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HASSÂN b. GÜMÜŞTEGİN Skip to content Hassân b. Gümüştegin et-Türkî el-Ba‘lebekkî (ö. 549/1154-55)
Menbic hâkimi.
Atabeg İmâdüddin Zengî ve oğlu Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin önde gelen Türk beylerinden olan Hassân’ın doğum tarihi bilinmemektedir. Kaynaklarda, 516 (1122-23) yılından itibaren bir kumandan olarak yaptığı faaliyetler kaydedilmekteyse de ne zaman Menbic hâkimi olduğu, kendisine niçin Ba‘lebekkî nisbesinin verildiği ve babası Gümüştegin’in kimliği hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu dönemde Ba‘lebek’te Gümüştegin adlı bir Türk beyinin valilik yaptığı bilinmekteyse de onun Hassân’ın babası olduğuna dair bir kayıt yoktur.
Hassân b. Gümüştegin hakkında bilgi veren ilk müellif olan Azîmî’nin, Muhadded Kalesi’nin Menbic hâkimi Hassân tarafından 516 (1122-23) yılında ele geçirildiği şeklindeki rivayetinden (Târih , vr. 200a ) onun bu olaydan daha önceki bir tarihte Menbic’e sahip olduğu sonucu çıkmaktadır. Ancak Urfa Kontu I. Joscelin’in 1119-1120 kışı ile 1120 ilkbaharında Vâdiibutnân, Menbic’i ve Nakıra’yı (Urfa) hedef alan yağma akınları karşısında çaresiz kalan bölge halkının Mardin’de bulunan Artuklu Beyi Necmeddin İlgazi’ye başvurarak kendisinden yardım istedikleri göz önüne alınırsa Hassân’ın 1120 ilkbaharı ile 1122 yılı arasındaki bir tarihte Menbic’e sahip olduğu söylenebilir.
Necmeddin İlgazi’nin ölümünden sonra (Kasım 1122) Artuklu ailesinin en nüfuzlu ve kudretli şahsı olarak ön plana çıkan yeğeni Belek b. Behrâm, Halep’e hâkim olduktan sonra Harput ve Harran’ın yanı sıra bu bölgenin idaresini de eline almış, yıllardan beri Haçlılar’a karşı sürdürdüğü mücadeleye devam ederek 1124 yılı Mart-Nisan aylarında Azâz üzerine yürümüş ve şehirden çıkan Frank garnizonunu yenilgiye uğratmıştı. Belek, Azâz bölgesine yaptığı başarılı akından hemen sonra 518 Saferinde (Nisan 1124) bilinmeyen bir sebeple Menbic hâkimi Hassân b. Gümüştegin’e kızarak amcazadesi Timurtaş kumandasında bir orduyu Menbic’e gönderdi ve kendisine, Hassân’ı Tel Bâşir bölgesine yapılacak bir yağma akınına katılmaya davet etmesini, şehirden çıkınca da tutuklamasını emretti (İbnü’l-Adîm, Zübdetü’l-ḥaleb , II, 218 vd.). Timurtaş bu emri uygulayarak Hassân’ı yakaladı ve Artuklu birlikleri Menbic’e girdi. Hassân’ın kardeşi Îsâ, ağabeyine yapılan işkenceye rağmen iç kaleyi Timurtaş’a teslim etmedi. Bunun üzerine Belek, Hassân’ı Palu Kalesi’ne hapsetti ve bizzat Menbic’e gelerek kaleyi kuşattı. Zor durumda kalan Îsâ, Urfa Kontu I. Joscelin’e mektup yazdı ve kendisini Belek’in elinden kurtardığı takdirde ona vergi ödemeyi vaad etti (Süryânî Mikhail, III, 212). Joscelin, yanında keşiş Geoffroy’un Maraş kuvvetleriyle Dülük, Ayıntab ve Ra‘bân Kontu Mahuis’in askerleri olduğu halde Urfa ve Antakya birlikleriyle Menbic’e yürüdü. Ancak yapılan savaşı Belek kazandı (5 Mayıs 1124) ve Haçlılar dağılıp kaçtılar. Ertesi gün kuşatmaya devam eden Belek, surları dövmek için mancınıkları yerleştirecek uygun yer tesbit etmeye çalışırken kaleden atılan bir okla ağır şekilde yaralandı ve aynı gün öldü. Mirası yeğenleri arasında paylaşıldığında Palu Kalesi’ni alan Dâvûd b. Sökmen burada tutuklu bulunan Hassân’ı serbest bıraktı. Yeniden Menbic’e dönen Hassân, 1127 yılında Aksungur el-Porsukī ve oğlu İzzeddin Mes‘ûd’un ölümünden sonra Halep’in hâkimiyetini ele geçirmek için Tuman, Kutluğaba ve Süleyman b. Abdülcebbâr arasındaki kavgaya son verip taraflar arasında bir çözüm bulabilmek amacıyla Bizâa (Buzâa) şehri hâkimiyle birlikte Halep’e gitti, fakat başarılı olamadı.
