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HATT-ı HÜMÂYUN Skip to content Osmanlı diplomatiğinde padişahın kendi el yazısı ile yazılmış emirleri için kullanılan bir tabir.
Bazı istisnaî haller dışında padişahın bizzat kaleme aldığı hatt-ı hümâyunlar, unvanına, beyaz üzerine ve telhis veya takrir üzerine yazılanlar olmak üzere üç grupta toplanabilir.
Unvanına Hatt-ı Hümâyunlar. Ferman ve beratların önemli olanlarında tuğranın üst, sağ veya sol tarafında padişahın hattıyla, “Mûcebince amel oluna” ve “Mûcebince amel ve hilâfından hazer oluna” gibi, ferman veya beratta yer alan hususların kusursuz yerine getirilmesini bildiren emre denir. Bunlardan başka geliştirilmiş, “Mûcebince amel ve hareket olunup hilâfından hazer ve mücânebet oluna” (TİEM, nr. 2319); “Emr-i şerifim mûcebince amel olunup hilâf-ı inhâdan hazer eyleyesin” vb. kalıplara, hatta bazan, “Mûcebiyle amel olunup tebdil ve tağyirine sebep olanlar, ‘fe-men beddelehû ba‘demâ semiahû fe-innemâ ismuhû ale’llezîne yübeddilûnehû inne’llāhe semîun alîm’ nass-ı kerîmine mâ-sadak olup hüsran edeler, mücâzât oluna” gibi dua cümleciği bulunan şekillerine rastlanır. Unvanına hatt-ı hümâyunlarda, emrin yerine getirilmesini bildiren kısımdan önce fermanın gönderildiği grup hakkında taltif edici sözlerin yazıldığı da vâkidir (BA , Müzehheb Fermanlar , nr. 68/1).
Nâdir olmakla beraber unvanına hatt-ı hümâyunlarda “Başın gerek ise mûcebiyle amel oluna” (aslı İstanbul Deniz Müzesi’nde bulunan bu ferman için bk. Schwarz, LXXVII [1987], s. 81) veya, “Mukaddem ettiğin gibi bir türlü taksiratın zuhur eder ise sağ kurtulman muhaldir, gözün açıp refakatinde bulunan guzât-ı muvahhidîn kullarıma hizmet-i muhâfazada kıyâm edesin” (Hatt-ı Hümâyun Sûretleri , vr. 7a ) vb. tehdit unsuruna da rastlanmaktadır. Tuğranın değişik yerlerine yerleştirilen bu hatt-ı hümâyunlar bir çerçeve içine alınarak etrafı tezhip yapılabildiği gibi tuğranın tezhipli kısmı içinde de bulunabilir. Tezhibi bulunmayan tuğralarda ise hatt-ı hümâyunun sade bir şekilde kenara yazıldığı görülmektedir.
Bir ferman veya berat, unvanına hatt-ı hümâyun keşîde olunmak için sadrazamın bir telhisiyle padişaha gönderilir ve ne sebepten hatt-ı hümâyun istendiği de izah edilirdi (BA, HH , nr. 16287). Sadrazam, bazan nasıl bir hatt-ı hümâyun yazılmasının uygun olacağına da telhisinde işaret ederdi (BA, HH , nr. 53187). Bütün hatt-ı hümâyunlar belli kalıplara göre yazılır ve öğretici mahiyetteki münşeat mecmualarında bu nevi telhislerin nasıl yazılacağını gösteren örnekler bulunurdu (Münşeât Mecmuası , vr. 136b ). Bu gibi fermanların mühimme defterlerindeki sûretleri üzerinde de unvanına hatt-ı hümâyun bulunduğu hakkında kayıt düşülür, hatta bazan hatt-ı hümâyun aynen buraya geçirilirdi (BA, MD , nr. 153, s. 241).
