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HARAKĪ Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Bahâüddîn Abdülcebbâr b. Abdilcebbâr b. Muhammed b. Sâbit b. Ahmed es-Sâbitî el-Harakī el-Mervezî (ö. 553/1158)
Mervli filozof ve matematik, astronomi, coğrafya âlimi.
28 Rebîülevvel 477’de (4 Ağustos 1084) Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu’nun başşehri Merv yakınlarında, yetiştirdiği ilim adamları ve o dönemde kurulan panayırı ile ünlü büyük ve mâmur Harak köyünde doğdu; Kâtib Çelebi bu nisbeyi yanlış olarak Hırakī şeklinde vermektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 338). Ayrıca en meşhur eseri olan et-Tebṣıra ’nın nüshalarında sadece nisbesinin yer alması muhaddis, fakih ve kelâmcı Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ebû Bişr el-Harakī el-Mervezî ile (ö. 533/1139) karıştırılmasına, bu ve diğer önemli eseri Müntehe’l-idrâk ’in başta Kâtib Çelebi olmak üzere, sonraki müellifler ve çağdaş araştırmacıların hemen hepsi tarafından bu şahsa nisbet edilmesine yol açmıştır. Öğrencisi Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed es-Sem‘ânî’nin yazdığına göre Harakī, tahsil hayatına amcası Ebü’l-Kāsım Abdurrahman b. Muhammed b. Sâbit el-Harakī’nin yanında başladı. Daha sonra Merv’e giderek Abdülkerîm es-Sem‘ânî’nin babası Tâcülislâm Muhammed b. Mansûr es-Sem‘ânî’den fıkıh okudu ve ona bağlandı; Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Ahmed el-Merverrûzî’den de Şâfiî fıkhını öğrenip iyi bir fakih olarak yetişti. Bu arada Ebû Ali İsmâil b. Ahmed el-Beyhakī’den hadis okumuş ve kendisi de bu sahada birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir.
Merv’de yerleşen Harakī sonraları hisâb ve hendese gibi riyâzî ilimlere yöneldi ve felsefeye daldı; buna rağmen dinine bağlı, iyi ahlâk sahibi bir kimseydi. Riyâzî ilimleri kimden okuduğuna dair kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur; bir muhaddis olan Sem‘ânî hocasının bu yanıyla ilgilenmemiş, onu daha az tanıyan Beyhakī de bu konuda bir şey kaydetmemiştir. Eserlerinden daha çok Batlamyus’un, Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin’in, İbn Sînâ ve İbnü’l-Heysem’in kitaplarını okuduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Merv’de yaşayan ve Sultan Sencer adına bir zîc hazırlayan ünlü astronomi ve fizik âlimi Abdurrahman el-Hâzinî ile (ö. 550/1155 [?]) çağdaş olması ve saraya yakınlığı göz önünde tutularak bu kitapları okurken ondan da faydalanmış olduğu düşünülebilir. Harakī’nin Merv sarayında saygın bir yere sahip bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır; çünkü en meşhur eserini ithaf ettiği Emîr Şemseddin Ali, Sultan Sencer’in ünlü veziri Nasîrüddin Mahmûd b. Muzaffer el-Hârizmî’nin oğludur ve hâciblik görevi yapmış bir kimsedir (Hândmîr, II, 515-516). Harakī aklî ve riyâzî ilimlerin öğretimiyle de ilgilenmiştir. Zira Müntehe’l-idrâk ’in mukaddimesinde bu eseri öğrencileri için yazdığını belirtir (King, II, 14). et-Tebṣıra’nın mukaddimesinde de mantık ilmi konusunda hacimli bir kitap yazmakta olduğunu haber verir; fakat bu eseri günümüze ulaşmamıştır.
Hârizmşahlar Devleti Hükümdarı Atsız’ın 17 Rebîülevvel 536’da (20 Ekim 1141) ele geçirdiği Merv’den ayrılırken beraberinde götürdüğü âlimler arasında Harakī de bulunuyordu (Beyhakī, s. 155; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , XI, 88); ancak Sultan Sencer’in bir yıl sonra Hârizm’i kuşatması üzerine Atsız’ın Selçuklular’a bağlılığını arzedip Merv’den aldıklarını geri vermesi sırasında o da evine dönmüş olmalıdır. Hârizm’de uzun süre kalmadığı, Sem‘ânî’nin bu hususa temas etmeyip sadece, onun Merv’de yaşadığını, 553 yılı ramazan bayramı günü sabahleyin (26 Ekim 1158) vefat ettiğini ve orada toprağa verildiğini söylemesinden anlaşılmaktadır (et-Taḥbîr , I, 422).
