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HARAM AYLAR Skip to content İslâmî literatürde savaşın haram kabul edildiği dört kutsal ay.
Câhiliye devri Arapları, kamerî esasa göre tesbit ettikleri yılın on iki ayını safer, rebîülevvel, rebîülâhir, cemâziyelevvel, cemâziyelâhir, şâban, ramazan, şevvalden oluşan “olağan aylar” (eşhürün i‘tiyâdiyye) ve zilkade, zilhicce, muharrem, recebden oluşan “dört haram ay” (eşhürün erbaatün hurum) şeklinde ikiye ayırıyorlardı. Haram ayların üçü peş peşe geldiği için “serd” (birbirini takip eden), diğeri de tek olduğu için “ferd” (münferid) diye adlandırılıyordu. Bu aylardan zilkade on birinci, zilhicce on ikinci, muharrem birinci ve receb yedinci aydı.
Haram aylar tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de iki âyette çoğul (el-eşhürü’l-hurum: et-Tevbe 9/5, 36), dört âyette de tekil şekliyle (eş-şehrü’l-harâm: el-Bakara 2/194, 217; el-Mâide 5/2, 97) geçmektedir. Tevbe sûresinin 2. âyetinde geçen “dört ay” (erbaatü eşhur) ifadesiyle de bir yoruma göre haram aylar kastedilmiştir. Haram aylar tabiri çeşitli hadislerde de yer almaktadır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “şehr” md.). Söz konusu dört ayın bu şekilde adlandırılması bu aylarda savaşın haram kılınması, işlenen sevap veya günahlara başka zamanlarda yapılanlardan daha fazla mükâfat veya ceza verilmesi, böylece yılın diğer aylarından farklı bir önem ve saygınlığa sahip bulunmaları sebebiyledir (Cessâs, II, 110-111).
Kur’an’da, gökler ve yeryüzü yaratıldığı zaman Allah katında ayların sayısının on iki ve bunlardan dördünün haram ay olduğu açıklanıp insanların o aylar içinde Allah’ın koyduğu yasağı çiğneyerek kendilerine zulmetmemeleri istenmiş (et-Tevbe 9/36), ayrıca haram ayda savaşmanın büyük günah olduğu (el-Bakara 2/217), bu aya karşı saygısızlık edilmemesi gerektiği (el-Mâide 5/2) ve saygıya lâyık bir mâbed olan Kâbe ile birlikte haram ayın da insanların iyiliği için bir sebep kılındığı (el-Mâide 5/97) belirtilmiştir. Tefsir ve tarih kitaplarında, haram aylarla ilgili hükümlerin hac ibadetiyle birlikte Hz. İbrâhim zamanında teşrî‘ kılındığı, insanların bu aylarda sağlanan güven ortamı içinde hac ibadetini rahatça yaptıkları, Mekke ve çevresinde oturanların da bu vesileyle geçimlerini sağladıkları belirtilmektedir.
Bu uygulamayı Hz. İbrâhim ve İsmâil’in şeriatından alan Câhiliye devri Arapları, haram aylar girdiği zaman bunların kutsallığına karşı gösterilmesi gereken saygının bir işareti olarak savaştan ve her türlü saldırıdan kaçınırlardı; hatta bir kişi babasının veya kardeşinin katiline dahi rastlasa ona saldırmaz, kötü bir söz bile söylemezdi. Bütün bunlar, geçimlerini kervanlardan haraç alarak, su ve otlak bulmak için zaman zaman birbirleriyle çarpışarak sürdüren bedevîler için de geçerliydi. Araplar bu aylara olan saygılarını nesî ihdas edilinceye kadar sürdürmüşlerdir. Gatafân, Kays, Âmir b. Lüey, Avf b. Lüey ve Mürre b. Avf b. Lüey gibi kabilelerin, bilinen dört haram aya dört ay daha eklemek suretiyle toplam sekiz ayı haram aylar statüsünde kabul etmelerine karşılık (Cevâd Ali, VIII, 474) Has‘am, Tay, Kudâa, Yeşkür, Zülbâne, Saâlîk, Hâris b. Kâ‘b gibi bütün ayları eşit seviyede kabul edip aralarında fark gözetmeyenler de vardı. Bunların haram aylarla ilgili herhangi bir ahid ve zimmetleri söz konusu olmadığından diğer kabileler onlara karşı dikkatli davranmak zorundaydılar. Aynı şekilde Tağlib, Şeybân, Abdülkays, Kudâa, Gassân, Tenûh, Âmile, Lahm, Cüzâm, Bilhâris b. Kâ‘b, Tay ve Temîm gibi kabileler arasında yaşayan hıristiyanlar da haram ayların hurmetini kabul etmiyorlardı. Her türlü çatışmanın haram olduğu bu aylarda meydana gelen savaşlara dinî yasaklar çiğnendiği için “ficâr savaşları” denilmiştir (bk. FİCÂR ).