Beyaz Üzerine Hatt-ı Hümâyunlar. Padişahın bir arz veya telhis olmaksızın herhangi bir konuda re’sen verdiği emirlere denir. Bunlar devletin iç işleriyle ilgili olabileceği gibi yabancı bir devlet mensubuna yazılacak bir nâme hakkında (BA, HH , nr. 51113), halkın iâşesi (III. Selim’in bu konuyla ilgili pek çok hatt-ı hümâyunundan biri için bk. BA, HH , nr. 9372), bir şehzade veya sultanın doğumu dolayısıyla şenlikler yapılmasını (BA, HH , nr. 51095, 51132), birinin nefyini (BA, HH , nr. 51115) veya idamını (BA, HH , nr. 51139, 51166) bildirmek, sarayın tamir edilmesini emretmek (BA, HH , nr. 51117) için sadrazam ve sadâret kaymakamına yazılanlar dışında, hazineden para çekmek (TSMA, nr. E. 7041/1), yahut Dârüssaâde ağasına veya haremde kâhya kadına direktif vermek (TSMA, nr. E. 7031/5) gibi hususlarda da olabilirdi.
Sadrazama yazılan hatt-ı hümâyunlarda çok defa kullanılan elkāb “benim vezirim” şeklinde basit ve kısa idi. “Benim vezîr-i gayret-semîrim” (TSMA, nr. E. 8393/46) gibi biraz daha uzunları da kullanılırdı. Sadâret tevcihini bildiren beyaz üzerine yazılmış hatt-ı hümâyunlardaki elkāb, “Sen ki vezîr-i a‘zam ve vekîl-i mutlak-ı hamiyyet-âlemim … paşasın” (BA, HH , nr. 51177) vb. diğerlerinden farklı olurdu. Sadrazamın serdâr-ı ekrem sıfatıyla sefere gittiği zaman gönderilen beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyunlar, “benim serdâr-ı ekremim” gibi basit elkāblar yanında, “Sen ki vezîr-i a‘zam ve vekîl-i mutlakım ve bi’l-istiklâl serdâr-ı zafer-rehberimsin” vb. uzun ve tekellüflü elkāblarla da başlatılabilirdi.
Padişah, sadrazamdan başka çeşitli meselelerde ilgili şahıslara da beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyunlar gönderirdi. Bunlar genelde “sen ki” ile başlar ve “… valisi … paşasın”, “kaptan-ı deryâ … paşasın”, “bostancıbaşısın” yahut “kethüdâ kadınsın” şeklinde hatt-ı hümâyunun yazıldığı şahsın vazifesi eklenerek devam ederdi. Sıfattan sonra hatt-ı hümâyun gönderilen şahsın isminin yazıldığı da olurdu. Şeyhülislâma ve padişah hocalarına ise sade ve hürmetkâr elkāblar kullanılırdı. Bundan sonra konuya geçilirdi.
Alenen okunacak hatt-ı hümâyunlarda elkābdan sonra hemen konuya geçilmesine karşılık kılıç ve kaftan gönderilenlerde, “Seni selâm-ı şâhânemle teşrif eylediğimden sonra mâlumun ola ki” (BA, HH , nr. 51099) vb. selâma da yer verilirdi (Feridun Bey, s. 210). Serdâr-ı ekreme yazılan hatt-ı hümâyunlarda selâm kullanılabildiği gibi (Suver-i Hutût-ı Hümâyun , vr. 7a , 11a ) selâmsız da yazılabilirdi. Kırım hanlarına yazılanlarda da selâm kullanılırdı.
Sistemdeki değişikliğe, yani genelde padişahla sadrazam arasındaki resmî muhaberede araya Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibinin girmesine rağmen Tanzimat’tan sonra da padişahlar, yüksek kademedeki tayin ve tevcihler gibi mühim konularda beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyunlar yazmaya devam etmişlerdir (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 32464; BA, YEE , nr. 23-1802-11-71, 27-2605-14-75). Geç devir hatt-ı hümâyunlarının çoğunda iradelerde olduğu gibi tarih de bulunmaktadır. II. Abdülhamid’in geç devirlerdeki hatlarında imzası da vardır.
