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HÂRİZMŞAHLAR Skip to content Hârizm ve İran’da 1097-1231 yılları arasında hüküm süren Türk-İslâm hânedanı.
İslâm öncesi dönemden itibaren Hârizm’e hâkim olan vali, emîr ve hükümdarlar “hârizmşah” (harzemşah) unvanını kullanmışlardır. Çok geniş bir sahada hâkimiyet tesis ederek büyük bir devlet haline gelen Hârizmşahlar’dan önce Hârizm bölgesinde aynı adla hüküm sürmüş üç hânedan daha vardır. Bunlar, Pers İmparatorluğu yıllarından başlayıp 995’e kadar devam eden Afrigoğulları, 995-1017 yılları arasında bölgeye hâkim olan Me’mûnîler ve Sultan Mahmûd-ı Gaznevî’nin Altuntaş el-Hâcib’i Hârizmşah unvanıyla buraya vali tayin ettiği 1017’den 1041 yılına kadar hüküm süren Altuntaşoğulları’dır. Dandanakan Savaşı’ndan (1040) sonra Cend Emîri Şah Melik tarafından Hârizm’den uzaklaştırılan Altuntaşoğulları Horasan’a giderek Selçuklular’a sığınmışlar, ancak umdukları ilgiyi bulamayıp dağılmışlardır. Tuğrul Bey zamanında Selçuklu hâkimiyetine giren Hârizm’i, Sultan Alparslan 1065’te çıktığı Mangışlak seferinden sonra oğlu Ayaz’a vermişse de (1066) burası Alparslan ve Melikşah dönemlerinde muhtemelen mahallî reisler arasından seçilen valiler tarafından idare edilmiştir.
Sultan Melikşah, Hârizm gelirlerinin tasarruf yetkisini taştdârı Anuş Tegin Garçeî’ye verdi; ancak Anuş Tegin vali sıfatını haiz olduğu halde Hârizm’in idaresi fiilen Kıpçak Türkleri’nden Hârizmşah Ekinci (İlkinci) b. Koçkar’ın elindeydi. Taht kavgaları sırasında Sultan Berkyaruk’un yardıma çağırdığı Ekinci 10.000 süvariyle Horasan istikametinde yola çıktı; fakat 300 seçme atlısıyla beraber Merv’e geldiğinde gece eğlenirken devrin güçlü emîrlerinden Kodan ve Yaruktaş tarafından öldürülüp kuvvetleri dağıtıldı (490/1097). Bunun üzerine Berkyaruk, Horasan valiliğine getirdiği Habeşî b. Altuntak’ı Kodan ve Yaruktaş’ı te’dip etmek üzere görevlendirdi. Habeşî b. Altuntak görevini başarıyla yerine getirip Taştdâr Anuş Tegin’in oğlu Kutbüddin Muhammed’i Hârizm valisi tayin etti. Böylece Hârizmşahlar hânedanı kurulmuş oldu (490/1097). Selçuklular adına bölgeyi fiilen idare eden ilk Hârizmşah Kutbüddin Muhammed’dir. Hârizmşahlar sülâlesinin atası Anuş Tegin’in Türk olduğunda şüphe yoktur; ancak hangi boya mensup bulunduğu tesbit edilememiştir (Kafesoğlu, s. 39 vd.).
