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HASET Skip to content Başkalarının sahip olduğu imkânları kıskanma anlamında bir terim.
Hem masdar hem de isim olarak kullanılan hased kelimesi, başkasının sahip olduğu maddî veya mânevî imkânların kendisine intikal etmesi veya kıskanılan kişinin bu imkânlardan mahrum kalması yönündeki istek ve niyeti ifade eder. Râgıb el-İsfahânî, bu istek ve niyetin gerçekleşmesi için gösterilen fiilî gayreti de hasedin tanımına katar (el-Müfredât , “ḥsd” md.; eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 348); ancak başta ilk ahlâk âlimlerinden Hâris el-Muhâsibî ve Gazzâlî olmak üzere İslâm ahlâkçılarının çoğu hasedi bir duygu ve temenni olarak kabul etmiş, fiilî teşebbüsleri hasedin sonucu saymıştır (er-Riʿâye , s. 499-501; İḥyâʾ , III, 248-249). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, yahudilerin müslümanları inkârcılığa döndürme yönündeki niyet ve istekleri onların nefislerindeki hasede bağlanmak suretiyle hasedin temelde bir duygu ve niyet meselesi olduğu vurgulanmış (el-Bakara 2/109), aynı zümrenin Allah tarafından müslümanlara lutfedilen başarıları kıskanması da haset kavramıyla ifade edilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/54). Haset ettiği vakit hasetçinin şerrinden Allah’a sığınmak gerektiğini belirten âyetteki (el-Felak 113/5) “hâsid” kelimesinden hasedin insanda kendi tabiatından gelen bir duygu olarak bulunduğu, “hasede” fiilinden de bu duygunun bazı kimseleri mâsum insanların zarara uğraması yönünde bir niyet ve temenniye sevkettiği anlamı çıkarılmıştır (meselâ bk. İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 25; Elmalılı, VIII, 6402-6403).
Hadislerde haset kelimesi hem yukarıdaki anlamda hem de “gıpta” mânasında kullanılmıştır. Bir hadiste, “İki kimseye haset etmek câizdir” denildikten sonra bunlardan birinin Allah tarafından kendisine verilen serveti hak yolunda harcayan, diğerinin de Allah’ın verdiği ilimle amel edip bu ilmi başkasına öğreten kimse olduğu belirtilmiş (Müsned , II, 9, 36; Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 15, “Zekât”, 5, “Aḥkâm”, 3), böylece haset kelimesi “imrenme, hayırda rekabet” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Öte yandan hadislerde, “bir şeyi sahibinden kıskanmak, onu çekememek” mânasındaki haset hakkında oldukça sert ifadeler yer alır. Buna göre, “Bir kulun kalbinde imanla haset bir arada bulunmaz” (Nesâî, “Cihâd”, 8); “Ateşin odunu yakıp bitirmesi gibi haset de iyilikleri mahveder” (İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 22; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 44). Bir başka hadiste de kinle hasedin önemli sosyal problemlere yol açan ahlâkî hastalıklar olduğuna işaret edilir (Müslim, “Îmân”, 243). Bütün hadis kaynaklarında benzer ifadelerle kaydedilen konuyla ilgili hadislerin birinde din kardeşliği ve sosyal barış için gerekli görülen hususlar şu şekilde sıralanır: “Dedikodunun peşine düşmeyin, başkalarının kusurlarını araştırmayın, birbirinize haset etmeyin, birbirinize sırt çevirmeyin, kin gütmeyin. Ey Allah’ın kulları, kardeş olun!” (Buhârî, “Edeb”, 57, 58; Müslim, “Birr”, 24, 28, 30, 32).
