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HAVÂTIR Skip to content İnsanın iradesi dışında zihnine gelen veya kalpte hissedilen duygu ve düşünceler anlamında bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
“Aklına gelmek, hatırlamak, içine doğmak” anlamındaki hutûr kökünden türeyen hâtır kelimesinin çoğulu olup insanın iradesi dışında zihnine gelen iyi v…
2/2 Müellif: SÜLEYMAN ULUDAĞ Bölüme Git
TASAVVUF. Havâtır tasavvuf terminolojisinde “sâlikin kalbine Hak’tan, melekten, nefisten veya şeytandan gelen hitaplar, sesler” anlamında kullanılmışt…
“Aklına gelmek, hatırlamak, içine doğmak” anlamındaki hutûr kökünden türeyen hâtır kelimesinin çoğulu olup insanın iradesi dışında zihnine gelen iyi veya kötü düşünceleri ifade eder.
KELÂM. Havâtır kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer almamakta, hadislerde ise sadece türediği fiil kalıbında geçmektedir. Bazı rivayetlerde, sâlih kullar için insanın düşünemeyeceği nimetler hazırlandığı (Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 35) ve şeytanın insanın kalbine vesvese bıraktığı (Müsned , II, 313) ifade edilirken “hutûr” kökünden türeyen fiil kullanılmıştır. Şeytanın insana telkin ettiği duygu ve düşünceler Kur’an’da ve hadislerde “vesvese” kavramıyla karşılanmıştır.
Havâtır terimi, İslâmî ilimlerin tedvin edilmeye başlandığı III. (IX.) yüzyıl kaynaklarında yer alır, bazan onun yerine hutûrât kelimesi de kullanılır (İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḫṭr” md.). İlk İslâm filozofu Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî kelimenin tekili olan hâtırdan bahseder ve onu “kalbe doğan şeylerin sebep olduğu gelip geçici duygu ve düşünceler” diye tanımlar (Felsefî Risâleler , s. 69). Aynı dönemde Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları da insanın Allah’ın varlığıyla ilgili olarak yürüttükleri istidlâllerde havâtırın büyük bir rol oynadığını belirtmiş ve bu terimi kullanmışlardır. Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, bilginin teşekkülünde havâtırın etkili olduğu düşüncesinin Brahmanizm sisteminde yer aldığını ve Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin bu konuda onlarla benzer bir görüşü paylaştığını ileri sürer (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 26).
Mu‘tezile âlimleri, havâtırın nitelikleri konusunda birbirinden az çok farklı olan görüşler benimsemişlerdir. Nazzâm’a göre Allah, akıl yürütebilen insanın kalbinde hem itaat hâtırı hem de isyan hâtırı yaratır. Zira insan, iki alternatiften birini kendi iradesiyle seçebilmesi ve imtihana tâbi tutulabilmesi için iki farklı düşünceyi zihninde bulabilmelidir. Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ise Allah’ın insanın kalbinde, onu düşünmeye sevkeden ve kendisine itaat etmeye çağıran bir hâtır yarattığı kanaatindedir. Buna karşılık şeytan da kişiyi itaatten saptırmaya çalışan ikinci bir hâtırı ona telkin eder. İnsan, akıl yürütmeyi terkettiği takdirde bunun kendi aleyhine olacağına dair fıtrî bir korku içinde bırakıldığı için tefekküre yönelir. Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî ve oğlu Ebû Hâşim, Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın bu görüşünü benimsemekle birlikte Ebû Hâşim, Allah’tan gelen hâtırın doğrudan doğruya veya bir melek vasıtasıyla kalbe atılmış emir niteliğinde bir söz olduğunu, şeytandan gelen hâtırın da bizzat şeytanın telkin ettiği aynı mahiyetteki bir sözden ibaret bulunduğunu ileri sürmüş, havâtırı kalpteki pasif mâna veya bilgi olarak niteleyen Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ve Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî’nin görüşlerini tasvip etmemiştir (a.g.e. , s. 26-27). Kādî Abdülcebbâr da Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ve Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî’ye yakın görüşler benimsemiştir. Ona göre insanın akıl yürütme eylemine girişmesi, bu eylemi terketmesi halinde zararlı çıkacağı endişesine bağlıdır. Bu endişenin mükellef insanda meydana gelişi, ya doğrudan doğruya Allah veya ilâhî emirle bir melek tarafından insanın kalbine bırakılan bir hâtır ile gerçekleşir (el-Mecmûʿ fi’l-Muḥîṭ bi’t-teklîf , I, 17-18). Bazı Mu‘tezile âlimleri ise havâtırın mevcudiyetini kabul etmemiştir (Eş‘arî, s. 429).