İsyan eden Horasan Valisi Habeşî b. Altuntak’ın öldürülmesinden sonra Horasan’a tamamen hâkim olan Sultan Sencer, Kutbüddin Muhammed’i Hârizm’deki görevinde bıraktı. Kutbüddin Hârizmşah babasının sağlığında Merv’de iyi tahsil görmüş, siyaset usullerini öğrenmiş, yetenekli ve âdil bir idareci, ilim ve dinin hâmisi aydın bir şahsiyetti; idareciliği sırasında (1097-1128) Selçuklu sultanlarının emirlerine harfiyen uymuştur. Her yıl kendisi veya büyük oğlu Alâeddin Atsız, Sultan Sencer’in sarayına giderek vergi ve hediyelerini takdim ederlerdi. Müsbet icraatı ile Hârizm’de mevkiini sağlamlaştırıp nüfuz ve otoritesini arttırmış, böylece sülâlesinin gelecekteki faaliyetine zemin hazırlamıştır. Adına yazılmış olan bazı eserlerde “Kutbü’d-dîn ve’d-dünyâ, Ebü’l-feth, Muînü emîri’l-mü’minîn” lakaplarıyla anılması onun kudret ve nüfuzunu göstermektedir. Ölümü üzerine Sultan Sencer bir menşurla oğlu Atsız’ı Hârizmşah tayin etti. Atsız (1128-1156) ilk zamanlarında Sencer’e sadâkatle hizmet etti ve onun seferlerine katıldı. Fakat bir yandan da Cend ve Mangışlak gibi stratejik önemi büyük bölgeleri zaptederek politik nüfuzunu Seyhun’un ilerisine yaymaktan geri kalmadı. Sencer, Atsız’ın genişleme siyasetinden ve ele geçirdiği yerlerde müslümanların kanını dökmesinden rahatsız oldu ve onu cezalandırmak istedi. Bunun üzerine Atsız istiklâlini ilân etti; Sencer de Belh’ten Hârizm’e yürüdü ve önemli bir kısmı müslüman olmayan Türkler’den meydana gelen Atsız’ın ordusunu ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (1138). Daha sonra da fırsat buldukça isyan eden Atsız, Sencer’in Oğuzlar’ın elinde esir olduğu yıllarda (1153-1156) onun haklarını korumaya çalışan sadık bir tâbi rolünde idi. Atsız’ın ölümü üzerine yerine oğlu İlarslan geçti (1156-1172) ve hârizmşahlığı Sencer tarafından tasdik edildi. Sencer 1157’de ölünce Doğu İran’ın en kudretli hükümdarı haline gelen İlarslan, Karahıtaylar’ın hücumlarına karşı koyduysa da onlara vergi vermekten kurtulamadı. Bu arada Irak Selçukluları ile de dostane münasebetler kurdu.
İlarslan’ın arkasından veliaht seçtiği küçük oğlu Sultanşah hükümdar oldu (1172); fakat ağabeyi Alâeddin Muhammed Tekiş Karahıtaylar’la anlaşarak onunla mücadeleye girişti. Alâeddin, kardeşinin Selçuklu emîri Müeyyed Ay-aba’nın yanına kaçması üzerine kolayca tahtı ele geçirdi. Bu sırada Müeyyed Ay-aba, Sultanşah’ın ve annesinin tahrikiyle Tekiş’in üzerine yürüdü, ancak yapılan savaşta mağlûp oldu ve öldürüldü (1174). Gurlular’a sığınan Sultanşah ise daha sonra Karahıtaylar’ın yardımı ile Merv ve Tûs şehirlerinde bir emirlik kurdu. Bâvendîler’in hâkimiyetindeki Taberistan’a akınlar düzenleyen ve Bistâm, Damgan gibi vilâyetleri ele geçiren Tekiş, Sultanşah’ın ölümünden (1193) sonra nüfuzunu Doğu İran’da da hissettirmeye başladı ve Batı İran’ın işlerine karışma imkânı buldu. 1194’te Rey civarındaki savaşta II. Tuğrul’u yenerek Irak Selçukluları’na son verip İran ve Irâk-ı Acem’de hâkimiyeti ele geçirdi. Böylece Hârizmşahlar, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu’nun siyasî vârisi olma yolunda önemli bir mesafe katetmiş oldular. Hârizmşahlar’ın en büyük şahsiyetlerinden biri olan Tekiş bu tarihten itibaren sultan unvanını kullanmaya başladı. Bu durumu kabullenemeyen Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh Irak’ın bir kısmını kendi idaresine almak için Tekiş ile çatıştıysa da başarılı olamadı.
