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HÂRÛT ve MÂRÛT Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de adları geçen ve insanlara sihir öğrettiklerine inanılan iki melek.
Arapça asıllı olmayan Hârût ve Mârût kelimeleri (Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, s. 629) Kur’an’da bir âyette geçer (el-Bakara 2/102). Bazı hadislerde nakledilen, tarih ve tefsir kitaplarında ayrıntılı biçimde yer alan Hârût-Mârût kıssası farklı isimlerle İslâm’dan önceki dinlerde de görülür.
Hârût ve Mârût kelimelerinin menşeiyle ilgili çeşitli görüşler vardır. Bazı araştırmacılar Hârût ve Mârût’u, ilk defa Zerdüştîliğin dinî metinlerinde geçen Haurvatāt ve Ameretāt ile aynı saymaktadır (Jeffery, s. 283). Avesta’da dişi varlıklar olarak kabul edilen Haurvatāt suların, Ameretāt ise bitkilerin koruyucusudur (ERE , I, 796; EIr. , I, 998). Avesta’daki Ameretāt ismi Pehlevîce’de Amurdâd, Persçe’de Amordâd ve Mordâd, Haurvatāt ise Hordâd ve Kordâd şekline dönüşmüştür. Bunların ilki Ahura Mazda’nın mükemmellik, ikincisi ölümsüzlük sıfatını temsil etmektedir (ERE , I, 384-385; EIr. , I, 934). Ermeni dinî terminolojisinde iki çiçek ilâhının adı olan Hawrot ve Mawrot da Haurvatāt ve Ameretāt’la ilgili kabul edilmiştir. Ameşa Spenta’daki iki melek adının orta dönem Persçe’sine Mwrd’-hrwd’ şeklinde, Soğdca’ya Mrwwt ve Hrwwt olarak geçtiği, Kur’an’da ise Hârût ve Mârût şeklinde yer aldığı belirtilmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 998). Bu iki ismin Zerdüştîlik’teki Haurvatāt ve Ameretāt’a bağlanması fikri genelde kabul edilmekte (Jeffery, s. 283; EI2 [İng.] , III, 236-237), fakat bu ilişki kelime benzerliğinden öteye geçmemektedir. Hinduizm’in en eski kutsal kitabı olan Veda’da fırtına ilâhları kabul edilen Mârûtlar’dan söz edilmekle birlikte bunlarla Kur’an’daki Mârût arasında bir münasebet kurmak zordur. Avesta’da ölümsüzlüğü temsil eden Ameretāt’ın Hint mitolojisindeki karşılığı muhtemelen Amrita, Haurvatāt’ın karşılığı ise “kadim su” anlamındaki Saraswati’dir (Dowson, s. 284; EI2 [İng.] , IV, 12; ERE , XIII, 71). Diğer taraftan Enoch’un kitabının Slavca nüshasında (14/5; 33/11; 69/28) Elohim’in, Enoch’un kitabını korumaları için görevlendirdiği iki melek olan Ariuk ve Mariuk, Hârût ve Mârût’un bir versiyonu olarak düşünülmektedir. Ariuk adı Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Tekvîn (14/1, 9) ve Daniel (2/14) bölümlerinde melekten ziyade kişi adı olarak geçen Ariukki’ye kadar çıkarılır. Mariuk ise Ariuk kelimesine yakıştırılan ve yahudi literatüründe sıkça yapılan kelime oyunlarından başka bir şey değildir. Ayrıca yahudi literatüründeki Ariuk ve Mariuk hikâyeleriyle Hârût-Mârût kıssası arasında hiçbir benzerlik yoktur.
