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HASAN FEHMİ EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1298/1881)
Osmanlı şeyhülislâmı.
1210’da (1795-96) Akşehir’de doğdu. Ilgınlı Osman Efendi’nin oğludur. İlk tahsilini burada yaptıktan sonra öğrenimine Konya’da devam etti. Daha sonra arkadaşı Kara Halil Efendi ile birlikte İstanbul’a gitti; Vidinli Mustafa Efendi’nin derslerine katıldı. Bu sırada açılan ruûs imtihanında birinci olarak Ayasofya Camii’nde ders vermeye başladı. Bu derslerdeki başarısıyla dikkati çekerek Şehzade Abdülaziz’in kavâid ve edebiyyât-ı Arabiyye dersleri hocalığına tayin edildi. 1263’te (1847) ibtidâ-i hâric derecesiyle müderris oldu, ardından diğer merhaleleri de katederek mûsıle-i Sahn’a ulaştı. 1275’te (1858-59) ders vekili oldu. Abdülaziz’in tahta çıkması ile birlikte itibarı ve mevkii yükseldi; 29 Ramazan 1278 (30 Mart 1862) tarihli bir irâde-i seniyye ile muallim-i sultânî unvanını aldı. Bir yıl sonra kendisine Mekke pâyesi tevcih edildi; 13 Aralık 1863’te Muğla kazası arpalık olarak verildi ve 20 Aralık’ta Anadolu kazaskerliğine getirildi.
1863’te Abdülaziz’in Mısır seyahatine muallim-i sultânî sıfatıyla katılan Hasan Fehmi Efendi, burada Ezher hatiplerinden İbrâhim es-Sekkā ile tanışıp sohbet etme imkânı buldu. Kendisine 1864’te Muğla kazası bedeli, 1866’da Alâiye kazası niyâbeti, kısa bir süre sonra Isparta kazası bedeli, Ocak 1868’de de Rumeli kazaskerliği pâyesi verildi. Nihayet 7 Muharrem 1285’te (30 Nisan 1868), Hacı Mehmed Refik Efendi’nin Meclis-i Âlî üyeliğine seçilmesiyle boşalan şeyhülislâmlık makamına tayin edildi. Böylece Hoca Sâdeddin ve Seyyid Feyzullah Efendi’den sonra muallim-i sultânî ve şeyhülislâm unvanlarını birlikte taşıdığı için “câmiu’r-riyâseteyn” unvanını alan üçüncü ve sonuncu şeyhülislâm oldu.
Âlî Paşa’nın beşinci sadâretine rastlayan Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlık dönemi içtimaî, siyasî ve kültürel çalkantılar içerisinde geçti. Batılılaşma ve reform hareketleri sebebiyle meşihat makamının hukuk ve eğitim yetkilerinin iyice kısıtlanmak istenmesine karşı giriştiği mücadele sonuçsuz kaldı. Hatta Meclis-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye bünyesinde Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın reisliğinde başlatılan Mecelle ’yi tedvin çalışmaları, bir yandan aşırı Batı taraftarlarının muhalefetiyle karşılaşırken öte yandan yetkilerinin kısılmasından rahatsız olan şeyhülislâm ve taraftarı ulemânın engellemesine mâruz kaldı. Bu arada Sultan Abdülaziz’in daveti üzerine 1870’te İstanbul’a gelen Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî’nin büyük ilgi görmesi ve bilhassa medreseye alternatif gibi görülen Dârülfünun’un açılışına katılıp bir konuşma yapması, medrese mensuplarıyla birlikte Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin de tepkisine sebep olmuştur. Efgānî’nin Meclis-i Maârif üyesi seçildikten sonra ortaya koyduğu teklifler ve ileri sürdüğü fikirler şeyhülislâmın kendisine karşı olan düşmanlığını daha da arttırdı. Nihayet Hoca Tahsin Efendi’nin öncülüğünde düzenlenen halka açık konferansların birinde Efgānî’nin felsefeyi ve nübüvveti sanatlar arasında gösteren bir ifade kullanması muhaliflerine bekledikleri fırsatı vermişti. Hasan Fehmi Efendi hemen harekete geçerek bu sözü sebebiyle onu tekfir etti, ayrıca vâiz ve hatipler aracılığıyla halkı onun aleyhinde kışkırttı. Hasan Fehmi’ye destek olmak üzere ders vekili Halil Fevzi Efendi de Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî hakkında es-Süyûfü’l-ḳavâṭıʿ adlı bir risâle yazdı (DİA , X, 457). Hasan Fehmi Efendi, kendisini tutan Sadrazam Âlî Paşa’nın ölümünden on gün sonra 17 Eylül 1871’de görevinden alındı.