1172’den 1200’e kadar hüküm süren Tekiş’in yerine geçen oğlu Alâeddin Muhammed (1200-1220), önce Gurlu sultanları Şehâbeddin Muizzüddin ve Gıyâseddin Şemseddin ile mücadeleye girdi. Merv ve Tûs’u zapteden Gurlular Horasan’ı ele geçirmek istiyorlardı. Alâeddin Nîşâbur, Merv ve Serahs’ı zaptetti (1204). Bu sırada Şehâbeddin büyük bir ordu ile Hârizm’e geldi ve Karasu’da Hârizm ordusunu yenerek başşehir Gürgenç’i kuşattı; ancak Alâeddin’in yardım istediği Karahıtaylar’ın ordusu gelince geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Bunun üzerine kuvvetler dengesinin Karahıtaylar lehine bozulması ihtimalini düşünen Alâeddin, Şehâbeddin’e elçi yollayarak dostane münasebetler kurdu. Onun amacı, âdeta vasalları haline geldiği Karahıtaylar’ın nüfuzunu kırıp onları Mâverâünnehir’den atmaktı. Sonuçta bunu başardı ve Buhara’yı zaptetti (1207); daha sonra da İlâmış sahrasında Karahıtay ordusunu tekrar yenerek Endican ve çevresine hâkim oldu (1210). Aynı yıl Bâvendîler’in Taberistan’daki (Mâzenderan) hâkimiyetlerine son verdi, iki yıl sonra da kızının isteğiyle damadı Semerkant Sultanı Osman’ı öldürterek Batı Karahanlılar’ı tarih sahnesinden sildi. Bu sırada bazı Moğol kabileleri, Cengiz Han’ın baskısı ile Karahıtaylar’ın topraklarına girdiler. Bundan faydalanan Alâeddin Muhammed Mâverâünnehir’e kesin olarak yerleşti. Ancak Nayman Hükümdarı Küçlüğ Han’ın Doğu Türkistan müslümanlarına yaptığı zulmü durduramadı. Bu sebeple 1214’e kadar Küçlüğ’ün muhtemel taarruzuna karşı yaz mevsiminde Semerkant’ta bulunmak mecburiyetini hissetti; bu arada da Kıpçak bozkırlarındaki göçebe Kıpçaklar üzerine başarılı seferler yapıp Sığnak’ı topraklarına kattı (1215). Aynı yıl Gazne’yi aldı ve oğlu Celâleddin’e verdi; ayrıca Fars Atabegi Sa‘d b. Zengî ile Azerbaycan Atabegi Özbek’i yenerek itaatlerini sağladı. Böylece Hârizmşahlar, Siriderya boylarından Irâk-ı Arab’a kadar uzanan çok geniş bir sahada hâkimiyet kurmuş oldular. Alâeddin Muhammed, Büyük Selçuklu sultanları gibi İslâm dünyasının önderi olma yolunda gayret sarfettiyse de bir sonuca ulaşamadı. Ulemâdan fetva alarak, rakiplerini öldürtmek için İsmâilî fedaileri kullanmaktan çekinmeyen Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh’ın ismini hutbeden çıkarttı ve Seyyid Tirmizî’nin halifeliğini ilân etti. Böylece Bağdat’a karşı girişeceği askerî harekâta meşrû bir zemin hazırlamış oluyordu; fakat ordusu başarı kazanamadı.
450 kişilik bir Moğol kervanının Otrar’da öldürülmesi üzerine Cengiz Han suçluların teslimini ve malların tazminini istedi; Alâeddin bu teklifi reddettiği gibi gönderilen elçileri de öldürttü (1218). Bunun üzerine Moğol orduları 1219 yılının sonlarına doğru Hârizmşahlar’ın topraklarına girdi. Mâverâünnehir’in müstahkem mevkileri birer birer düşerken karşı koyan yerler korkunç katliamlara mâruz bırakıldı; Otrar, Sığnak, Hucend gibi Buhara ve Semerkant da Moğollar’ın eline geçti. Mâverâünnehir’in en kuvvetli savunma merkezi olan Semerkant’ın zaptından sonra Cengiz, ordusunu kollara ayırarak bunları imparatorluğa tâbi vilâyetlerin zaptı ile görevlendirdi (1220). Otrar hadisesi, Hârizmşahlar’ı beklenmedik biçimde ve çok kısa sürede inkıraza sürüklemekle kalmamış, yüz binlerce müslümanın ölümüne, şehirlerin yakılıp yıkılmasına da sebep olmuştur. Eğer bu katliam vuku bulmasaydı Küçlüğ ile mücadelesini bitirmemiş, Çin ve Tangut harekâtını tamamlamamış olan Moğollar’ın, dışarıdan sağlam bir devlet intibaı bırakan Hârizmşahlar’a hücum etmeleri beklenemezdi. Nitekim Cengiz 1219 yılını askerî hazırlıklarını tamamlamak için geçirmiş ve ancak bundan sonra faaliyete geçmiştir. Moğollar’ın yaklaşması üzerine Tûs’a kaçan Alâeddin Muhammed, Devletâbâd civarındaki savaşta canını zor kurtardı ve Mâzenderan yoluyla gittiği Hazar denizinin güneydoğu sahillerine yakın Âbeskûn adalarından birine sığındı; orada hastalanarak öldü (Şevval 617 / Aralık 1220).