Hâris el-Muhâsibî’den itibaren haset konusunu ele alan İslâm ahlâkçıları bunun genellikle aralarında meslekî, iktisadî, ilmî, siyasî, içtimaî münasebetler bulunan insanlarda ortaya çıktığını belirtir ve başkalarının maddî veya mânevî bir nimete sahip olması karşısında insanın başlıca üç tepki gösterdiğini ileri sürerler. Başkasının bir nimete kavuşmasını çekemeyip ondan mahrum kalmasını temenni etmeye haset, böyle bir kötü niyet taşımadan o nimetin benzerine kendisinin de nâil olmasını arzulamasına gıpta, bu arzuyu gerçekleştirme yönünde çaba göstermeye ve olumlu bir rekabet içine girmeye “münâfese” denilmiştir (meselâ bk. Hâris el-Muhâsibî, s. 475-477; Mâverdî, s. 382-383; Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 348-349; Gazzâlî, III, 236, 239). Bütün ahlâkçılar ilgili âyet ve hadislere dayanarak, ayrıca psikolojik ve sosyal zararlarını göz önüne alarak hasedi haram saymışlardır. Kaynaklarda, İblîs’in Âdem’i kıskanmasına da atıfta bulunularak hasedin şeytanî bir huy olduğu ifade edilir; İblîs’in Âdem’i kıskanması gökte işlenen ilk günah, Kābil’in Hâbil’i kıskanması da yerde işlenen ilk günah olarak değerlendirilir (meselâ bk. Mâverdî, s. 381; Kurtubî, V, 251). Gıpta ve münâfese meşrû kabul edilmekle birlikte, insanların bir rekabet anlayışı içinde yaptıkları işlerin hükmüne göre münâfesenin de vâcip (farz), müstehap, mubah veya haram olabileceği belirtilir (Hâris el-Muhâsibî, s. 477-479, 490; Gazzâlî, III, 236, 237-238).
Hasedi gıpta ve münâfeseden ayıran en önemli fark, haset kavramının “bencillik ve çekememezlik” anlamına gelmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim bazı kötü niyetli kişilerin elde edecekleri imkânlarla fitne ve fesat çıkarmak gibi zararlı faaliyetlerde bulunmasından kaygı duyulduğu için bunların o imkânlardan mahrum kalmasını arzulamakta sakınca görülmemiştir (Gazzâlî, III, 236). Buna göre haram olan haset, başkasının meşrû yoldan sahip olduğu bir imkândan dolayı insanın kıskançlık duygusunun etkisine kapılarak kendisine bir yararı olmasa bile o nimetin elden çıkmasını istemesidir. Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’de yer alan ve sonraki bazı âlimlerce aynen iktibas edilen (meselâ bk. Fahreddin er-Râzî, III, 238-244) hasetle ilgili tahlillerinde, muhtemelen Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî ’deki (s. 50-52) psikolojik-ahlâkî değerlendirmelerinden de faydalanarak bir tür ruhî hastalık saydığı bu duygunun insan tabiatındaki bencillik eğiliminden, dolayısıyla başkalarının kendisinden daha üstün durumda olmasına tahammül edememesinden kaynaklandığını, bu halin onu bir tür bunalıma soktuğunu söyler. Böyle bir durumda hasetçi, ya kendisinin kıskandığı kişinin düzeyine yükselmesini veya onun kendi seviyesine düşmesini arzular ve ancak bu arzusu gerçekleşince bunalımdan kurtulur. İnsanlar, yaratılıştan bir kıskançlık duygusu taşımalarına rağmen aklın ve dinin buyruğuna uyarak bu duyguyu baskı altında tutabilir, onun etkisine kapılmaktan kendilerini koruyabilirler; bu şekilde dinî ve ahlâkî sorumluluktan da kurtulurlar. Zira haset duygusunu bütünüyle yok etmek herkes için mümkün değildir (Gazzâlî, III, 238-239).