İslâmî literatürde Hârût ve Mârût hakkında nakledilen rivayetlerin çoğu, az farkla geç bir yahudi tefsir kitabı olan Midraş Avkir ’de de bulunur. Buradaki rivayet kısaca şöyledir: Tûfandan sonra putperestliğin hâlâ sürmesi Elohim’i kızdırır. Şemhazai (bazı kaynaklarda Azza veya Uzza) ve Azael adında iki melek Tanrı’ya insanı yaratmasının kötü olduğunu söylerler; çünkü insanlar yeryüzünde bozgunculuk yapmışlardır. Bu iki melek, yeryüzüne indiklerinde insanlar arasında Tanrı’nın hükmünü yayacaklarını vaad edince Tanrı onları yeryüzüne gönderir. Dünyaya indikten sonra Şemhazai, Ester (İstar; bazı versiyonlarda Naamah) adında güzel bir kıza rastlar ve ona âşık olur. Ester, kendisini semaya çıkaracak olan Tanrı’nın adını zikretmeyi öğretinceye kadar Şemhazai’a teslim olmayacağını söyler. Bunun üzerine Şemhazai, Tanrı’nın adının nasıl zikredileceğini ona gösterir ve Ester bu ismi zikrederek semaya yükselmeyi başarır. Tanrı, kendisine ulaşmak için çaba sarfeden Ester’i mübarek kılar ve onu yıldız haline getirir. Şemhazai ve Azael ise “insan kızları” ile evlenirler. Enoch’ta anlatıldığı şekliyle hikâyenin geri kalan kısmına bakılırsa bu melekler insanlara sihir öğretirler. Kökeni çok daha eski rivayetlere uzanan Midraş geleneğindeki bu hikâye, şüphesiz Tekvîn’deki (6/2-4) Tanrı oğullarının insan kızlarıyla olan evliliklerini açıklamaya yöneliktir. Bu konuyu işleyen diğer yahudi rivayetlerinde anlatımlar aynı olmakla birlikte şahıs isimleri değişebilmektedir (Davidson, s. 63, 203). Zohar’da cin olarak takdim edilen bu üç figür Azael, Aza ve Naamah adlarını taşımaktadır (I, 55a ).
“Tobit Kitabı” (3/8) ve “Süleyman’ın Ahdi” adlı apokrif yahudi metinlerinde Tanrı’nın denemek için gönderdiği melek Asmodaios (Asmodeus) adını taşır. Şemhazai adının da türediği Asmodeus kelimesi Zerdüştîlik’teki kötü cinlerden biri olan Aeşmo daeva’dan gelir (IDB , I, 259; Davidson, s. 9, 108; EJd. , III, 754; EIr. , I, 480). Zerdüştîlik’te insanlara kötülüğü telkin eden bu cin, “Süleyman’ın Ahdi”nde Kur’ânî ifadeyi çağrıştıracak şekilde karı ve kocanın arasını açmak için insanlara büyü öğreten kötü bir varlık pozisyonundadır (EJd. , III, 754). Öte yandan yahudi tefsir kitaplarında (Hagadik metinler) Asmodeus, sihir öğreten bir cin olarak olumsuz üne sahipse de zaman zaman Hz. Süleyman’a sihirleriyle yardım eden bir hüviyete de bürünür. Bunun en güzel yansıması Talmud’da görülür (Talmud, Gittin 68a ).