Alâeddin Muhammed, ölümünden birkaç gün önce oğulları Celâleddin, Aksultan (Ak-Şah) ve Kutbüddin Uzlagşah’ı çağırtarak hânedanın sarsılan temellerinin yıkılmak üzere olduğunu ve Uzlagşah’ın yerine Celâleddin’i kendine veliaht tayin ettiğini söyledi; arkasından da herkesin onun bayrağı altında toplanmasını vasiyet edip kendi kılıcını ona kuşattı. Bunun üzerine Celâleddin, Âbeskûn adalarından kardeşleriyle Gürgenç’e hareket etti. Ancak Uzlagşah’ın emrindeki kumandanların menfi faaliyetlerini haber aldı ve Horasan’ın dağlık bölgelerine çekilmeyi uygun buldu. Moğol baskısı sebebiyle Hârizm’i terkeden Aksultan ve Uzlagşah ise Horasan’a geçtiler; fakat Moğollar’la meydana gelen bir çarpışmada öldüler. Bu sırada Nîşâbur’a gelen Celâleddin burada Zevzen civarındaki bir kaleye, oradan da Gazne’ye gitti (Muharrem 618 / Mart 1221). Başsız kalan idare merkezi Gürgenç’i Humârtegin adlı bir kumandan 90.000 kişilik ordusuyla savunduysa da şehir dört aylık bir kuşatmanın ardından Moğol kuvvetlerinin eline düştü (Safer 618 / Nisan 1221). Celâleddin, daha sonra Moğollar’ı üst üste mağlûp etmesine rağmen 9 Şevval 618’de (26 Kasım 1221) Hindistan’a sığınmak zorunda kaldı. 1224 yılı başında buradan ayrılarak Kirman’a gitti. Bölgenin hâkimi Barak Hâcib Celâleddin’e bağlılığını bildirdi. Tebriz’de hüküm süren İldenizli Özbek b. Pehlivân da Celâleddin’in yaklaşmakta olduğunu haber alınca şehri terketti. Böylece İldenizliler’in kontrolündeki bütün topraklar Hârizmşahlar’ın eline geçti (1225). Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh, Gürcüler ve İsmâilîler’le mücadele eden Celâleddin Hârizmşah, daha sonra Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Alâeddin Keykubad ile de bozuştu ve 1230’da meydana gelen Yassıçimen Savaşı’nı kaybedip sığındığı Âmid’in bir dağ köyünde öldürüldü (628/1231). Böylece Türk-İslâm tarihinde önemli rol oynayan Hârizmşahlar hânedanı yıkılmış oldu.
Celâleddin Hârizmşah’ın ölümüyle başsız kalan ve büyük kabile reislerinin emrinde toplanan kalabalık birtakım Kanklı-Kıpçak kabileleri Kırhan’ı kendilerine baş seçtiler. I. Alâeddin Keykubad, Eyyûbîler’den el-Melikü’l-Eşref’in elinde bulunan Ahlat’ı zaptettikten sonra Emîr Sinâneddin Kaymaz vasıtasıyla o yöredeki Hârizmliler’i de kendi hizmetine aldı ve Erzincan, Amasya, Lârende ve Niğde’yi onların kumandanlarına iktâ etti. II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev devrinde Sâdeddin Köpek’in kışkırtmasıyla Hârizmliler’in büyük emîri Kırhan tutuklanarak Zamantı Kalesi’ne gönderildi; bir süre sonra da hastalanarak öldüğü söylendi. Bunu duyan Hârizmli diğer emîrler endişelenip kabileleriyle birlikte Anadolu’dan ayrılmak için harekete geçtiler. II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev’in onlara engel olmak için gönderdiği kuvvetler bozguna uğradı. Hârizmliler daha sonra el-Cezîre hâkimi el-Melikü’s-Sâlih Eyyûb’un hizmetine girerek Diyârımudar’a yerleştiler. II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev, yaklaşan Moğol tehlikesi karşısında Harput’u Hârizmliler’e vererek onlarla barıştı. Daha sonra Hârizmliler Türkmenler’le beraber Halep’e hücum ettilerse de çok ağır bir bozguna uğradılar. Arkasından bu sırada Mısır tahtına geçmiş olan Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’s-Sâlih’in daveti üzerine ona katılmak için yola çıktılar. Kudüs’ü Haçlılar’ın elinden aldılar ve Filistin’e hâkim oldular (1244). el-Melikü’s-Sâlih onların yardımıyla Dımaşk’ı ele geçirdi; ancak şehri yağmalamalarına izin vermeyince araları açıldı ve Humus civarında meydana gelen savaşta galip gelerek Hârizmî ordusunun büyük bir bölümünü imha etti; geri kalanlar da askerî bir kuvvet olmaktan çıktı ve böylece Hârizmliler tarih sahnesinden silindiler.