Harakī dinî, aklî, riyâzî ilimler ve felsefe alanında şöhretini kendi dönemine kabul ettirmiş bir âlimdir. Sonraki asırların ilim hayatını etkileyen yanı ise astronomi ve coğrafyaya münhasır kalmıştır. Onu bugüne kadar yaşatan iki önemli eseri bu konulardadır. Harakī, bu çalışmalarında kozmografya ile coğrafyayı ayrı bölümlerde ele almış, bu suretle X. yüzyıl ortalarında vasfî coğrafyayı (fizikî coğrafya) riyâzî coğrafyaya bağlamaya yönelik akıma yeni bir yön kazandırmıştır (Kračkovskij, I, 316). İlk eseri Müntehe’l-idrâk ’te, denizler konusunda geniş bilgi verdiği ikinci makalenin ikinci babı fizikî coğrafya için özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Aslında Ceyhânî’ye dayanan bu bölüm et-Tebṣıra ’da yoktur; bu bakımdan ikinci eserinin coğrafya ile ilgisinin az olduğu söylenebilir. Fakat bu, Wiedemann ve Krachkovski’nin ileri sürdükleri gibi et-Tebṣıra ’da yalnız astronomiden bahsedilmiş ve coğrafya konuları ihmal edilmiş (İA , V/1, s. 449; Kračkovskij, I, 317) değildir. Kendi zamanına kadar gelmiş astronomi ve coğrafya bilgilerini özetleyen Harakī, Hâzin ve İbnü’l-Heysem’in gezegenler ve yıldızların mevhum daireler üzerinde değil, iç içe düzenli ve devamlı dönen küresel yüzeyler üzerinde hareket ettikleri görüşünü açık ve inandırıcı biçimde anlatmıştır. Bu sayede, bir gezegenin hareketi sırasında önündeki havayı sıkıştırarak arkasında bir boşluk bıraktığı görüşü terkedilmiştir. Onun astronomi alanındaki çalışmaları, Suter’in, İbnü’l-Heysem’in Kitâb fî heyʾeti’l-ʿâlem ’inin İslâm ilim dünyasını asla etkilemediği halde hıristiyan ve yahudiler arasında çok meşhur olduğu yolundaki görüşünün (İA , V/2, s. 860) gerçeğe uymadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Krachkovski, Harakī’nin eserinin eski Latince risâlelerde anıldığını tesbit etmiştir (a.y.). Ünlü riyâziyyât âlimi Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî (ö. 710/1311), Nihâyetü’l-idrâk ’inin sonunda faydalandığı kaynaklar arasına Harakī’nin bu iki kitabını da katmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Müntehe’l-idrâk fî teḳāsîmi’l-eflâk . Astronomi ve coğrafyayı konu alan bu ilk eseri üç bölüm (makale) halinde düzenlenmiştir. Birinci bölüm de kendi içinde yirmi baba ayrılmış olup gök cisimlerinin yapısından ve hareketlerinin özelliklerinden bahseder. On yedi babdan meydana gelen ikinci bölümde yerkürenin konumu, meskûn ve meskûn olmayan yerlerle buraların saat farkları ve denizler ele alınmıştır. On bir baba ayrılan üçüncü bölümde zaman kavramı, zaman birimleri ve takvim konusunda bilgi verilir. Bu bölümlerdeki bazı bablar ayrıca kendi içlerinde fasıllara ayrılmıştır. Kahire Teymûriyye Kütüphanesi’nde (Riyâze, nr. 111), Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de (nr. 2499) ve Berlin Kraliyet Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 5699) olmak üzere üç yazma nüshası bulunan kitabın henüz tam bir neşri yapılmamış, sadece ikinci bölümün ikinci babı Carlo Alfonso Nallino tarafından Latince tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Al-Batenii opus Astronomicum , Milano 1903, I, 169-175). E. Wiedemann da eserin mukaddimesini et-Tebṣıra ’nın mukaddimesiyle birlikte Almanca’ya tercüme etmiştir (Zeitschrift für Physk , XXIV [1924], s. 166-168).