Câhiliye devrinde Araplar’ın bir kısmı geçimlerini soygunculuk, çapulculuk ve yağma ile sağladığı gibi aralarında iç savaşlar ve kan davaları da eksik olmuyordu; bundan dolayı haram ayların kurallarına uymakta zorlanıyorlardı. Ayrıca kamerî takvim sebebiyle aylar bir önceki yıla göre on bir gün daha erken geldiği için değişik mevsimlere rastlayan hac merasimini zilhiccenin muayyen günlerinde değil kendilerince uygun buldukları havanın mutedil ve ticarî ortamın müsait olduğu diğer gün veya aylarda yapmak istiyorlardı. Bunu sağlayabilmek için de her altı ayda bir hafta olmak üzere iki yılda bir ay kazanmaya çalışarak o yılı on üç aya çıkarıyorlar, haram aylardan üçünün peş peşe gelmesini önlemek amacıyla da söz konusu dört haftayı ikinci yılın sonuna ekleyip o yılı on üç ay olarak kabul ediyorlardı. Böylece muharrem ayı saferin yerine kaydırılmış, bu durumda da bütün aylar bulunmaları gereken yerden bir ay geriye atılarak haram ayların yerleri değiştirilmiş oluyordu. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Câhiliye Arapları’nın nesî denilen bu uygulamaları kötülenmekte, kâinatın yaratılışından itibaren mevcut olan on iki ayın yerlerinin aynen korunması gerektiği hatırlatılarak yapılan bu işlemin küfürde ileri gitmek olduğu ifade edilmekte ve Allah’ın helâl kıldığını haram, haram kıldığını helâl saymaktan kaçınılması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır (et-Tevbe 9/37). Hz. Peygamber’in haccı, ayların kendi zaman dilimlerine yeniden döndüğü bir yılda (10/632) vuku bulmuş ve Resûl-i Ekrem, Mina’daki hutbesinde zamanın Allah’ın gökleri ve yeri yarattığı günkü vaziyetine döndüğünü söyleyerek buna işaret etmiştir (Müsned , V, 37, 73; Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 2; “Meġāzî”, 77; “Eḍâḥî”, 5; “Tevḥîd”, 24; Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 29; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 67).
Haram aylarla ilgili hükümler Hz. İbrâhim tarafından konulmakla birlikte hac ibadetinde olduğu gibi zamanla temel amacından uzaklaştırılmış, ancak İslâmiyet’in gelmesiyle yeniden aslî hüviyetine kavuşturulmuştur. Resûl-i Ekrem, kendisine karşı savaş açılmadığı sürece haram aylarda savaşa girişmemiş, bir sefere çıktıktan sonra haram aya girildiğinde de ayın geçmesini beklemiştir (Müsned , III, 334, 345; Heysemî, VI, 66). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de haram ayda savaşmanın büyük günah olduğu hükme bağlanırken insanları Allah yolundan çevirmenin, Allah’ı inkâr etmenin, Mescid-i Harâm’ın ziyaretine engel olmanın ve halkını oradan çıkarmanın Allah katında daha büyük günah olduğu da belirtilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/217). Bu âyetten, haram aylarda kendilerine karşı girişilen bir savaşa müslümanların karşılık verebilecekleri anlaşıldığı gibi bir başka âyette de haram aylardaki saldırmazlığın karşılıklı olduğu, müslümanların saldırıya uğradıkları takdirde aynı şekilde hareket edebilecekleri bildirilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/194). Nitekim müslümanlar, kendilerine yönelik saldırılara haram ayda bile olsa karşılık vermişlerdir.
