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HATTÂB, Mahmûd Şît Skip to content Mahmûd Şît b. Mustafâ b. Hattâb el-Mevsılî (1919-1998)
Askerî tarih alanındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınan asker, düşünür ve yazar.
Musul’da doğdu. Soyu babaannesi tarafından Hz. Hasan’a ulaşır. Varlıklı bir aile içinde büyüdü. İlk ve orta öğrenimini Musul’da tamamladı. Burada nahiv âlimi Şeyh Kāsım el-Celîlî gibi hocalardan Arap dili ve edebiyatı, kıraat, fıkıh, hadis ve hat dersleri aldı. Siyer ve tarih başta olmak üzere ilmî konuların ve güncel sorunların konuşulup tartışıldığı özel meclislere devam etti. Hukuk tahsil etmek için gittiği Bağdat’ta ısrarlar sonucu harp okuluna kaydoldu ve lisans eğitiminin ardından teğmen rütbesiyle Irak ordusuna katıldı (1938). 1941’de Reşîd Ali Geylânî’nin öncülüğünde bir grup genç subayın İngilizler’e karşı gerçekleştirdiği direniş hareketine katıldı ve İngiliz sömürge güçlerinin ülkeden çıkarılması için Fellûce başta olmak üzere çeşitli bölgelerde emrindeki birliklere kumanda etti. Bu esnada İngiliz güçlerinin hava saldırısında ağır şekilde yaralandı. 1947’de yüzbaşılığa yükseldi, 1948’de Külliyyetü’l-erkân ve’l-kıyâde’de yüksek lisans tezi hazırladı. Aynı yıl İsrail’e savaş açan Arap Birliği’ne destek veren Irak kuvvetleri içerisinde gönüllü olarak yer aldı ve yaklaşık bir yıl Batı Şeria sınırlarındaki Cenîn’de İsrailliler’e karşı savaştı. Daha sonra Bağdat Harp Akademisi’ni bitirerek kurmay oldu (1954). 1955’te Londra Harp Akademisi’ni bitiren Mahmûd Şît Irak’a döndükten sonra tuğgeneral rütbesine yükseltildi.
1956’da İsrail, İngiltere ve Fransa’nın Mısır’a açtığı savaş esnasında diğer Arap ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Irak’ta da sokak hareketleri yayılmıştı. Olayları bastırmak için Musul’da bulunan Mahmûd Şît, Mısır’ın aleyhine olan Irak hükümetinin emirlerini yerine getirmeyince sürgün cezasına çarptırıldı, ancak İsrail’e karşı başlatılan hareketleri desteklemeyi sürdürdü. General Abdülkerîm Kāsım’ın öncülüğünde 14 Temmuz 1958’de cumhuriyet ilân edilmesinin ardından Irak’ta komünizmin siyasî hayatı etkilemesine karşı çıktı ve Mart 1959’da Albay Abdülvehhâb eş-Şevvâf tarafından komünistlere yönelik başlatılan ayaklanmada yer aldı. Bu hareketin Abdülkerîm Kāsım tarafından kanlı bir şekilde bastırılmasının ardından 1959 yılının sonuna doğru tutuklandı. Yaklaşık on sekiz ay süren hapis süresince yoğun işkenceye mâruz kaldı. Abdülkerîm Kāsım’ın devrilmesi üzerine kurulan Abdüsselâm Ârif hükümetinde Mahallî İdareler bakanlığı başta olmak üzere çeşitli görevler üstlendiyse de ilimle meşgul olup eser yazmak için askerî ve bürokratik görevlerinden ayrıldı. 1964 yılının başında Arap ülkelerinde kullanılan askerî terimlerde birlik sağlamak için Mısır’da oluşturulan komisyonun başkanlığına getirilince Kahire’ye gitti ve 1973 yılına kadar orada kaldı. 17 Temmuz 1968’de cumhurbaşkanlığı ve başbakanlık görevlerini üstlenen General Ahmed Hasan el-Bekr’in Irak’ta kurduğu hükümette kendisine Ulaştırma bakanlığı teklif edildiyse de bu görevi kabul etmedi. Hapiste olan Seyyid Kutub’u ziyaret etti ve Mayıs 1964’te Irak Devlet Başkanı Abdüsselâm Ârif’in girişimiyle tahliye edilmesinde kendisi de rol oynadı.