Teşkilât, Kültür ve Medeniyet. Hârizm başlangıçta özerk bir eyalet iken daha sonra Selçuklular’a tâbi bir devletin ve nihayet çok geniş bir sahaya hükmeden bir imparatorluğun kurulduğu yer oldu. Hârizmşahlar Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin teşkilâtını örnek aldılar. Onlarda da hükümdar, diğer Ortaçağ Türk-İslâm devletlerinde görülen sultanlarla aynı yetkilere sahipti. Devletin hâkimiyet sahasının genişlemesine paralel olarak saray teşkilâtı, teşrifat usulleri, lakap ve unvanlar daha tantanalı ve daha azametli bir hal aldı. Hükümdarlar “hârizmşah” unvanına ilâveten “hudâvend, el-melikü’l-muzaffer, el-melikü’l-muazzam, es-sultânü’l-muazzam, es-sultânü’l-a‘zam” gibi unvanlar ve “kāhirü’l-kefere ve’l-müşrikîn, muînü emîri’l-mü’minîn, burhânü emîri’l-mü’minîn” gibi lakaplar kullandılar. Kendisini Selçuklular’la Karahıtaylar’ın vârisi sayan ve cihan hâkimiyeti iddiasında bulunarak Abbâsî halifesini de hâkimiyeti altına almak isteyen Alâeddin Muhammed b. Tekiş ise bunlardan başka Sencer ve İskender-i Sânî lakaplarını da aldı. Hükümranlık alâmeti olan bayrak ve çetr Büyük Selçuklular’ınki gibi siyahtı. Başlıca saray görevlileri yine Selçuklular’da olduğu gibi vezir, hâcib-i has, taştdâr, silâhdar, câmedar, emîr-i alem, mîrâhur, emîr-i şikâr, devâtdâr ve çaşnigîr adlarını taşıyordu. Merkezî idarenin ve bürokrasinin başında vezir bulunurdu. “Hâce-i büzürg” ve “nizâmü’l-mülk” lakaplarını taşıyan vezir teşrîî, icrâî, askerî ve kazâî yetkilere sahipti. Devletin resmî dili Farsça idi. Devlet işlerini yürüten ve vezirin emrinde çalışan divan teşkilâtı Selçuklular’ınkinden farksızdı. Valilik yapan şehzadelerin ve tâbi devletlerin merkezî idarede birer temsilcisi, eyaletlerde ve tâbi devletlerde de hükümdarın birer vekili bulunuyordu.
Askerî teşkilât da esas itibariyle Selçuklular’dan alınmıştı. Atsız zamanında oldukça önemli ve düzenli bir kuvvet teşkil eden Hârizmşah ordusu Alâeddin Tekiş döneminde bölgenin en büyük gücü haline gelmişti. Ordunun ihtiyaçları Dîvân-ı Arz tarafından karşılanırdı. Askerî iktâ sistemi aynen Selçuklular’da olduğu gibi yürürlükteydi; büyük küçük bütün kumandanlar ve askerî valiler zengin iktâlara sahipti. Sultanın yanındaki gulâmlardan meydana gelen hassa ordusundan başka eyalet merkezlerinde, şehzadelerin veya askerî valilerin emrinde önemli askerî birlikler ve sınır boylarındaki kalelerde de muhafız kıtaları vardı. Müslüman olmayan Türkler ve Karahıtaylar’la yapılan savaşlara mücahid ve dervişler de gönüllü olarak katılırlardı.
Adlî teşkilâtın başında bizzat hükümdar tarafından tayin edilen “akda’l-kudât” unvanlı bir âlim bulunurdu; bütün ülkedeki kadıların tayin, azil ve teftişi ona aitti. Ordu mensuplarının şer‘î kazâ ile ilgili iş ve davaları ordu kadısı, devlet erkânı aleyhine açılan davalarla devlete karşı işlenen suçlar da bizzat hükümdarın başkanlık ettiği Dîvân-ı Mezâlim tarafından görülürdü.