Musul Valisi İmâdüddin Zengî, zor durumdaki Halep’ten gelen yardım çağrısı üzerine önce buraya bir birlik gönderdi, daha sonra kendisi de Halep’e doğru yola çıktı (1128). Bu yolculuğu sırasında Menbic ve Bizâa şehirleri İmâdüddin Zengî’ye itaatlerini arzettiler. Bu tarihten itibaren Hassân, İmâdüddin’in, daha sonra da oğlu Nûreddin’in sadık bir kumandanı olarak görev yaptı. Hassân, Artuklular’a duyduğu kızgınlık sebebiyle gönüllü olarak İmâdüddin’in hizmetine girmiş olmalıdır. Çünkü İmâdüddin Artuklular’ın en şiddetli rakibiydi.
Hassân b. Gümüştegin, İmâdüddin Zengî’nin Irak’ta bulunduğu 1131-1135 yılları arasında ona Halep’te vekâlet eden ünlü Türk kumandanı Seyfeddin Savar ile birlikte 1134 yılında Urfa Kontu II. Joscelin’in kuvvetlerine hücum etti. Haçlılar’ın büyük çoğunluğu öldürüldü, bir kısmı da esir alındı. Sonraki yıllarda Haçlılar’la yapılan savaşlarda Hassân’ın adı kaynaklarda zikredilmiyorsa da olayların akışına bakarak onun da diğer kumandanlar gibi Zengî’nin hizmetinde bu mücadeleler içinde yer aldığı söylenebilir.
Hassân b. Gümüştegin, Urfa Kontluğu’na kesin darbeyi vurmaya hazırlanan ve 1144 yılı Kasım ayı sonunda şehri kuşatmaya başlayan İmâdüddin Zengî’nin maiyetinde Urfa’nın fethine katıldı. Urfa’yı kuşatan Zengî’nin ordusunda bulunan kumandanların adlarını ve birliklerin yerleşme düzenini kaydeden tek kaynak Anonim Süryânî Vekāyi‘nâmesi ’nden (bk. JRAS [1933], s. 282), onun şehrin iç kalesinin karşısına düşen mevkide çadırını kurduğu öğrenilmektedir. Hassân’ın adı, kaynaklarda bundan sonra 1146 yılında Zengî’nin Ca‘ber Kalesi’ni kuşatması dolayısıyla geçmektedir. Zengî, Ukaylîler’den Mâlik b. Sâlim’e ait olan Ca‘ber Kalesi’nin kuşatılması uzayınca Hassân’ı kalenin hâkimine elçi olarak yollayıp kalenin teslimini sağlamaya çalışmış, fakat kale hâkimi teslim olmayı kabul etmemiştir. Hassân geri dönüp Zengî’ye durumu bildirdikten birkaç gün sonra Zengî köleleri tarafından uyurken öldürülünce (5-6 Rebîülâhir 541 / 14-15 Eylül 1146 gecesi) kuşatma kaldırılmıştır.
Zengî’nin ölümü üzerine, kuşatma sırasında yanında bulunan oğlu Nûreddin Mahmud yakın adamları tarafından Halep’e götürülerek burada hükümdar ilân edildi. Zengî’nin diğer oğlu Seyfeddin ise Musul’a hâkim oldu. Bundan sonraki yıllarda Hassân b. Gümüştegin Nûreddin’in hizmetine girdi. Zengî’nin ölümünü fırsat bilen ve Urfa’nın yerli hıristiyan halkı ile anlaştıktan sonra 1146 Ekim ayı sonlarında Urfa’yı tekrar ele geçirmek üzere şehre giren II. Joscelin’in bu teşebbüsü karşısında Nûreddin Halep kuvvetleriyle Urfa’ya geldiğinde Hassân b. Gümüştegin de Menbic birlikleriyle Urfa’ya gidip şehrin geri alınmasında Nûreddin’e yardımcı oldu. Hassân’a bağlı birlikler ve Türkmenler şehri yağmaladıkları gibi birçok kişiyi öldürdüler ve Urfa’ya kendilerine mensup bir topluluk yerleştirdiler.
1150 yılında II. Joscelin’in Nûreddin’in adamları tarafından yakalanıp Halep’te hapse atılmasından sonra Nûreddin Urfa Kontluğu’ndan geriye kalan kaleleri birer birer zaptetmeye başladı. Önce 18 Rebîülevvel 545’te (15 Temmuz 1150) Azâz ele geçirildi. Haçlılar bir taraftan Halep Hükümdarı Nûreddin Mahmud’un, diğer taraftan Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı Mesud’un saldırılarına karşı bölgeyi savunmanın mümkün olmadığını anlamışlar ve Bizans İmparatoru I. Manuel Komnenos’un bu araziyi satın almak üzere yaptığı teklifi kabul ederek birçok kaleyi imparatora satmışlardı. Ancak bölgenin Bizans’a intikali Türk hücumlarını durdurmadı. Nûreddin 1150-1151’de Râvendân, Kūrûs, Burcürrasâs kalelerini zaptetti. Tel Bâşir ise bir süre direndikten sonra 25 Rebîülevvel 546’da (12 Temmuz 1151) Hassân tarafından teslim alındı. Hassân kaleyi aldıktan sonra tahkim edip içine yıllarca yetecek kadar erzak depoladı. İbnü’l-Kalânisî Tel Bâşir’in fethi haberinin Nûreddin’e Dımaşk yakınında Katîa mevkiindeki karargâhındayken ulaştığını, bu habere herkesin sevindiğini ve şenlikler düzenlendiğini söyler. İbnü’l-Esîr Tel Bâşir’in fetih tarihi olarak 549 (1154) yılını verir. İbnü’l-Adîm ise tarih belirtmeden Tel Bâşir’in Dımaşk’ın fethinden sonra Franklar’dan alındığını söyleyerek İbnü’l-Esîr’e katılır.