Hattâb meslek hayatının başından itibaren dinî ilimler yanında dil, edebiyat ve tarihle de ilgilendi. 1963’ten itibaren Irak’ta el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Irâkī, Mısır’da Mecmau’l-buhûsi’l-İslâmiyye ile Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye, Dımaşk ve Ürdün’de Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye gibi kuruluşlarda görev alarak önemli katkılarda bulundu. Aynı şekilde İslâm dünyasının problemlerinin çözümüne yönelik siyaset geliştirilmesi için oluşturulan kurum ve örgütlerin faaliyetlerine katıldı. Mekke’de teşkil edilen Râbıtatü’l-âlemi’l-İslâmî, el-Meclisü’l-a‘lâ li’l-mesâcid gibi teşkilâtlarda görev aldı. Güncel olayları çok yakından takip eder ve İslâm dünyasının bu olayların gerisinde kaldığını sıkça tekrar ederdi. Filistin-İsrail mücadelesinde Arap milliyetçiliği yerine bütün İslâm ülkelerinin İsrail’e karşı ortak bir strateji uygulaması konusunda kamuoyu oluşturmak için çaba gösterdiyse de başarılı olamadı. 1966-1980 yıllarında Irak ve diğer Arap ülkelerinin radyolarında İslâm harp tarihi ve Filistin’le birlikte İslâm dünyasının güncel meseleleriyle ilgili konuşmalar yaptı; çeşitli gazete ve dergilerde makaleler yazdı. Irak dışında Ortadoğu’nun çeşitli bölgelerinde eğitim merkezlerinde dersler vererek konferanslara katıldı ve bu çalışmalarından dolayı çok sayıda ödül aldı. 13 Aralık 1998’de Bağdat’ta vefat etti ve orada toprağa verildi. Dindar bir kumandan olan Hattâb hayatında Kur’an ve Sünnet’i esas alır, Frenkler’i taklit etmekten nefret ederdi. Bid‘atlara karşı çıkardı. Kuvvetli bir imana ve fikrî temele sahipti. Hattâb’ın kızı Âmine, Bağdat Üniversitesi Külliyyetü’l-ulûmi’l-İslâmiyye’de babasıyla ilgili bitirme tezi hazırlamıştır (1420/1999). Abdullah et-Tantâvî, el-Livâʾü’r-rükn Maḥmûd Şît Ḫaṭṭâb el-mücâhidü’lleẕî yaḥmilü seyfehû fî kütübihî (Dımaşk 1422/2001) ve Yûsuf b. İbrâhim es-Sellûm el-Livâʾü’r-rükn Maḥmûd Şît Ḫaṭṭâb: Sîretühû ve tercemetü ḥayâtihî ve müʾellefâtüh (Riyad 2001) adıyla birer eser kaleme almışlardır.
