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HAMZA Skip to content Seyyidüşşühedâ Esedullāh Ebû Umâre (Ebû Ya‘lâ) Hamza b. Abdilmuttalib b. Hâşim b. Abdimenâf el-Kureşî el-Hâşimî (ö. 3/625)
Hz. Peygamber’in amcası, Uhud şehidlerinden.
569 veya 570 yılında Mekke’de doğdu. Annesi, Hz. Âmine’nin amcasının kızı olan Hâle bint Vüheyb’dir. Ebû Leheb’in câriyesi Süveybe’den süt emdikleri için Hz. Peygamber ile sütkardeşi, aynı zamanda çocukluk ve gençlik yıllarında arkadaş ve dost oldukları bilinen Hamza’nın bi‘setin 2 (612) veya 6. yılında (616) müslüman olduğu nakledilmektedir. Rivayete göre, Ebû Cehil ve adamlarının Resûl-i Ekrem’e hakaret ettiklerine şahit olan Abdullah b. Cüd‘ân’ın câriyesi, av dönüşü Kâbe’yi tavaf etmekte olan Hamza’ya gördüklerini anlatmış, büyük bir öfkeye kapılan Hamza elindeki yay ile Ebû Cehil’i yaralamış ve, “İşte ben de Muhammed’in dinini benimsiyorum, cesareti olan varsa gelsin dövüşelim” diyerek İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiğini ilân etmiştir. Hamza’nın İslâm dinini benimsemesiyle müslümanların güçleri artmış, bu da müşriklerin müslümanlar aleyhine gerçekleştirmek istedikleri cüretkâr teşebbüslerini bir kere daha gözden geçirmelerine sebep olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber, hicretten sonra Medine’de ensar ile muhacirler arasında kardeşlik bağı (muâhât) kurduğu gibi daha önce Mekke’de de müslümanları birbirleriyle kardeş yapmıştı. Nitekim Hamza müslüman olunca Resûl-i Ekrem onu Zeyd b. Hârise ile kardeş ilân etmiştir. Hz. Hamza gazâya çıktığında neyi varsa hepsini Zeyd’e vasiyet ederdi. Hamza Medine’ye hicret ettiğinde Kubâ’da Külsûm b. Hidm’in (veya Sa‘d b. Heyseme’nin) evinde misafir olarak kalmış, Hz. Peygamber muâhât sırasında onu Külsûm b. Hidm ile kardeş yapmıştır.
Hicretten sonra Medine’ye sığınan müslümanları tehdit eden Kureyşliler’i vazgeçirmek için onları ticaret yollarında sıkıştırmak üzere seriyyeler düzenleyen Resûl-i Ekrem, bu seriyyelerin ilki olduğu rivayet edilen Sîfülbahr seferinde Hz. Hamza’yı kumandan tayin etti. Hamza 1. yılın Ramazanında (Mart 623) otuz kişilik bir müfreze ile, aralarında Ebû Cehil’in de bulunduğu yaklaşık 300 kişilik bir süvari birliğince korunan Kureyş kervanını kontrol altında tutmak ve gerektiğinde baskın düzenlemek amacıyla sefere çıktı. Taraflar, Medine’nin batısında Kızıldeniz sahillerine yakın bir yerde Cüheyneliler’in yaşadığı bölgede karşılaştılar. Çarpışma Cüheyne kabilesinden Mecd b. Amr’ın gayretiyle önlendi. Ebvâ ve Zül‘uşeyre seferlerine ve Kaynukā‘ Gazvesi’ne de iştirak eden Hz. Hamza bu seferlerde Resûl-i Ekrem’in sancağını taşımıştır.
Hz. Hamza Bedir Savaşı’nın (2/624) önde gelen kahramanlarındandı. Büyük bir cesaretle savaşarak teke tek vuruşmak için ortaya çıkanlardan Şeybe b. Rebîa’yı öldürdü ve Ebû Süfyân b. Harb’in karısı Hind’in babası Utbe b. Rebîa’nın öldürülmesine yardımcı oldu. Savaş esnasında da Cübeyr b. Mut‘im’in amcası Tuayme b. Adî’yi ve Kureyş’in bazı ileri gelenlerini öldürdü. Bundan dolayı özellikle Hamza’dan intikam almaya çalışan müşrikler, Cübeyr b. Mut‘im’in Habeş asıllı kölesi Vahşî b. Harb’e Uhud Gazvesi’nde Hamza’yı öldürdüğü takdirde âzat edileceğine dair söz verdiler. Hz. Hamza’nın ciğerini çiğneyeceğini ve organlarından yapacağı gerdanlığı boğazına takarak Mekke’ye döneceğini söyleyen Hind ise bütün takılarına ilâveten 10 altın vereceğini vaad etti.