Hârizmşahlar’la Gurlular, Karahıtaylar ve Selçuklular arasındaki mücadeleler hiç şüphesiz Hârizm ve Horasan’da büyük tahribata yol açmıştı. Buna rağmen VI. (XII.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında görülen ilmî, fikrî ve edebî faaliyet asrın ikinci yarısında da devam etmiştir. Özellikle o devrin kalabalık ve mâmur şehirlerinden olan idare merkezi Gürgenç (Hazret-i Hârizm, Ürgenç, Cürcâniye), maddî bakımdan olduğu kadar ilmî ve edebî açıdan da Horasan şehirleriyle rekabet edecek seviyeye yükseldi ve Atsız devrinden başlayarak Tekiş ve Alâeddin Muhammed zamanında en seçkin âlim ve sanatkârları cezbeden bir ilim ve sanat muhiti haline geldi. Hükümdarlar iyi tahsil görmüş, edebî kültüre sahip kişiler oldukları için çevrelerine âlim ve sanatkârları topluyor, onları himaye ediyorlardı. Aynı şekilde Buhara ve Merv de kıymetli kütüphane, medrese ve vakıflarıyla Hârizmşahlar’ın hâkimiyetinde birer ilmî ve fikrî merkez konumunda idiler. Sadece Merv’de on kütüphane vardı. Bunlardan Cuma Camii’nin yanındaki Azîziye Kütüphanesi’nde 12.000, Kemâliye Kütüphanesi’nde yaklaşık 10.000 cilt kitap bulunuyordu. Bu bilgiler, Moğol istilâsından kısa bir süre önce bölgeyi ziyaret eden Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin de teyit ettiği gibi Hârizmşahlar devrinde ilim ve kültür alanındaki gelişmeleri göstermektedir. Bu dönemde dil ve edebiyat, dinî ilimler ve felsefede temayüz etmiş ünlü simalardan bazıları şunlardır: Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Necmeddîn-i Kübrâ, Mecdüddin el-Bağdâdî, Şehristânî, Mutarrizî, Ebü’l-Kāsım Mahmûd b. Azîz el-Hârizmî, Şehâbeddin Hivâfî, Nesevî, Nizâmeddin Hârizmî, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Hârizmî, Hüccetü’l-Efâzıl Ali b. Muhammed el-İmrânî el-Hârizmî, Kāsım b. Hüseyin el-Hârizmî, Zeynülmeşâyih Ebü’l-Fazl Muhammed, Ebû Mudar Mahmûd b. Cerîr ed-Dabbî, Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Bahâeddin Muhammed b. Müeyyed el-Bağdâdî, Şâhpûr-i Nîsâbûrî, Zülfikar Şirvânî, Muizzî, Evhadüddîn-i Enverî, Edîb Sâbir ve Reşîdüddin Vatvât.
Hârizmşahlar’ın yıkılması Türk ve İslâm âlemine çok şeyler kaybettirdi. XII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İslâmiyet Hârizm’le komşu bölgelerden Asya içlerine doğru yayılmaktaydı. Başta Ahmed Yesevî olmak üzere Türk mutasavvıflarının gayretleri çeşitli boylar arasında meyvelerini vermeye başlamıştı. Kanklı, Kıpçak ve Kimekler İslâmiyet’i kabul ettikleri takdirde Türk-İslâm medeniyetine katkıda bulunabilirlerdi. Fakat Hârizmşahlar’ın Moğol istilâsı karşısında yıkılması bu imkânı ortadan kaldırdı. Çok sayıda Türk, Sibirya ve Altaylar’da tecrit edilmiş bir halde eski hayatlarını sürdürmeye mahkûm oldu. Ayrıca Mâverâünnehir ve Hârizm’deki ilim ve edebiyat hayatı da sona erdi. Birçok âlim ve edip ülkesini terkedip Hindistan, Suriye, Mısır ve Anadolu’ya kaçmak zorunda kaldı.
HÂRİZMŞAHLAR 1. Kutbüddin Muhammed 490 (1097) 2. Atsız 521 (1128) 3. İlarslan 551 (1156) 4. Alâeddin Tekiş 567 (1172) 5. Alâeddin Muhammed 596 (1200) 6. Celâleddin 617-628 (1220-1231)
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 228-231 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.