2. et-Tebṣıra fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe . Müellif, Müntehe’l-idrâk ’in bazı bölümlerini çıkarıp geriye kalan metni özetleyerek yeniden düzene koymak suretiyle meydana getirdiği bu çalışmasını Emîr Şemseddin Ali b. Nasîrüddin Mahmûd el-Hârizmî’ye ithaf etmiştir. İki kısım halinde tertiplenmiş olan eserin gök cisimlerinin yapılarından ve birbirlerine göre konumlarından bahseden birinci kısmı yirmi iki, dünya coğrafyasından bahseden ikinci kısmı ise on dört babdan oluşmaktadır; mukaddimede de hey’et ilminde kullanılan terimlerin anlamları verilmiştir. Eserin çok sayıda yazma nüshası mevcuttur. Bunlardan Gotha Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshada müellif adı doğru olarak Bahâeddin Ebû Muhammed el-Harakī şeklinde verilmiş (Pertsch, III, 45-46, nr. 1384), Kahire nüshası da (Tal‘at, Hey’et, nr. 35, tahminen 550 [1155] tarihli) yazar hayatta iken istinsah edilmiştir (King, II, 15-16). Ayrıca İstanbul’da Süleymaniye (Ayasofya, nr. 2578, 2579, 2580, 2581, 4857/3; Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1483/2; Fâtih, nr. 3172/3, 3385/1; Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 1279; vr. 62b -128a ), Nuruosmaniye (nr. 2898), Hacı Selim Ağa (nr. 741/2) ve İstanbul Üniversitesi (AY, nr. 1341, 3398, 630 tarihli) kütüphanelerinde toplam on üç, Bursa (Haraççıoğlu, nr. 1157) ve Kütahya-Tavşanlı’da (Zeytinoğlu İlçe Halk Ktp., nr. 4645/2) birer nüshası bulunmaktadır (ayrıca bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 624; Suppl. , I, 863). et-Tebṣıra üzerine Mîrek Muhammed b. Mübârek Şah el-Buhârî tarafından 733’te (1332) yazılan şerhten (Şerḥu’t-Tebṣıra fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe ) müellif hattı iki nüsha Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir mecmua içerisindedir (Ayasofya, nr. 2582/1, 2). Kâtib Çelebi, eseri Tâceddin İbnü’t-Türkmânî’nin de (ö. 744/1343) şerhettiğini söylemektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 339); ancak bugüne kadar böyle bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır.
3. Risâle fî ʿameli ẕâti’l-ḫalaḳ . Astronomide güneş, ay ve yıldızların yerini tesbit için kullanılan “zâtü’l-halak” adlı rasat aletinin tanıtımı ve kullanımından bahseden küçük bir eserdir. Batlamyus’un el-Mecisṭî ’sinden faydalanılarak yazıldığı anlaşılan bu risâlenin bilinen tek nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Fâtih, nr. 3442/2).
4. et-Telḫîṣ fî ʿadedi’l-vefḳ . Vefk kareleri ve sayıları bilgisini konu alan küçük hacimli bir risâledir; şekilleri eksik bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Ayasofya, nr. 4843/2).
5. Târîḫu Merv . Sem‘ânî’nin bildirdiğine göre Merv’de yetişmiş ünlü âlim ve muhaddislere dair olan bu eser zamanımıza ulaşmamıştır.
Harakī’nin matematik konusundaki eserleri arasında er-Risâletü’ş-şâmile ve er-Risâletü’l-Maġribiyye adlarında iki çalışmadan daha söz edilmekteyse de (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 664) bunlara henüz rastlanmamıştır. Beyhakī, Harakī’nin öğrencilerinden birine yazdığı riyâziyyâtın tasnifiyle ilgili bir notunu nakletmiştir (Tetimme , s. 155); bunun bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Ayasofya, nr. 2587, vr. 124a ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “al-Kharaḳī”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 1059.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 94-96 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.