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HATUN Skip to content Türkler’de ve Moğollar’da hükümdar ailesine mensup kadınlar için kullanılan bir unvan.
Türk ve Moğol lehçelerinde ḫatun, ḫātyn, ḫotun; katun, katyn, kadın gibi çeşitli şekillerde bulunan ve hâtûn (çoğulu havâtîn ) şeklinde Arapça’ya da geçmiş olan kelimenin etimolojisi kesin biçimde yapılamamıştır. Bu hususta iki ayrı görüş bulunmakta ve bunlardan daha fazla benimsenenine göre kelimenin aslını Soğdca (Orta Farsça’nın doğu kolu) ḫwt’yn/ḫwātūn “kraliçe” (ḫwt’y/ḫwatāw ın “kral” dişili) oluşturmaktadır (Räsänen, s. 157; Clauson, s. 602-603). Bir varsayıma dayandırılan diğer görüşte ise Türkçe’nin en eski dönemlerinde mevcut olduğu ileri sürülen kağatun (kağan dan türeme) kelimesinin sonradan bu şekle dönüştüğü iddia edilmektedir (Doerfer, III, 132-141). Hatun (kadın), tarih boyunca Türkler’le temas etmiş Asya ve Avrupa milletlerinin dillerine “Türk hükümdarının karısı, Türk kadını, saygın kadın, yönetici kadın” anlamlarıyla geçmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. a.g.e. , a.y.).
Hatun, Hunlar’dan itibaren İslâm öncesi Türk devletlerinde hükümdar zevcesinin resmî unvanı olarak kullanılmıştır. Eski Türk devletlerinde hatunlar devlet işlerinde söz sahibiydiler ve protokolde yerleri vardı. Aralarında Mete’nin eşi gibi devlet siyasetine yön verenler bulunduğu kadar nâibe olarak devleti idare edenler, hatta devlet başkanlığı yapanlar da vardı. Bunun örneklerini Göktürkler’de ve Uygurlar’da görmek mümkündür. Müstakbel hakanların anneleri olmaları sebebiyle ilk hatunun Türk aslından gelmesine dikkat edilirdi.
Eski Türk geleneklerinin kuvvetli tesirinde bulunan Karahanlılar’da hakandan sonra söz sahibi olan kişi hatundu. Karahanlı sarayındaki kadınlara Uygurlar’dan geçen “kunçuy” veya “katun kunçuy” da denirdi; ancak kunçuy unvanı hatundan bir derece aşağı idi.
Selçuklular’da hatun unvanıyla anılan hükümdar hanımları saray toplantılarına katılmasalar da kocaları üzerinde nüfuz sahibi idiler. Meselâ Tuğrul Bey eşi Altuncan Hatun’un sözünü dinler, kararlarında onun fikrini de alırdı. Sultanlar, genellikle başhatun olmak üzere hanımlarından birini yanlarında sefere götürürlerdi. Ayrıca hatunlardan bazıları sarayda sultanın yanında değil geçici veya devamlı olarak bir başka şehirde ikamet ederdi. Sultanla birlikte sarayda otursun veya oturmasın hatunun emrinde küçük çapta bir idarî ve askerî teşkilât, kendi hazinedarı tarafından yönetilen bir hazine, özel vezir ve diğer görevliler bulunurdu. Nitekim Tuğrul Bey, Hemedan’da üvey kardeşi İbrâhim Yinal tarafından kuşatılınca zevcesi Altuncan Hatun’un emrindeki Oğuzlar’la Bağdat’tan kocasının yardımına gittiği bilinmektedir. Alparslan’ın kız kardeşi Gevher Hatun, kocası Erbasgan’ı kurtarmak için Yabgulu Türkmenleri’ni etrafında toplamak üzere harekete geçmiş, ancak başarılı olamamıştı. Melikşah’ın zevcesi Terken Hatun da (Hâtûn el-Celâliyye) kocası üzerinde büyük bir nüfuza sahipti. Nizâmülmülk, eski Türk devletlerinden intikal eden kadın nüfuzunun devletin geleceği için tehlikeli olduğunu anlayınca hatunların hükümet işlerine müdahalesini önlemeye çalışmıştır. Uzun süren vezirliği döneminde edindiği tecrübelere dayanarak kaleme aldığı Siyâsetnâme adlı eserinde, hükümdarların hatunların tesiriyle çıkardıkları fermanların doğuracağı sakıncaları belirtirken meydana gelecek fesada, uğranılacak zarara, halkın mâruz kalacağı sıkıntıya dikkat çeker ve öteden beri padişah zevcelerinin hükümdara tesir ettikleri zamanlarda fitne ve fesattan başka bir şey görülmediğini ifade eder (s. 246 vd.). Gerçekten Türk devletleri zaman zaman kadınların tahakkümünden dolayı büyük zararlar görmüştür.