İslâm hukukçuları, haram aylarda savaş yasağının devam edip etmediği konusunu tartışmışlar, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh ve bazı Selef âlimleri bu hükmün devam ettiğini, ulemânın çoğunluğu ise neshedildiğini, dolayısıyla kendilerine yönelik herhangi bir saldırı olmasa bile müslümanların bu aylarda savaşabileceklerini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu âlimler görüşlerine delil olarak müşriklerin bulundukları yerde öldürülmelerine (el-Bakara 2/191; et-Tevbe 9/5), müslümanlara karşı yaptıkları gibi onlarla topyekün savaşılmasına (et-Tevbe 9/36) dair âyetleri, ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in Huneyn ve Tâif’te olduğu gibi bazı savaşları haram aylarda yapmasını göstermişlerdir. Diğer görüşü savunanlar, Harem’in saygınlığıyla ilgili hüküm gibi haram aylarla ilgili hükmün de devam ettiğini, yukarıdaki âyetlerin nüzûlünden sonra gerçekleşen Vedâ haccı sırasında Resûlullah’ın gerek Harem gerekse haram aylarla ilgili hurmeti dile getirdiğini (Buhârî, “Ḥudûd”, 9; ayrıca bk. Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 9), Resûl-i Ekrem’in bu aylarda vuku bulan bazı savaşlarının ise esasen müşriklerin saldırı ve tehditlerine karşılık veya bu aylardan önce başlamış bulunan bir savaşın devamı niteliğinde olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca haram aylara dair âyetlerin, saldırı ve tehdit olmadıkça savaşın belli zamanlarda yapılmamasıyla ilgili hususi bir hüküm getirdiğini, bunları neshettiği ileri sürülen ve bütün müşriklerle her yerde savaşılması konusunda umum ifade eden âyetlerle aralarında bir çatışma söz konusu olmadığından nesih iddiasına da yer bulunmadığını söylemişlerdir (Cessâs, II, 110-111; İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 223, 233-235; Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, I, 147; İbn Kesîr, II, 4, 353-356). Çoğunluğun delil olarak ileri sürdüğü âyetlerin, Arap yarımadası müşriklerinin kendilerine yönelik topyekün tecavüz ve saldırıları karşısında müslümanların takip etmesi gereken stratejiyi belirlediğini ve İslâm’da savaşın esasen gayri müslimlerin fiilî saldırıları veya muhtemel bir tehdit sebebiyle meşrû kılındığını da belirtmek gerekir. Ayrıca haram aylarda savaşla ilgili hükmün neshedildiğini ileri sürenlerin birçoğu, genel anlamda Allah’ın emir ve yasaklarına uyma konusunda bu ayların saygınlığının devam ettiğini, bazı âlimler bu aylarda vuku bulan öldürme suçunun diyetinin arttırılacağını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu konuyu ele alan çağdaş araştırmacıların büyük kısmı da haram aylarla ilgili hükmün neshedilmediği görüşünü benimsemiştir (Muhammed el-Hudarî, s. 252; Muhammed Hamza, s. 153-156; Ali Hasan el-Arîz, s. 280-282; Muhammed Hayr Heykel, III, 1522-1525).
Milletlerarası ilişkilerde barışı esas alan İslâm dini yeryüzünde her türlü haksızlık, bozgunculuk ve tahakkümü yasaklamıştır (el-Bakara 2/205; el-Kasas 28/83). Bununla birlikte insanın benliğinde taşıdığı menfi eğilimler sebebiyle savaşın bir vâkıa olduğunu kabul etmiş (el-Bakara 2/30, 251) ve savaşla ilgili hükümler koyarak tahribatını sınırlamaya çalışmıştır. Haram aylar kavramının ancak bütün tarafların kabulü ve saygı göstermesiyle uygulamada faydalı sonuçlar doğuracağı şüphesizdir. Bu kavramın ortaya çıkışı ve uygulanışıyla ilgili tarihî ve dinî şartlar ne olursa olsun, ihmal edilen birtakım insanî değerlerin yaşatılması ve bu konuda kamuoyu oluşturulması için belli günlerin ayrılmasına önem verilen zamanımızda, yılın üçte birini meydana getiren bir süreyi, insanların savaş karşıtı düşünce ve duygular içinde yaşamasının yeryüzünde barışın tahakkukuna sağlayacağı katkı büyüktür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “şehr” md.
Müsned , III, 334, 345; V, 37, 73.
Buhârî, “Ḥudûd”, 9, “ʿİlim”, 9, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 2, “Meġāzî”, 77, “Eḍâḥî”, 5, “Tevḥîd”, 24.
Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 29.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 67.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre , I, 106; IV, 251.
Cessâs, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 321-322; II, 109-112; III, 77-80.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nâsiḫu’l-Ḳurʾân ve mensûḫuh (nşr. Hüseyin Selîm Esed ed-Dârânî), Dımaşk 1411/1990, s. 221-224, 231-235.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 147; II, 939.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , II, 302.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 4, 353-356.
Heysemî, Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid , VI, 66.
Tecrid Tercemesi , X, 402.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , II, 77, 107; III, 53; X, 43-44.
Mir’âtü’l-Haremeyn : Mir’ât-ı Mekke , I, 313 vd.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , IV, 2522-2542.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VIII, 471-487.
Muhammed el-Hudarî, Uṣûlü’l-fıḳh , Beyrut 1389/1969, s. 252.
Muhammed Hamza, Dirâsâtü’l-aḥkâm ve’n-nesḫ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Dımaşk, ts. (Dâru Kuteybe), s. 153-156.
Ali Hasan el-Arîz, Fetḥu’l-mennân fî nesḫi’l-Ḳurʾân , Kahire 1973, s. 280-282.
Ahmed İbrâhim eş-Şerîf, Mekke ve’l-Medîne fi’l-Câhiliyye ve ʿahdi’r-Resûl , Kahire 1985, s. 211-218.
Muhammed Hayr Heykel, el-Cihâd ve’l-ḳıtâl fi’s-siyâseti’ş-şerʿiyye , Beyrut 1414/1993, III, 1505-1525.
el-Ḳāmûsü’l-İslâmî , IV, 172.
“el-Eşhürü’l-ḥurum”, Mv.F , V, 50-52.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 105-106 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.