Telhis, Takrir ve Arz Üzerine Hatt-ı Hümâyunlar. Çeşitli meselelerle ilgili olarak sadrazamın sunduğu telhis üzerine padişahın yazdığı emir veya kararına denir. Telhisler, sadrazam veya sadâret kaymakamı tarafından yazıldığı için üzerindeki hatların elkābı da yazan hangisi ise ona olur ve “benim vezirim” veya “kaymakam paşa” gibi kısa bir elkāb kullanılırdı. Telhis üzerine yazılmış hatt-ı hümâyunların bir kısmında ise hiç elkāb bulunmaz; hatt-ı hümâyunun muhtevası da bazan “verdim/verilsin”, “olmaz”, “varsın”, “yazılsın” gibi tek kelimelik; bazan da “mâlûm oldu / mâlûmum olmuştur”, “tedârik edesin”, “manzûrum oldu / manzûrum olmuştur”, “cevap verile”, “mukayyet olasın”, “tedârik görülsün”, “berhûrdâr olsunlar” gibi ikişer kelimelik olurdu. Padişah, ihtiyaç duyduğu takdirde telhis edilen mesele hakkındaki görüşünü çok daha tafsilâtlı olarak da bildirirdi.
Sadrazamın telhisi üzerine hatt-ı hümâyun, II. Mahmud’un saltanatında, 1832-1834 yılları arasında yerini yavaş yavaş Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibinin padişahın iradesini bildirmesine bırakmıştır. Nâdir olmakla beraber bu tarihten sonra da sadrazamların padişaha hitaben yine “şevketlü, kerâmetlü, mehâbetlü, kudretlü velînimetim efendim padişahım” hitabıyla takrir gönderdikleri ve bunların cevabının da bizzat padişah tarafından yazıldığı (hatt-ı hümâyun) bilinmektedir. Bu hatt-ı hümâyunlara tarih de konulmuştur (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 18202, 32463).
Alt kademe yetkililerinin takrir ve benzeri yazılarının padişaha bildirilmesi her zaman ayrı bir telhisle olmazdı. Sadrazam, çok defa konuyu ayrı bir kâğıt üzerine özetlemekle beraber bazan da defterdar veya seraskerin takriri, taşradaki bir vali, nâzır yahut başka bir yetkiliden gelen kāime, tahrirat veya şukkanın üzerine kime ait olduğunu ve belgenin cinsini yazarak, bazan da belgedeki olayın geçmişini kısaca özetleyerek padişaha sunardı. Bu tip belgelerde padişahın konuyla ilgili karar veya görüşünü bildiren hatt-ı hümâyun takrir/kāime/şukka üzerinde yer alırdı.
Arzuhal Özetleri Üzerine Hatt-ı Hümâyunlar. Padişahlar cuma selâmlığı veya başka bir münasebetle saray dışına çıktıklarında halk tarafından kendilerine verilen arzuhaller ilgili divanlarda görüşülerek karara bağlanır ve alınan kararlar arzuhal özetleriyle birlikte aynı kâğıt üzerinde bend bend yazılarak padişahın tasdikine sunulurdu. Padişah da her bend hakkındaki emir veya görüş bildiren hatt-ı hümâyununu, telhis veya takrirde olduğu gibi kâğıdın üst tarafına “manzûrum olmuştur” ibaresinden sonra kaçıncı bende ait olduğunu belirtmek suretiyle yazardı. Hatt-ı hümâyunun yerini Mâbeyin kâtibinin yazdığı iradelerin almasından sonra artık arzuhal özetleri üzerinden de padişahın hattı kalkmış; karar, sadrazamın ayrıca yazdığı arz tezkiresi altına hepsi için birden bildirilir olmuştur.
Hatt-ı Hümâyunların Bazı Özellikleri. Hatt-ı hümâyunların büyük ekseriyeti padişahların kendi el yazısı olmakla beraber zaman zaman Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibi yahut sarayda bir vazifelinin hattıyla kaleme alınmış olanları da vardır. Devlet işleriyle ilgili mühim meselelerde yazılan hatt-ı hümâyunların müsveddeleri ise reîsülküttâb, kaptanpaşa gibi önemli mevkileri işgal edenlerce hazırlanırdı (Suver-i Hutût-ı Hümâyun , vr. 67a-b ). Bununla birlikte başka bir elden çıkanların da hiç değilse zaman zaman padişahın kontrolünden geçmiş olduğu muhakkaktır (III. Selim’in tashihinden geçen böyle bir hatt-ı hümâyun için bk. TSMA, nr. E. 806/38). Bazılarında ise hatt-ı hümâyunun kimin eliyle sâdır olduğuna dair belgenin arkasında kayıt bulunmaktadır (TSMA, nr. E. 7020).