4 Cemâziyelâhir 1291’de (19 Temmuz 1874) ikinci defa meşihat makamına getirilen Hasan Fehmi Efendi, Mecelle ’nin tedvininde epeyce yol katetmiş olan Cevdet Paşa’ya karşı eski olumsuz tutumunu devam ettirdi; özellikle Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye Cemiyeti’nin Bâb-ı Meşîhat’tan Bâbıâli’ye nakledilmesinden dolayı onu suçladı. Bir yıl on ay kadar süren bu ikinci meşihatının önemli bir kısmı Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın sadâreti dönemine rastlar. Bu sırada ortaya çıkan Hersek isyanı, yabancı güçlerin müdahalesinin had safhaya ulaşması, Bulgaristan ihtilâli, Avrupa kamuoyunun Türkler aleyhine dönmesi Osmanlı toplumunda endişe doğurmuş, bütün bunlardan dolayı Sadrazam Mahmud Nedim Paşa ile aynı kabinede yer alan Şeyhülislâm Hasan Fehmi Efendi suçlanmıştı. Muhtemelen Midhat Paşa’nın da rolü ile 10 Mayıs 1876’da Fâtih, Beyazıt ve Süleymaniye medreseleri talebelerinin ayaklanıp Bâbıâli önünde sadrazamla şeyhülislâmın azlini istemeleri üzerine kendisine bağlı medrese talebelerinin isyanına engel olamadığı, ayrıca yalnız kendi taraftarlarını terfi ettirip yeteneksiz kimselere görev verdiği, ulemâ ve talebe tarafından tutulmadığı gibi gerekçelerle hem kendisi hem de sadrazam 16 Rebîülâhir 1293’te (11 Mayıs 1876) azledildi. Arapça ve Farsça’ya vâkıf, fıkıh, kelâm, Arap edebiyatı ve mantık konularında derin bilgi sahibi olan Hasan Fehmi Efendi 1877’de Medine’ye gönderildi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 63332) ve orada vefat etti.
Eserleri. Çeşitli konularda Arapça eserleri bulunan Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin risâlelerinden bazıları, oğlu Ali Haydar ez-Zühdî Efendi ve diğer müelliflerin eserleriyle birlikte “mecmûatü’r-resâil” tarzında taşbaskı olarak 1285 (1868) ve 1292 (1875) yıllarında İstanbul’da basılmıştır. Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
A) Mantık. 1. el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-ʿAzîziyye . Müellif bu manzum risâleyi Sultan Abdülaziz’e takdim etmiş olup matbu nüshada (İstanbul 1285) eserin adı belirtilmediği gibi kütüphane kayıtlarında da farklı isimlerle zikredilmektedir (meselâ bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2178). Hasan Fehmi Efendi daha sonra eserine bir şerh yazarak bu şerhe Abdülaziz’in oğlu Yûsuf’a nisbetle Yûsufiyye adını vermiştir (İstanbul 1292). Eserin kıyas bahsi Yemlihazâde Kâmil Efendi tarafından ayrıca şerhedilmiştir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 216).
2. Risâle fi’l-manṭıḳ . Üç bölümden (fen) oluşan risâlenin matbu nüshası üzerinde adı ve müellifi kaydedilmemişse de Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut (Öğüt, nr. 852/2) matbu nüshasının (İstanbul 1292) ilk sayfasında kurşun kalemle bu isme yer verilmiş ve müellifin adı yazılmıştır.
3. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ ems̱ileti’d-Dürri’n-nâcî (İstanbul 1285). Îsâġūcî şerhi ed-Dürrü’n-nâcî üzerine yazılmış bir hâşiyedir. Bazı kayıtlarda Hasan Fehmi Efendi’ye nisbet edilen Risâle fi’l-ḳażıyyeti’l-munfaṣıla da (bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hayri – Abdullah Efendi, nr. 107/9) bu eserdir.