Hz. Hamza, Uhud Gazvesi öncesinde Medine’de kalınıp savunma yapılması veya şehrin dışında düşmanla savaşılması konusu tartışılırken Resûl-i Ekrem’e ikinci şıkkı tercih ettiğini söyledi. Bu gazvede de kahramanca savaşan ve otuz bir kişiyi öldüren Hamza, Hz. Peygamber’in uyarısına rağmen okçuların yerlerini terketmesi yüzünden İslâm ordusu bozguna uğrayınca, “Ben Allah ve resulünün aslanıyım. Allahım! Ebû Süfyân ile adamlarının yaptıkları kötülüklerden sana sığınırım. Müslümanların yanlış hareketlerinden dolayı da senden af dilerim” diyerek düşmanla çarpışmaya devam etti. Bir taşın arkasına gizlenip Sibâ‘ b. Abdüluzzâ ile vuruşmasını seyreden Vahşî, Hz. Hamza’nın Sibâ‘ı öldürdükten sonra kendisinin bulunduğu yere yaklaştığını görünce mızrağını fırlatarak onu şehid etti; daha sonra ciğerini çıkarıp Hind’e götürdü. Düşman askerleri, başta Hamza olmak üzere babası müşrik olan Hanzale b. Ebû Âmir dışında bütün şehidlerin burunlarını, kulaklarını ve diğer organlarını keserek iplere dizip savaşa katılan kadınların boyunlarına gerdanlık diye taktılar ve Mekke’ye o şekilde girmelerini sağladılar.
Resûl-i Ekrem Hz. Hamza’yı bu durumda görünce çok üzüldü, ağladı ve şöyle dedi: “Hiç kimse senin kadar musibete uğramamıştır ve uğramayacaktır. Beni bunun kadar öfkelendiren bir şey olmamıştır. Ey Resûlullah’ın amcası! Ey Allah ve resulünün aslanı Hamza! Allah sana rahmet etsin. İyi bilirim ki sen hısım ve akrabalık haklarını gözetir, daima hayırlı işler yapardın. Eğer yas tutmak gerekseydi sana yas tutardım.” Hz. Peygamber daha sonra yetmiş (veya otuz) müşriği katledip aynı şekilde intikam alacağına yemin etti. Ancak, “Eğer ceza verecekseniz size yapılanın misliyle ceza verin. Ama sabrederseniz elbette bu sabredenler için daha hayırlıdır” (en-Nahl 16/126) meâlindeki âyet nâzil olunca bundan vazgeçti. Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. Hamza’yı görmek isteyen kız kardeşi Safiyye’ye engel olmaya çalıştıysa da Safiyye kardeşinin bu musibete Allah yolunda uğradığını, Allah yolunda bundan daha beterine de razı olacağını ve sevabı O’ndan bekleyeceğini söyleyerek ısrar etti; fakat Hamza’nın cenazesini görünce göz yaşlarını tutamadı. Hz. Peygamber, Hamza’nın Allah ve resulünün aslanı, şehidlerin efendisi olduğunu söyleyerek halası Safiyye ile kızı Fâtıma’yı teskin etti ve şehidlerin ölmeyip cennette yaşadıklarını belirttikten sonra bu esnada nâzil olan, “Allah yolunda öldürülenleri sakın ölü zannetmeyin. Bilakis onlar diridirler. Allah’ın kendi lutuf ve kereminden kendilerine verdikleriyle sevinçli bir halde rableri yanında rızıklara mazhar olmaktadırlar. Arkalarından gelecek ve henüz kendilerine katılmamış olan şehid kardeşleri için de hiçbir keder ve korkunun bulunmadığı müjdesinin sevincini duymaktadırlar” (Âl-i İmrân 3/169-170) meâlindeki âyet-i kerîmeyi okudu.
Hz. Hamza’nın cenaze namazını Resûl-i Ekrem kıldırdı; arkasından da diğer şehidlerin namazı kılındı. Şehidler yıkanmadan kendi elbiseleriyle ikişer üçer Uhud’da toprağa verildi. Üzerlerindeki kıyafetler göğüs ve baş kısımlarına sarıldı, alt kısımları da kokulu otlarla örtüldü. Hamza’nın kabrini Ebû Bekir, Ömer, Ali ve Zübeyr kazdılar ve Resûlullah ile birlikte defnettiler. Hamza, kız kardeşinin oğlu Abdullah b. Cahş ile aynı kabre konuldu. Resûl-i Ekrem Medine’ye dönünce Sa‘d b. Muâz, Muâz b. Cebel ve Abdullah b. Revâha ile ensara mensup kadınlar kendisine tâziyede bulundular ve göz yaşı dökerek üzüntüsünü paylaştılar. Ensarlı kadınların ağlamayı gece yarısına kadar sürdürdüklerini haber alan Hz. Peygamber onlara teşekkür ve dua ettikten sonra evlerine yolladı. Ertesi gün de bu şekilde ağlamalarını uygun bulmadığını söyledi.