Hârizmşahlar’da da “terken” denilen sultan hanımlarının nüfuz ve kudreti büyüktü. Nitekim İlarslan ölünce oğlu Sultanşah henüz küçük yaşta olduğundan ülkeyi bir süre annesi idare etmişti. Öte yandan Hârizmşah Alâeddin Muhammed’in annesi Terken Hatun, mensup olduğu Kanklı ulusuna ve kendi askerlerine dayanarak oğlu ile nüfuz mücadelesine girişmişti. Memlükler’in ilk hükümdarı Türk asıllı Şecerüddür ile Fars’ta hüküm süren Salgurlu atabeglerinin sonuncusu Âbiş Hatun siyasî faaliyetleriyle tanınan ünlü hatunlardır. Kutluğhanlılar’dan Kutbüddin’in karısı Terken Hatun da on yıl kadar ülkeyi küçük oğlu adına yönetmiş, dirayeti ve başarılarıyla tarihçilerin takdirini kazanmıştır. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda I. Kılıcarslan’ın hanımı Ayşe Hatun, II. Kılıcarslan’ın kızı Gevher Hatun ve II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev’in hanımı Gürcü Hatun gibi nüfuzlu hatunlar vardı.
Moğollar’da da hükümdar hatunlarının protokolde mevki sahibi olduğu bilinmektedir. Hatta çıkan emirnâmelere “sultanın ve hatunlarının emriyle” ibaresinin yazıldığı, hükümdar ailesine mensup kadınların büyük gelirlerinin bulunduğu kaydedilir (İbn Battûta, I, 250 vd.). İbn Battûta Anadolu, Altın Orda, İlhanlı ve Çağataylı ülkelerini dolaşırken hükümdarların hanımı tarafından da kabul edildiğini, bu arada Alâeddin Eretna’nın hanımı Toga Hatun’la Kayseri’de, Orhan Bey’in zevcesi Nilüfer Hatun’la İznik’te görüştüğünü belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 325, 342). Yine İbn Battûta, Altın Orda Hükümdarı Özbek Han’ın zevcelerinden Ulu Hatun’a hürmette kusur etmediğini, bu hanımın emrine elli kadar câriye verildiğini, öteki üç hatunun ise derece bakımından onun altında olduğunu, fakat çok süslü özel arabalara sahip bulunduklarını kaydetmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 325 vd.).
İlhanlılar’da hatunların ve özellikle rütbe bakımından hepsinin üstünde bulunan başhatunun hükümdar üzerinde büyük nüfuzu vardı. İlhanın eşlerinin sözünden pek çıkmaması zaafından değil onlara hürmetinden dolayı idi. Hülâgû Han’ın Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’u eşlerinin aracılığı üzerine affettiği bilinmektedir. Aynı şekilde Vezir Şemseddin Cüveynî de Ahmed Teküder’in hanımı Ermeni Hatun’un ricasıyla hayatını kurtarmıştı. İlhanlılar’da hükümdar ailesinden olan hatunlar yeni ilhanın seçiminde oy sahibi idiler ve yeni hükümdarın cülûsunda ümerânın yanı sıra onlara da bahşiş verilirdi. Cülûs merasimi esnasında hatunlar hükümdarın sağında otururlar, toy ve şölenlere de katılırlardı. İlhanın hatunlarının kendi idarelerine ayrılmış “incü” denilen geliri yüksek dirlikleri vardı. Bir yere göç sırasında önce başhatunun hareket etmesi usuldendi. Hatunlardan her biri özel bir yere iner, hepsinin ihtiyaçları emirlerine tahsis edilmiş görevli ve hizmetlileri tarafından karşılanırdı (a.g.e. , I, 253).