B) Arap Dili. 1. İrşâdü’l-mübtedî ʿale’l-Birgivî (İstanbul 1285). Birgivî’nin el-ʿAvâmil adlı eserinin şerhidir.
2. er-Ravżâtü’l-ḫâḳāniyye (İstanbul 1285). Sultan Abdülaziz’e takdim edildiği için bu adla anılan risâle üç bölüm (ravza) olup birinci bölümde meânî, ikinci bölümde beyân, üçüncü bölümde bedî‘ konuları ele alınmıştır.
3. en-Netâyicü’s-sulṭâniyye (İstanbul 1285). İki bölümden (fen) oluşan eserin birinci bölümü vaz‘ ilmine, ikinci bölümü münazara âdâbına ayrılmıştır.
4. Taʿlîḳa ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-ʿİṣâm ʿale’r-Risâleti’l-vażʿiyye li’l-Îcî (İstanbul 1285).
5. Risâle-i “feliẕâlik” (İstanbul 1285).
C) Ruûs İmtihanı Risâleleri. 1. Risâletü’l-imtiḥân li’r-ruʾûs (İstanbul 1275). 1275 (1858) yılında ruûs imtihanına girecek adaylar için hazırlanan risâle, dönemin şeyhülislâmı Meşrepzâde Mehmed Ârif Efendi’nin isteği üzerine kaleme alınmıştır.
2. Mirʾâtü efkâri’r-ricâl li-yetemeyyeze erbâbü’l-kemâl (İstanbul 1280). Devrin şeyhülislâmı Mehmed Sâdeddin Efendi’nin isteği üzerine yazılmıştır. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi kayıtlarında (Tırnovalı, nr. 1736) Hasan Fehmi Efendi’ye Risâle-i İhtikâriyye adlı bir imtihan risâlesi daha nisbet edilmekteyse de bu risâlenin 1289 (1872) yılında Asâkir-i Şâhâne Alayı’ndan ruûs imtihanını kazananları belirlemek üzere Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin isteği üzerine Filibeli Halil Fevzi Efendi tarafından yazıldığı tesbit edilmiştir.
D) Kelâm. 1. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-ʿAḳāʾid . Teftâzânî’nin Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳāʾid adlı eserinin hâşiyesi olup yazma bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Yozgat, nr. 344, 117 varak).
2. Taʿlîḳa . Abdülhakîm es-Siyâlkûtî’nin Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-ʿAḳāʾid ’i üzerine yapılmış bir ta‘lik çalışmasıdır.
3. er-Risâle fî keyfiyyeti îmâni Firʿavn . Firavun’un imanı konusunda Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin görüşünü savunmak üzere kaleme alınmıştır (son iki risâle için bk. Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 216).
Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin ayrıca on iki bölümden meydana gelen tamamlanmamış bir eseri, Şerḥ ʿalâ ṣalâti’l-feyżiyye li’ş-Şeyḫi’l-ekber adlı basılmamış bir risâlesi, Arapça bir divançesi ve Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin bir münâcâtına tahmîsi bulunduğu kaydedilmekte olup (a.g.e. , a.y.) sonuncusu diğer bazı risâleleriyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1285).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, YEE , nr. 1170, Ks. 31.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 63332.
Lutfî, Târih , XII, 7-8.
Cevdet, Ma ‘rûzât , s. 228.
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 599-601.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 216-217.
Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri , İstanbul 1340, s. 306-307.
Mehmed Zeki Pakalın, Son Sadrazamlar ve Başvekiller , İstanbul 1944, III, 142-143.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 204, 235.
Abdülkadir Altunsu, Osmanlı Şeyhülislâmları , Ankara 1972, s. 199-201.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, “Dârulfünûn Tarihçesine Giriş”, TTK Belleten , LIV/210 (1990), s. 728-730.
“Hasan Fehmi Efendi”, TA , XIX,12.
B. Lewis, “Ḥasan Fehmī”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 250-251.
Hayreddin Karaman, “Efgānî, Cemâleddin”, DİA , X, 457.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 320-322 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.