Yahudi literatüründe Hz. Süleyman’la ilgili olarak geliştirilen rivayetlerin bir kısmı İran çevresindeki yahudiler arasında ortaya çıkmıştır (EJd. , XV, 108). İlk Diaspora sonucu İran’a giden yahudilerin kendi melek telakkilerini kurarken Zerdüştîlik’ten etkilendikleri bilinmektedir. Bu etkilenme bütün apokrif metinlerde ve son zamanlarda Ölüdeniz yazmalarında görülebilir. Her ne kadar yahudi rivayetlerinde günahkâr meleklerin adı genellikle Şemhazai ve Azael olarak veriliyorsa da İslâm coğrafyasındaki yahudiler Diaspora’da, İran’dan getirdikleri hâtıraları canlı tutarak Aeşmo daeva’dan bozulmuş Asmodeus veya Şemhazai yerine bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolayı, Ahura Mazda’nın Ameşa Spentaları’ndan olan Haurvatāt ve Maurvatāt’ın kaynaklık ettiği Hârût ve Mârût adını kullanmışlardır. İslâm öncesi Arabistan yahudilerinin İran geleneğini koruduklarına yönelik bir başka önemli delil de bazı İslâmî kaynaklarda “baştan çıkaran kadın”ın adı olarak Enahîd’in gösterilmesidir. Zerdüştîliğin önemli ruhî varlıklarından (yazata) biri olan Enahîd güzel bir dişi olarak düşünülmüş ve Grek yazarları onu Afrodit ve İştar’la özdeşleştirmiştir (EIr. , I, 1006, 1007-1008). Böylece Midraş Avkir ’de yansıdığı üzere, baştan çıkaran kadın için kuzeydeki yahudiler İştar’dan bozulmuş Ester adını kullanırken Yesrib ve Yemen gibi Arabistan çevresine yerleşen güney yahudileri Enahîd adını korumuş olmalıdırlar. Kur’an’ın söz konusu âyetle hitap etmiş olduğu yahudiler de herhalde ilk Diaspora’da İran’ı görmüş olan bu yahudilerin devamıydı. Ayrıca Vehb b. Münebbih’in (ö. 114/732) aslen İran kökenli bir yahudi olması, erken dönemlerden itibaren Yemen’e önemli bir İran göçünün olduğuna işaret eder.
Yahudi kaynaklarındaki Şemhazai ve Azael efsanesinin başka kaynaklarda da geçtiğine dair bir ipucu veren bilgi Panopolisli Zosimus’tan (m.s. VI. yüzyıl) gelir. Zosimus, Hz. Süleyman’ın Membres adı verilen varlıklardan öğrendiği büyülerden bahseder (MW , XVIII/1, s. 73-74). Fakat Hârût ve Mârût motifiyle Membres arasında doğrudan bir alâka olduğunu söylemek güçtür.
Yeni Ahid külliyatında Petrus’un II. Mektubu (2-4) ve Yahuda’nın Mektubu’nda (6) “düşmüş melekler”e atıf varsa da şarkiyatçılarca ileri sürüldüğü gibi bunların Hârût ve Mârût’u ima etmesi zayıf bir ihtimaldir. Buradaki ifadeler, daha çok Tekvîn’deki (6/1-4) “Tanrı’nın oğulları” olarak adlandırılan ve yahudi literatüründe melek olarak kabul edilen varlıklara aittir. Ayrıca Enoch (14/5; 69/28) ve Jubile’de (5/6) geçen melekler de yine bu tür meleklerden olup Hârût ve Mârût’la ilişkili değildir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hârût ve Mârût’un zikredildiği âyet, Hz. Süleyman’a atılan iftiralarla Hârût ve Mârût’un sihir öğretişi hakkında iki ana konuya ait bilgi verir. Müfessirler, bu âyetin sihir öğretmenin ve öğrenmenin sakıncalarını vurguladığı konusunda ittifak etmişlerdir. Hârût ve Mârût’la ilgili âyette yer alan yegâne bilgi, onların Bâbil’de bulundukları ve günah olduğu konusunda uyarıda bulunarak insanlara sihir öğrettikleri şeklindedir. Bununla birlikte tarih ve tefsir kitapları özellikle İsrâiliyat’ın etkisiyle konuyu ayrıntılı biçimde anlatmaktadır. Halbuki Hârût ve Mârût konusunda sahih hiçbir hadis yoktur.
Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde (II, 134) Abdullah b. Ömer’den nakledilen bir hadise göre Hz. Âdem Allah tarafından yeryüzüne indirildiğinde melekler Allah’a, “Bizler hamdinle seni tesbih ve takdis edip dururken yeryüzünde fesat çıkaracak, orada kan dökecek insanı mı halife kılıyorsun” derler. Allah da onlara, “Sizin bilemeyeceğinizi herhalde ben bilirim” der (el-Bakara 2/30). Melekler, kendilerinin âdemoğlundan daha itaatkâr olduklarını söyleyince de Allah yeryüzüne göndermek üzere aralarından iki melek seçmelerini ister. Hârût ve Mârût seçilerek yeryüzüne indirilir. Zühre çok güzel bir kadın sûretinde karşılarına çıkınca melekler ona sahip olmak isterler. Kadın da Allah’a ortak koşmaları şartıyla tekliflerini kabul eder. Melekler bunu reddederler. Bunun üzerine kadın bir çocuk getirir ve onu öldürmelerini ister; melekler bunu da kabul etmez. Daha sonra kadın içki getirir ve bunu içerlerse tekliflerini kabul edeceğini söyler. Melekler içkiyi içip sarhoş olunca kadınla zina edip çocuğu öldürürler. Ayıldıklarında kadın, daha önce kabul etmedikleri her şeyi sarhoş olunca yaptıklarını onlara hatırlatır. Meleklerden dünya veya âhiret azabından birini seçmeleri istenince dünya azabını seçerler. İbn Kesîr, sened zincirindeki Mûsâ b. Cübeyr sebebiyle bu hadisin “garîb” olduğunu ve Abdullah b. Ömer’in bu rivayeti Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’dan naklettiğini belirtir (Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 198-199). Hz. Ali’nin Resûlullah’tan rivayet ettiği nakledilen, “Allah Zühre’ye lânet etti; çünkü Zühre, Hârût ve Mârût adlı iki meleği fitneye sevketti” hadisi de sahih değildir (a.g.e. , I, 200). Yine Hz. Ali’ye isnat edilen bir rivayette, iki meleğin imtihanına vesile olan kadına Araplar’ın Zühre, Acemler’in Enahîd dedikleri, kadının onlara semaya çıkıp yeryüzüne inmelerinin sırrını sorduğu, böylece ism-i a‘zam duasını öğrenip semaya çıktığı ve yıldıza dönüştüğü nakledilir (Süyûtî, s. 58). İbn Abbas’tan gelen benzer bir rivayette de denenmek üzere yeryüzüne gönderilen iki melekten bahsedilir. Bu iki melek Enahîd adlı çok güzel bir kadın tarafından baştan çıkarılır ve melekler bu denemede başarısız olurlar. Kadın Zühre yıldızına dönüştürülür. Daha sonra Hz. Süleyman iki meleği dünya veya âhiret azabını seçmekte serbest bırakır, onlar da dünya azabını seçerler (İbn Kesîr, I, 202; Süyûtî, s. 59).
İbn Kesîr, bu rivayetlerin hepsinin uydurma olduğunu ve gerçekte Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’dan kaynaklandığını belirtir. Sened yönünden değerlendirilen bu rivayetler zayıf bulunmuştur (İyâde Eyyûb el-Kübeysî, XXVII/3, s. 12-28). Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî de gerek Hz. Muhammed’e gerekse Hz. Ali’ye atfedilen rivayetlerin tamamen uydurma olduğunu ifade eder. İbn Cerîr et-Taberî, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Kādî İyâz, İbn Hazm, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî gibi önde gelen müfessirler, ayrıca Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Tabersî gibi Şiî âlimleri de bu rivayetleri şüpheli bulur.
Öte yandan kıraat âlimleri arasında, âyette geçen ve mütevâtir kıraatlerde “melekeyn” (iki melek) şeklinde okunan kelimeyi farklı telaffuz edenler de vardır. İbn Abbas, Hasan-ı Basrî, Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî ve Dahhâk b. Müzâhim kelimeyi “melikeyn” (iki melik, iki kral) şeklinde okuyarak Hârût ve Mârût’u insan kabul etmişlerdir. İbn Hazm ise bunların melek değil iki şeytan veya cinden iki kabile olduğunu söyleyerek farklı bir yorum yapmıştır. Ebû Bekir el-Esamm’a göre onlar küçük günah işlemişlerdir (DİA , XI, 354).