İslâm ahlâkçıları, haset duygusunu ortadan kaldırmanın veya etkisinden korunmanın bazı yollarına işaret ederler. Bunun için öncelikle hasedi doğuran sebeplerin bilinmesi gerekir. Ebû Bekir er-Râzî hasedi, cimrilik ve aşırı ihtirasın birleşmesinden doğan psikolojik bir hastalık olarak görür ve ahlâk eğitimcilerinin kötü insanı, “başkalarının zarara uğramasından zevk duyan kişi” diye tanımladıklarını hatırlatarak bu tanımda hasedin esas alındığını söyler (eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî , s. 48). Gazzâlî ise Muhâsibî’nin er-Riʿâye ’sinden de faydalanarak hasedin sebeplerini şöyle sıralar: Düşmanlık ve kin gütme, üstünlük duygusu, kibir, böbürlenme, ulaşılmak istenen şeylerden mahrum kalma korkusu, makam ve mevki tutkusu, nefsin kötülük ve çirkinliği. Gazzâlî, bu sonuncu halin belli bir sebebinin bulunmadığını, bu durumdaki insanlar, Allah’ın nimetlerini herkesten kıskanan aşağılık bir tabiata sahip oldukları için bunlardaki haset duygusunu tedavi etmenin çok zor olduğunu belirtir (İḥyâʾ , III, 242-243).
İslâm ahlâkçıları, hasedi bir tür ruh hastalığı saydıkları için bunun öncelikle kıskanan kimsenin kendisine zarar verdiğini, çünkü onu mutsuz kıldığını söylerler. Kindî, İslâm dünyasında felsefî mahiyette telif edilmiş ilk ahlâk kitabı olan el-Ḥîle li-defʿi’l-aḥzân adlı risâlesinde hasedi bir üzüntü ve dolayısıyla mutsuzluk sebebi olarak gösterir (s. 17-18). Ona göre haset ruhu kirleten bir kusurdur ve şerlerin en fenasıdır. Haset, başkasının zarar görmesini isteme duygusu olduğuna göre bir kötülük sevgisidir. Kötülüğü sevenin kendisi de kötüdür; insanların en kötüsü ise dostlarının zarara uğramasına sevinen kimsedir. Ebû Bekir er-Râzî ise hasedi hem bedenî hem ruhî tahribata, zihnî ve amelî verimsizliğe yol açan bir hezeyan durumu olarak değerlendirir ve bundan dolayı hasedin kıskanılandan çok kıskanan kimseye zarar verdiğini söyler (eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî , s. 51-52).
Kaynaklarda haset hastalığının ilim ve amelle tedavi edilebileceği belirtilir. İlim sayesinde kişi bu duygunun mahiyeti, sebepleri ve zararları hakkında bilgi edinir; amelle de haset duygusuna yol açan sebeplerin aksi istikametindeki davranışlara kendini zorlayarak kıskançlık eğilimlerini ortadan kaldırır veya hafifletir ya da bu eğilimlerin baskısından kurtulma imkânına kavuşur. Konuyu ahlâk eğitimi açısından ele alan müslüman ahlâkçılar arasında bilhassa Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’de “kalbi haset hastalığından kurtaracak tedavi yöntemleri” başlığı altında inceleyerek başarılı tahliller yapmıştır. Daha önceki ahlâk kitaplarında yer alan bilgilerin bir terkibi olan bu bölüm mükemmel bir ahlâk pedagojisi ihtiva eder. Bu tür eserlerde hasedin insan tabiatının derinliklerine kök salmış, sökülüp atılması zor bir duygu olduğu gerçeği göz önüne alınarak kişinin sorumluluğu bu açıdan değerlendirilir. Buna göre haset fiilin değil kalbin niteliğidir. Nitekim Kur’an’da buna işaret eden âyetler vardır (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/120; en-Nisâ 4/89; el-Haşr 59/9). Bu sebeple insan, içindeki haset duygusuna rağmen düşünce ve davranışlarını bu duygunun etkisinde kalmadan aklın ve dinin gerekli gördüğü biçimde düzenler; ayrıca böyle bir duygu taşıdığı için kendini eleştirme erdemini gösterirse görevini yerine getirmiş, sorumluluktan kurtulmuş olur. Bunun ötesinde dünya hazlarına ilgi duyduğu sürece haset duygusunu tamamıyla söküp atması mümkün değildir. Gazzâlî, meselenin bu kısmında tasavvufî üslûba yönelerek böyle bir sonuca ulaşmanın ancak insanların kendileriyle ilgilenmeyi bir yana bırakıp her şeye ve herkese rahmet gözüyle bakmak, bütün insanları Allah’ın kulları ve onların bütün davranışlarını da Allah’ın fiilleri olarak görmekle mümkün olabileceğini ifade eder. Haset duygusunun oluşması ve güçlenmesinde, kişinin kendini başkalarından daha aşağı seviyede görmesinden doğan kompleksin büyük etkisi vardır. Bu sebeple çalışarak giderilebilecek zaafların bertaraf edilmesi için elden gelen gayretin sarfedilmesi hasedin önemli tedavi yollarından biri olarak kabul edilmelidir.