Hatt-ı hümâyunlarda genellikle tarih bulunmaz. Telhisler de tarihsiz olduğu için bu durum çok defa belgenin değerlendirilmesinde zorluklarla karşılaşılmasına sebep olur. Ancak hazineden para çekilmesi için yazılmış bazı hatt-ı hümâyunlarda olduğu gibi bunun istisnalarına da rastlanmaktadır (TSMA, nr. E. 7041/1). Pek fazla olmamakla beraber telhis ve arz üzerindeki hatt-ı hümâyunlarda da tarih görülür.
Sultan I. Abdülhamid’in, diğer padişahlara nazaran tarih atma konusunda oldukça hassas davrandığı, gerek beyaz (TSMA, nr. D. 2175) gerekse telhis üzerindeki hatt-ı hümâyunlarının bir kısmında tarih bulunmasından anlaşılmaktadır. Onun son, III. Selim’in ilk sadrazamı Koca Yûsuf Paşa ise bu usulü bir teamül haline sokmak istemiş, III. Selim’e cülûsunu müteakip gönderdiği takririnde, takrirlere ve beyaz üzerine yazacağı hatt-ı hümâyunlara ne vakit sudûr ettiğinin bilinmesi için tarih atması tavsiyesinde bulunmuşsa da (BA, HH , nr. 55665) pek rağbet görmemiştir.
Hatt-ı hümâyunlar daima telhis ve takririn üst tarafına yazılmakla beraber yazının istikameti padişaha göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Uzun hatt-ı hümâyunlarda yazının paragraf aralarına taştığı da vâkidir. Kaligrafi ve imlâlar ise çok kere bozuktur. Özellikle IV. Murad ve IV. Mehmed gibi çocuk yaşta tahta çıkanların yazılarında bu husus daha açıktır. IV. Mustafa’nın yazısı sadece iri yazılmış olmasıyla değil okunaksızlığıyla da dikkat çekmektedir. III. Selim’in yazısında ise zaman zaman imlâ yanlışlarına rastlanmaktadır. Hattatlıkları dolayısıyla III. Ahmed ve II. Mahmud’un yazıları padişah yazıları içinde belki de en güzelleridir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, HH , nr. 9372, 16287, 51095, 51099, 51113, 51115, 51117, 51132, 51139, 51166, 51177, 53187, 55665.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 18202, 32463, 32464, 32564.
BA, YEE , nr. 23-1802-11-71, 27-2605-14-75.
BA , Müzehheb Fermanlar , nr. 68/1.
BA, MD , nr. 98, s. 1; nr. 153, s. 241.
TSMA, nr. E. 806/38, 7020, 7031/5, 7041/1, 8393/46; nr. D. 2175.
TİEM, nr. 2247, 2291, 2304, 2319, 2352.
Hatt-ı Hümâyun Sûretleri , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6094, vr. 7a , 25b , 26b -27a .
Suver-i Hutût-ı Hümâyun , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6110, vr. 7a , 11a , 29a-b , 67a-b .
Münşeât Mecmuası , Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 5867, vr. 136b .
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, 175, 187, 210.
Enver Ziya Karal, III. Selim’in Hatt-ı Hümayunları: Nizâm-ı Cedid 1789-1807 , Ankara 1946, tür.yer.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanlı Tarihine Âid Belgeler, Telhîsler: 1597-1607 , İstanbul 1970, s. XIX.
Süha Umur, Osmanlı Padişah Tuğraları , İstanbul 1980, s. 157, 218, 249, 261, 265, 281, 286-287, 292.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili: Diplomatik , İstanbul 1994, s. 172-183.
İsmail Baykal, “Hazine-i Hümâyun ile Bağdad Köşkü ve Revan Odası Saray Kütüphaneleri Hakkında İki Hatt-ı Hümâyun”, TV , II/9 (1942), s. 190-191.
a.mlf., “Silâhdar-ı Şehriyârî ve Dârüssaade Ağası Tayinleri Hakkında Hatt-ı Hümâyunlar”, a.e. , II/11 (1943), s. 338-339.
Klaus Schwarz, “Zur Blockade der Dardanellen während des venezianisch-osmanischen Krieges um Kreta im Jahre 1650”, WZKM , LXXVII (1987), s. 81.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 485-488 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.