Özellikle tefsir kitapları Hârût ve Mârût’un kişiliklerine dair İsrâiliyat’a dayanan pek çok rivayet aktarır. Bu rivayetlerin bazılarına göre Hârût ve Mârût Irak’ta, Dünbâvend Bâbili’nde, Demâvend dağında, Garp’ta bir yerde oturmaktadırlar; İdrîs peygamber zamanında yaşamışlardır. Kıyamete kadar saçlarından asılma cezasına çarptırılmış veya başları kanatlarının altına kıstırılmış ya da baş aşağı asılarak cezalandırılmışlardır. Ancak müfessirlerin çoğu bu rivayetlerin asılsız olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Muhaddisler de Hârût ve Mârût’la ilgili hadisleri tahlil edip aynı sonuca ulaşmışlardır. Bununla birlikte Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i gibi bazı ahlâk kitaplarının sihirle ilgili bahislerinde konu herhangi bir yorum yapılmadan ele alınmıştır (III, 204). Orta Asya Türkleri’nin kısas-ı enbiyâ türünden az sayıdaki eserlerinde İran-yahudi geleneğinin etkisini yansıtan anlatımlar vardır. Nitekim Nâsırüddin Rabgūzî (XIII-XIV. yüzyıl), Hârût ve Mârût bahsinde iki meleğin adı olarak Azaya ve Aza’yı kullanmıştır. Rabgūzî’nin eserindeki ifadelerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Türkler’in Ester için kullandığı isim ise Sakit’tir (Kısasü’l-enbiyâ , I, 43, 44).
Hârût ve Mârût’la ilgili rivayetler klasik Türk edebiyatına da yansımış, şairler özellikle Hârût adını anarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan kıssanın dışında ve tamamen İsrâilî rivayetlere dayanarak konuyu işlemişler, çeşitli telmihlerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu vesile ile Bâbil (çâh-ı Bâbil), Hârût ve Mârût ile bunların öğrettiği büyü etrafında birçok mazmun meydana getirmişlerdir. Divan şiirinde sevgilinin gözleri, gamzesi ve saçları sihir hususunda Hârût ve Mârût’un üstadı sayılır. Ahmed Paşa’nın, “Ey melekrû âb u gilden çıkmadan Âdem henüz / Çâh-ı Bâbil’de gözün Hârût’a sihrâmûz idi” beytiyle Ârif Hikmet’in, “Menba-ı mekr ü füsun çeşm-i fitnezâdın idi / Meşk-i sihr eylemeden gamze-i Hârût henüz” beyti bu anlayışı aksettirir. Sevgilinin çene çukuru (çâh-ı zenahdan) Bâbil’deki kuyudan (çâh-ı Bâbil), Hârût da (veya Mârût) o kuyuda asılı bulunduğu için sevgilinin zülüflerinden kinayedir. Çünkü sevgilinin zülüfleri çene çukuruna doğru uzanır ve Hârût ile Mârût da o kuyuda saçlarından asılmış olarak beklemektedirler. Sihir öğretmek ve büyücülüğün pîri olmak itibariyle Hârût ve ondan kinaye olarak sevgili (gözleri, çene çukuru, saçları veya gamzesi dolayısıyla) bir cadı (câdû) şeklinde tasvir edilir. Bu durumda sehhâr sevgilinin âşıklarını büyüler ve onların gönüllerini ya zülfünün ucuna asar yahut çene çukurunun zindanına atar: “Sihr ta‘lîm eylemekte gamze-i câdû-yı dôst / Çâh-ı Bâbil’de eder Hârût-ı fettân ile bahs” (Ahmed Paşa). Sevgili ile âşıkları arasındaki bu macera tam bir fitne halidir. Dolayısıyla Hârût ile sevgili fitne çıkarmakta da birbirlerine benzerler. Nedîm’in, “Gamze-i fettânını koydun ki yıktı âlemi / Bahse dalmışken çeh-i Bâbil’de câdûlarla sen” beytiyle, “O fitne kim onu Hârût uyardı Bâbil’de / Siyâh gözlerinin hâb-ı âremîdesidir” beyti bunu ifade eder.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 262-264 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.