İlhanlı hükümdarının hatunları soylu Moğol veya Türk ailelerinden alınırdı; “serârî” denilen odalıklarda ise asaletten çok güzellik aranırdı. Hükümdarlık önce hatunların, bunların çocuğu yoksa odalıkların erkek çocuklarının hakkıydı. Yeni hükümdarın, babasının ölümünden sonra onun (veya amcasının) hatunlarından biriyle evlenmesi töre gereğiydi; meselâ Abaka Han, babası Hülâgû’nun zevcelerinden Olcay Hatun’u almıştı. Abaka Han’ın dokuz zevcesinden biri Bizans imparatorunun kızı Despina, diğeri, daha sonra oğlu Geyhatu ile evlenecek olan Kutluğhanlılar’dan Pâdişah Hatun’du. Argun Han’ın da yedi hatunundan ikisi babasının zevceleri, Selçukî Hatun diye anılan hanımı ise Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı IV. Kılıcarslan’ın kızı idi. Argun’un odalıklarının birinden doğan Gāzân Han’ın da sekiz hatunundan ikisi amcası Geyhatu’nun zevceleriydi. İlhanlı hükümdarlarının beğendiği evli bir kadını kocasının terketmesi eski Moğol âdetlerindendi. Nitekim Ebû Said Bahadır Han, Hasan-ı Büzürg’ün (Şeyh Hasan b. Emîr Hüseyin) hanımı Bağdat Hatun’u babası Emîr Çoban’ın muhalefetine rağmen zorla nikâhı altına almış ve onu başhatunluğa yükseltmişti. Moğollar arasında İslâmiyet’in yayılmasından sonra bu âdetlerin yavaş yavaş terkedildiği görülmektedir.
Timurlular’da hatun yerine daha çok, sonradan Hindistan ve Pakistan’a da geçen “begüm” unvanı kullanılmıştır. Aynı şekilde “bîbî” de yüksek mevkideki kadınlara verilen bir unvandı.
Osmanlılar ilk zamanlarda, Selçuklular gibi hükümdar hanımlarına ve kızlarına hatun demişlerdir. Osman Gazi’nin hanımı Mal Hatun, Orhan Bey’in hanımı Nilüfer Hatun, Yıldırım Bayezid’in zevceleri Devlet ve Hafsa hatunlar, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hanımı Sitti Mükrime Hatun bu unvanla anılan hanımların en meşhurlarıdır. Fâtih’ten itibaren civar beyliklerin Osmanlı çatısı altına alınmasından ve şehzadelerin saraydaki câriyelerle evlenmeye başlamasından sonra hatun unvanı yerini “haseki” ve “hanım sultan”a bırakmış, XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren de “kadın” ve özellikle “kadınefendi” unvanları kullanılmıştır. Bu unvanla anılan hanımların çeşitli yerlerde yaptırdığı hayrat binaları eseri yaptıranın adından çok “hatuniye” ismiyle tanınmaktadır. Konya’ya bağlı Kadınhanı kasabasının eski adı olan Hatunhanı böyle bir binadan gelmektedir. Bundan başka yine Konya’ya bağlı Hatunsarayı yerleşim merkezi de adını hatun tarafından yaptırılan binadan almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Clauson, Dictionary , s. 602-603.
Räsänen, Versuch , s. 157.
Steingass, Dictionary , s. 437.
Doerfer, TMEN , III, 132 vd.
Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan) , s. 102, 110, 111.
Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Bayburtlugil) , s. 246 vd.
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 250 vd., 325 vd., 342-343, 372.
Uzunçarşılı, Medhal , s. 180-182, 183, 188, 191-195, 245.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 146 vd.
Spuler, İran Moğolları , s. 276-278.
L. Rasonyi, Tarihte Türklük , Ankara 1971, s. 60.
A. Âfet İnan, Tarih Boyunca Türk Kadınının Hak ve Görevleri , İstanbul 1975, s. 32 vd.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü , Ankara 1977, s. 230-231.
Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı , İstanbul 1981, s. 190 vd.
Mehmet Altay Köymen, Alp Arslan ve Zamanı , Ankara 1983, II, 64-68.
Mahmut Arslan, Kutadgu-Bilig’deki Toplum ve Devlet Anlayışı , İstanbul 1987, s. 54, 64, 68.
V. A. Gordlevski, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti (trc. Azer Yaran), Ankara 1988, s. 302-304.
Bahriye Üçok, İslâm Devletlerinde Türk Naibeler ve Kadın Hükümdarlar , Ankara 1993.
Osman Turan, Türk Cihân Hâkimiyeti Mefkûresi Tarihi , İstanbul, ts., I, 204-211.
L. Bonvat, “Essai sur la civilisation timouride”, JA , sy. 208 (1926), s. 200-201.
Pakalın , I, 769.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , XII, 8.
J. A. Boyle, “Khatun”, EI2 (Fr.) , IV, 1164.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 499-500 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.