Hassân’ın vefat tarihi sadece İbnü’l-Adîm tarafından ve 549 (1154-55) olarak kaydedilir (Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭaleb , V, 2234). Hassân’ın ölümünden sonra Menbic’e oğulları hâkim olmuştur. Anonim Süryânî Vekāyi‘nâmesi ’nin verdiği bilgiye göre (bk. JRAS [1933], s. 303) Nûreddin, Harim’i Haçlılar’ın elinden almak üzere 1164 yılında harekete geçtiğinde yanında Hassân’ın oğlu Menbic ve Urfa Emîri Seyfeddin Gazi de bulunmaktaydı. Seyfeddin Gazi’nin 1166 yılında bilinmeyen bir sebeple Nûreddin’e isyan etmesi üzerine Nûreddin Menbic’e bir ordu göndererek şehri kuşatmış ve idaresini Seyfeddin Gazi’nin elinden alıp kardeşi Kutbüddin Yinal’a vermiştir.
Kutbüddin, Musul Hükümdarı Seyfeddin b. İmâdüddin Zengî’ye yani Zengîler’e bağlı olduğundan Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’ye düşmandı. Bu durumu bilen Selâhaddin Bizâa’yı ele geçirdikten sonra Menbic üzerine yürüyüp şehri aldı ve Kutbüddin’i sığındığı kalede kuşattı. Kutbüddin bol miktarda silâh ve erzak depoladığı kalede direndiyse de Selâhaddin’in askerleri açtıkları lağımlarla surları delip çökertince kale düştü (29 Şevval 571 / 11 Mayıs 1176). Selâhaddin, Kutbüddin Yinal’ı esir alıp bütün mallarına el koydu. Süryânî Mikhail’in kaydına göre Kutbüddin beş ay sonra serbest bırakılınca Musul Hükümdarı Seyfeddin b. İmâdüddin Zengî’nin yanına gitmiş, Seyfeddin tarafından kendisine Rakka iktâ olarak verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Azîmî, Târîḫ , Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa, nr. 398, vr. 200a , 202a , 204a , 209a ; a.e.: La chronique abrégée d’al-Azîmî (nşr. Cl. Cahen, JA , CCXXX [1938] içinde), s. 394, 408; a.e.: Selçuklular Dönemiyle İlgili Bölümler: H.430-538 (nşr. ve trc. Ali Sevim), Ankara 1988, s. 45, 47, 50, 57.
İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz) , s. 241, 315; a.e.: The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (trc. H. A. R. Gibb), London 1932, s. 223, 309.
İbnü’l-Ezrak, Meyyâfârikīn ve Âmid Târihi: Artuklular Kısmı (trc. Ahmet Savran), Erzurum 1992, s. 79, 82, 152.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 619, 650, 685; XI, 109, 110, 199; a.e. (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, X, 489, 514, 540; XI, 103, 171, 267, 345.
Süryânî Mikhail, Chronique: 1166-99 (nşr. ve trc. J.-B. Chabot), Paris 1899-1924, III, 210, 212.
The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle (trc. A. S. Tritton, JRAS [1933] içinde), s. 94, 278, 282, 303.
Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan) , s. 206.
İbnü’l-Adîm, Zübdetü’l-ḥaleb , II, 218 vd., 230, 238, 252, 283, 303, 374.
a.mlf., Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭaleb (Zekkâr), V, 2234.
N. Elisséeff, Nūr ad-Dīn , Damas 1967, II, 168, 170, 336, 384, 461, 463, 469.
a.mlf., “Manbid̲j̲”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 380.
İmâdüddin Halîl, el-İmârâtü’l-Artuḳıyye fi’l-Cezîre ve’ş-Şâm , Beyrut 1400/1980, s. 273-274.
Coşkun Alptekin, Dimaşk Atabegliği (Tog-teginliler) , İstanbul 1985, s. 103, 156.
Işın Demirkent, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu Tarihi: 1118-1146 , Ankara 1994, s. 4, 52, 107, 145, 152.
a.mlf., “Haçlılara Karşı Mücadelede Başarılı Bir Türk Kumandanı: Savar”, TTK Belleten , sy. 191-192, s. 465.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 396-397 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.