Bazı kaynaklarda, kendisine haset edilen kişinin hasetçiden gelebilecek zararlardan korunması için hangi tedbirlere başvurması gerektiğine ilişkin önerilere de yer verilmiştir. İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye çeşitli âyetlere dayanarak bu önerileri şöyle sıralar: Hasetçinin şerrinden Allah’a sığınmak (Gāfir 40/56; el-Felak 113/1-5), takvâya yönelmek, Allah’ın emir ve yasaklarına uymak (Âl-i İmrân 3/120), hasetçiye karşı sabırlı olup onunla çatışmaktan, ona ezâ vermekten sakınmak (el-Hac 22/60), Allah’a tevekkül etmek (et-Talâk 65/3), düşüncesinde hasetçiye yer vermemek, ihlâsla Allah’a yönelmek (Yûsuf 12/24; Sâd 38/82-83), hasetçinin kendisine musallat olmasını bir musibet kabul edip bu musibete sebep olabilecek günahlarından tövbe etmek (Âl-i İmrân 3/165), mümkün olduğu kadar ikram ve ihsanda bulunarak hasetçinin zararından korunmak, hasetçi ve muzır kimselerin kalplerindeki kötülük ateşini onlara iyilik ederek söndürmek (el-Kasas 28/54; Fussılet 41/34-36), tasavvufî tevhid anlayışıyla bütün olup bitenleri Allah’ın iradesine bağlamak ve yalnız O’nun koruyuculuğuna sığınmak (Ẕemmü’l-ḥased , s. 29-45). Bunların yanında Allah’ın maddî ve mânevî lutuflarına mazhar olan kişinin israftan kaçınması, davranışlarını başkalarının kıskançlığına sebep olmayacak şekilde ayarlaması gerekmektedir. Bu hem dinî bir görev hem de insana karşı bir nezaket kuralıdır.
Edirne Müftüsü Fevzi Efendi, haset yüzünden sıkıntıya uğrayanları teselli etmek ve hasedin zararlarını anlatmak üzere Tesliyetü’l-mahsûdîn adıyla bir kitap yazmıştır (bk. FEVZİ EFENDİ, Edirne Müftüsü ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥsd” md.
a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa (nşr. Ebü’l-Yezîd el-Acemî), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 348-349.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsd” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsd” md.
Müsned , II, 9, 36.
Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 15, “Zekât”, 5, “Aḥkâm”, 3, “Edeb”, 57, 58.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 243, “Birr”, 24, 28, 30, 32.
İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 22.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 44.
Nesâî, “Cihâd”, 8.
Hâris el-Muhâsibî, er-Riʿâye li-ḥuḳūḳıllâh (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 475-502.
Kindî, el-Ḥîle li-defʿi’l-aḥzân (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî, Resâʾil felsefiyye içinde), Beyrut 1983, s. 17-18.
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî (nşr. P. Kraus, Resâʾil felsefiyye içinde), Kahire 1939 → Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 48-54.
Mâverdî, Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 380-387.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire 1387/1967, III, 232-249.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , III, 238-244.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , II, 71; V, 251-252; XX, 259-260.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Ẕemmü’l-ḥased ve ehlih , Amman 1406/1986.
Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, I, 436, 439-440.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , XXX, 284-285.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , VIII, 6402-6403.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 378-380 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.