Eserleri. Velûd bir yazar olan Mahmûd Şît Hattâb’ın bir kısmı henüz yayımlanmamış 300’ü aşkın kitap, risâle ve makalesi vardır. Siyer ve İlk Dönem İslâm Tarihi. Arap dünyasında askerî okulların yanında diğer eğitim kurumlarında Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı ve İslâm tarihinin ihmal edildiğini gören Hattâb ilmî mesaisinin önemli bir kısmını bu anlayışı değiştirmeye ayırmıştır. er-Resûlü’l-ḳāʾid adlı çalışması ilk eseri olup (Bağdad 1958) Türkçe’den (Komutan Peygamber , trc. Ahmed Ağırakça, İstanbul 1986) başka pek çok dile çevrilmiştir. Eserde Hz. Peygamber’in gazveleri, ayrıca seriyyeler ele alınmıştır. Hattâb, Resûl-i Ekrem’le ilgili her türlü çalışmanın içinde yer almaya çalışmış ve çok sayıda akademik toplantıya katılmıştır. 26 Kasım 1979’da Katar’da düzenlenen III. Uluslararası Sîret-i Nebî Konferansı’nda sunduğu tebliğ Peygamber Ordusunun Tarihi adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (trc. İhsan Süreyya Sırma, İstanbul 1983). Bunun yanında Süferâʾü’n-nebî ṣallallāhü ʿaleyhi ve sellem (Beyrut 1417/1996), “Muʿâz b. Cebel el-Enṣârî el-Ḫazrecî eṣ-ṣaḥâbî el-ʿâlim es-sefîr el-mücâhid raḍıyallāhu ʿanh” (Mecelletü Mecmaʿi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , I/1, Mekke 1987, s. 219-252), “es-Sefârât ve’r-resâʾilü’n-nebeviyye: Küttâbü’n-nebî ve mevâddühümü’l-kitâbiyye” (el-Mevrid , XVI/1, Bağdad 1987, s. 29-50), “eṣ-Ṣaḥâbiyyü’s-sefîr Ḥâṭıb b. Ebî Belteʿa el-Laḥmî” (Risâletü’l-Ḫalîci’l-ʿArabî , III/9, Riyad 1983, s. 133-148) gibi çalışmalar yapmıştır. Ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in terbiyesinde yetişenlerle onlardan sonra gelen ve askerlik tarihinin önemli olaylarından olan İslâm fetihlerini gerçekleştiren kumandanların faaliyetlerini ele alan çalışmalar yapmıştır. Ḳādetü fetḥi’ş-Şâm ve Mıṣr (Beyrut 1385/1965), ʿUḳbe b. Nâfiʿ el-Fihrî (Bağdat 1383/1965; Kahire 1971), Ḳādetü fetḥi’l-ʿIrâḳ ve’l-Cezîre (Kahire, ts.), Ḳādetü fetḥi’l-Maġribi’l-ʿArabî (I-II, Beyrut 1386/1966, 1398/1978, 1404/1984), Ḫâlid b. Velîd el-Maḥzûmî (Beyrut 1968), Ḳādetü’n-nebî el-ḳādetü’ş-şühedâʾ fî Muʾte Zeyd b. Ḥâris̱e el-Kelbî (Beyrut 1990), Ḳādetü’n-nebî (Dımaşk 1415/1995), Ḳādetü fetḥi’l-İslâmî fî bilâdi Mâverâʾinnehr (1418/1998), Ḳādetü fetḥi’s-Sind ve Afġanistân (Beyrut 1418/1998), “Mesleme b. ʿAbdilmelik b. Mervân fâtiḥu Şaṭri’l-Anâḍûl ve Muḥâṣırü’l-Ḳusṭanṭîniyye” (MMİIr. , XXVIII [1397/1977], s. 117-152; XXIX [1398/1978], s. 71-93; XXX [1399/1979], s. 128-177), “Ṭârıḳ b. Ziyâd: Fâtiḥu Şaṭri’l-Endelüs” (MMİIr. , XXXIX/3 [1988], s. 73-136), “Ṭarîf b. Mâlik: Fâtiḥu Cezîreti Ṭarîf ve Cezîreti’l-Ḫaḍrâʾ” (MMİIr. , XL/2 [1989], s. 66-85). Bu çalışmalarıyla bir taraftan ilk dönem İslâm tarihine yön verenleri tanıtırken diğer taraftan bunların başta askerlik olmak üzere toplumun içinden çeşitli disiplinlere bağlı kişilerin örnek alınarak yetiştirilmesinin önemi üzerinde durmuştur.
