hilyetü’l-efkâr adlı mesnevilerden oluşan Ḫamse ’siyle İran geleneğinden ayrılarak tamamen yerli bir eser ortaya koymuştur. Şair, mesnevilerinde devrin içtimaî hayatını çok canlı ve oldukça realist bir şekilde tasvir etmiş, tarihî olayları, günlük hayatın çeşitli meselelerini aralara kısa manzum hikâyeler de katarak başarılı bir şekilde yansıtmıştır. Aynı yüzyılda yaşayan Nergisî’nin (ö. 1044/1635) el-Akvâlü’l-müselleme fî gazavâti’l-Mesleme , Kānûnü’r-Reşâd , Meşâkku’l-uşşâk , İksîr-i Saâdet ve Nihâlistân adlı mensur eserden meydana gelen Hamse ’si farklı nitelikte bir eserdir. Üç baskısı yapılan Hamse-i Nergisî ’nin (Bulak 1839 [ta‘lik ve nesih hurufat ile iki baskı]; İstanbul 1869) yazma nüshalarının da fazla oluşu eserin çok okunduğunu göstermektedir (İA , IX, 196).
Türk edebiyatında yazılan son hamse Subhizâde Feyzî’ye (ö. 1152/1739) aittir. Şairin Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Revan Köşkü, nr. 801) divanında yer alan Heft Seyyâre , Mir’ât-ı Sûretnümâ , Safânâme ve Işknâme adlı mesnevileri divanıyla birlikte bir hamse oluşturmaktadır (bk. FEYZÎ, Subhizâde ).
Kaynaklarda Revânî Çelebi, Çâkerî Sinan, Muîdî (İznikli), Fuzûlî, Fazlî, Halîfe, Cemâleddin Hulvî, Fikrî Derviş, Karamanlı Figānî ve İlyas Çelebi de hamse sahibi şairler olarak zikredilmekteyse de kendilerine atfedilen mesnevilerin çoğu ele geçmemiştir. Hamse sahibi divan şairlerinin eserleri ve nüshaları, haklarındaki kısa tanıtma ve değerlendirmelerle birlikte İstanbul Kütüphaneleri Türkçe Hamseler Kataloğu ’nda verilmiştir (İstanbul 1961).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Cl. Huart, “Hamse”, İA , V/1, s. 200.
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Abdülkadir Karahan, “Hamse”, TA , XVIII, 454-455.
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J. T. P. De Bruijn, “K̲h̲amsa”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 1041-1042.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 499-500 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.