Akrabalık hukukunu gözeten, mert ve titiz bir insan olan Hz. Hamza, Uhud Savaşı’nda dillere destan olacak şekilde bir kahramanlık göstermiştir. İslâmiyet uğruna kendi hayatını hiçe sayarken savaşın bütün tekniklerini kullanmış, o günün gazileri ve daha sonra hak yolunda savaşacak bütün gaziler için cesaret ve kahramanlık örneği olmuş, gazi ve şehidlerin pîri sayılmıştır. Bundan dolayı İslâm tarihinde “seyyidüşşühedâ” ve “esedullah” unvanları ile anılagelmiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in çok sevip saydığı, maddî ve mânevî desteklerine mazhar olduğu Hz. Hamza yaşadığı dönemde ilmî ve idarî faaliyetlere katılamamış, bu sebeple de kaynaklarda hakkında fazla bilgi yer almamıştır. Onun mukadderatı, bir bakıma Resûlullah’ın anne ve babasının mukadderatına benzemiştir. Her ikisi de genç yaşta vefat eden ebeveyn-i resûlün vazifesi, sanki son peygamberi doğurup insanlığa hediye etmekten ibaretti. Hamza’nın da görevi müslüman varlığı uğrunda elden geleni yaptıktan sonra aynı yolda şahâdet şerbetini içmek ve tarih boyunca gazilerin gönüllerinde yaşamaktan ibaret olmuştur.
Vahşî b. Harb Mekke’nin fethinden sonra Tâif’e kaçıp oraya yerleşti. Tâifliler, İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiklerini bildirmek üzere Medine’ye bir heyet gönderdiklerinde Vahşî de onlarla birlikte Medine’ye gelip Hz. Peygamber’in huzuruna çıktı. Amcasının şehid edilişini kendisinden dinlerken büyük bir teessüre kapılan Resûl-i Ekrem ona bir daha gözüne görünmemesini söyledi. Resûlullah’ın Vahşî’yi cezalandırmak şöyle dursun ona kötü bir söz bile söylememekle beraber kendisini görmeye tahammül edemeyeceğini ifade etmesi, Hamza’yı ne kadar çok sevdiğini göstermesi bakımından dikkate değer bir olaydır.
Hamza’nın Havle bint Kays’tan Umâre, Bintü’l-Mille b. Mâlik el-Evsî’den Ya‘lâ ve Âmir adlı üç oğlu ile Selmâ bint Umeys’ten Ümâme adlı bir kızı olmuştu. Ümâme’nin teyzesi Esmâ, Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in hanımı olduğundan Hz. Peygamber onun bakımını Hz. Ca‘fer’e tevdi etti. Daha sonraki yıllarda Hz. Ali Resûlullah’a amcasının güzel kızı Ümâme ile evlenmesini teklif etmiş, ancak Hz. Peygamber Ümâme’nin süt kardeşinin kızı olduğunu ve Allah’ın süt kardeş kızı ile evlenmeyi haram kıldığını söylemiştir (İbn Sa‘d, III, 11-12). Resûl-i Ekrem Ümâme’yi Mahzûmoğulları’ndan Seleme b. Ebû Seleme ile evlendirmiştir. Hz. Hamza Resûlullah’tan “Şu meâlde bir hadis rivayet etmiştir: “Allah’ım! Senden ism-i a‘zamın ve rızâyı ekberin hürmetine istekte bulunuyorum” şeklindeki duaya devam ediniz” (İbnü’l-Esîr, II, 55).
Hz. Hamza’nın türbesinin Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh’ın (1180-1225) annesi tarafından yaptırıldığı rivayet edilir. Türbenin yanına daha sonraki dönemlerde mescid ve kütüphane yapılmış, Osmanlılar zamanında buranın bakımına itina gösterilmiştir. Bölgenin yönetimi Osmanlılar’ın elinden çıktıktan sonra türbe ve çevresindeki bütün yapılar yıkılmıştır (DMT , III, 335-336).
Müslümanlar arasında kahramanlığın sembolü olan Hz. Hamza, Türk folklorunda güreşçilerin pîri sayıldığı gibi menkıbevî hayatı müslüman milletlerin edebiyatlarında kendi adıyla anılan eserlere konu olmuştur (bk. HAMZANÂME ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Abdülhüseyn-i Şehîdî, “Buḳʿa-i Ḥamza Seyyidü’ş-şühedâʾ”, DMT , III, 335-336.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 500-502 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.