Askerî Konular. Hattâb’ın, Hz. Peygamber zamanından başlamak üzere askerlikle ilgili terimlerin yanında savaş sanatı ve malzemelerini konu alan, İslâm harp tarihi bakımından önemli çalışmalarından bazıları şunlardır: el-Muṣṭalaḥâtü’l-ʿaskeriyye fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (Beyrut 1386/1966), Dirâsât fi’l-vaḥdeti’l-ʿaskeriyyeti’l-ʿArabiyye (Kahire 1969), el-Vasîṭ fî risâleti’l-mescidi’l-ʿaskeriyye (Beyrut 1401/1981), el-ʿAskeriyyetü’l-ʿArabiyyetü’l-İslâmiyye (Beyrut 1403/1983), el-ʿAskeriyyetü’l-ʿArabiyyetü’l-İslâmiyye: ʿAḳīdeten ve târîḫen ve ḳādeten ve türâs̱en ve luġaten ve silâḥan (Beyrut 1403/1983). Askerî terminolojinin Arapça’da yaygınlaşmasına önemli katkı sağlayan Mahmûd Şît Hattâb, savaş sanatı ve avcılık konusundaki eserleriyle tanınan Memlük kumandanı İbn Menglî’nin (ö. 778/1376 [?]) el-Edilletü’r-resmiyye fi’t-teʿâbi’l-ḥarbiyye adlı eserinin tahkikli neşrini de yapmıştır (Bağdat 1409/1989) (diğer eserleri için bk. Sabâh Nûrî el-Merzûk, VII, 320-327).
Güncel Çalışmaları. Hattâb, içinde yaşadığı toplumun meselelerinin çözümüne genel olarak katkıda bulunmaya çalışmış, içtimaî, ahlâkî ve mânevî alanlarda ıslaha dayalı fikirler üretmiştir. Arap dünyasında kaliteli eğitimle İslâmî şuurun güçlendirilerek ve özellikle İsrail’e karşı kültürel kimliğin korunarak mücadeleye devam edilmesi, işgale karşı cihad ruhunun canlı tutulması için büyük çaba göstermiş, İsrail’e üstün gelmenin yegâne yolunun nitelikli eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetleri olduğunu söylemiştir. ʿAdâletü’s-semâʾ (Kahire 1968), Ḥaḳīḳatü İsrâʾîl (baskı yeri yok, 1967), Beyne’l-ʿaḳīde ve’l-ḳıyâde (Beyrut 1972), el-ʿAskeriyyetü’l-İsrâʾîliyye (Beyrut 1968) gibi eserleriyle Arap âleminde tarih bilincinin ve dinî duyguların uyanıp gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamış, İsrail’in Ortadoğu politikasıyla ilgili makalelerini sürekli yenileyerek Ehdâfü İsrâʾîliyyeti’t-tevessüʿıyye fi’l-bilâdi’l-ʿArabiyye adıyla bir araya getirmiştir (Kahire 1970; Riyad 1433/2011). BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mahmûd Şît Hattâb, er-Resûlü’l-ḳāʾid , Bağdad 1960, s. 203, 291; İbrâhim el-Ba‘sî, Şaḫṣiyyât İslâmiyye muʿâṣıra , Kahire 1390/1970, s. 37-57; Muhammed el-Meczûb, ʿUlemâʾ ve müfekkirûn ʿaraftühüm , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-i‘tisâm), I, 327-347; Enver el-Cündî, Aʿlâmü’l-ḳarni’r-râbiʿ ʿaşer el-hicrî: Aʿlâmü’d-daʿve ve’l-fikr , Kahire 1981, s. 289-297; Ahmed el-Alâvine, et-Teẕyîl ve’l-istidrâk ʿalâ Muʿcemi’l-müʾellifîn , Cidde 1423/2002, s. 323-324; Sabâh Nûrî el-Merzûk, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn ve’l-küttâbi’l-ʿIrâḳıyyîn: 1970-2000 , Bağdad 2002, VII, 320-327.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 545-546 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.