Sünnî kelâm âlimlerinin de Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları gibi genellikle havâtırın mevcudiyetini kabul ettikleri söylenebilir. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî, rahmânî ve şeytânî havâtırın insanın düşünme eylemine yönelmesi veya bunu terketmesinde etkili olduğunu belirterek havâtırın varlığını kabul etmiştir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 135-136). Eş‘arî de havâtırı kalpte ve nefiste bulunan söz olarak değerlendirip onu, “bir işi yapması veya bir şeyden sakınması yahut bir konuda uyarılması için kalbe atılan mâna” diye tanımlamıştır (İbn Fûrek, s. 31). Eş‘ariyye âlimlerinden Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî tarafından “Allah’ın insanın kalbinde yarattığı söz” şeklinde yapılan tanımın kendi görüşlerine benzediğini belirterek Sünnîler’in de havâtırın mevcudiyetini benimsediğine işaret etmiştir. Ona göre havâtırı vesveseden ayıran husus, havâtırın doğrudan doğruya veya aracı bir melek vasıtasıyla kalbe bırakılan açık bir söz olmasıdır. Ancak Bağdâdî, havâtır sahibinin ilâhî sözlere muhatap olduğunu mûcize ile kanıtlamasını gerekli görmüştür ki bununla peygamberlere verilen vahyi kastetmiş olmalıdır (Uṣûlü’d-dîn, s. 28). Gazzâlî de havâtıra dair ayrıntılı bilgilere yer vererek onu “kalpte oluşan duygu ve düşünceler” diye kabul eder. Ona göre insan duyu organlarıyla bir objeyi algılayınca kalpte bir etki meydana gelir. Kalpte oluşan bu tür etkiler çeşitli duygu ve düşüncelere dönüşüp sürekli biçimde devam eder. Havâtır bunların en özel olanını teşkil eder (İḥyâʾ , III, 34). Fahreddin er-Râzî, çok defa havâtır yerine aynı anlamı verdiği “devâî” (الدواعي ) kelimesini kullanır ve insanın kalbinde meydana gelen düşüncelerin Allah tarafından yaratıldığını söyler (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , III, 61). Sübkî, havâtırın gerçekliği konusunda kendinden önceki Eş‘arî âlimlerinin görüşlerini paylaşarak Allah’tan ve şeytandan gelen havâtır bulunduğunu söyler ve havâtırın kaynağını belirlemek için şeriat ölçüsüne vurulmasını gerekli görür (Şa‘rânî, II, 123). M. Reşîd Rızâ da havâtırın varlığını savunanlardandır (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , I, 268).
Şiî âlimlerinden Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî, Gazzâlî’nin havâtıra dair görüşlerini aynen benimsemiş, hatta onun kullandığı cümleleri aynen tekrarlamıştır (Biḥârü’l-envâr , LXVII, 38). Şîa’ya mensup bazı âlimler vahyin hususi olanına “nebevî vahiy”, umumi olanı ile ilhamın umumi olanına havâtır adını vermiştir (Haydar el-Âmülî, s. 458).
Havâtırın mevcudiyetini kabul eden âlimler daha çok naklî delillere dayanmışlardır. Bunları şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: Kur’an’da havâtırın varlığına işaret eden âyetler vardır. Bazı âyetlerde, Allah’ın insanın düşüncelerini yarattığı için onları bildiği anlatılarak (el-Mülk 67/13-14) kalpte doğan fikirlerin Allah’tan geldiği belirtilmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXX, 67). Diğer bir kısım âyetlerde de O’nun melekleri vasıtasıyla müminlerin duygu ve düşünceleri üzerinde etkili olduğu bildirilmiş (el-Enfâl 8/11-12), doğrudan veya dolaylı bir şekilde Allah’tan insan kalbine gelen havâtırın bulunduğuna işaret edilmiştir. Bazı âyetlerde ise şeytanın insana kötü düşünceler telkin ederek kalbine nüfuz etmeye çalıştığı bildirilmiş (el-Bakara 2/268; el-A‘râf 7/20, 200) ve kalpte doğan birtakım havâtırın şeytandan kaynaklandığına dikkat çekilmiştir.
Hadislerde de havâtırın mevcudiyetine temas edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber, insanın kalbine şeytan ve melek tarafından gelip geçici bazı düşünceler (lemmetân) telkin edildiğini söylemiş, hayra ve hakka yönelik olanların Allah’tan geldiğini ifade ederek bunları kalbinde bulanların O’na hamdetmesini istemiş, hakkı yalanlayan ve kötülüğe çağıran düşüncelerin ise şeytandan geldiğini belirterek bunları kalbinde bulanların Allah’a sığınmasını tavsiye etmiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 2/35). Ayrıca müminin kalbinin ilâhî tasarruf altında bulunduğunu söylemiş ve herkese kalbini İslâm’da sabit kılmasını Allah’tan dilemeyi öğütlemiştir (Müsned , II, 168, 173; Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 11; Tirmizî, “Ḳader”, 7).
Kelâm âlimlerine göre naslar, insanın kalbinde gelip geçici bazı düşüncelerin gayri iradî olarak oluşabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Gazzâlî, Fahreddin er-Râzî ve Reşîd Rızâ gibi âlimler, kendini tarafsız bir şekilde gözleyebilen her insanın havâtırı iç tecrübe yoluyla bizzat hissedeceğini söyleyerek nasların yanı sıra insanın psikolojik muhtevasıyla da havâtırın kanıtlanabileceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir (İḥyâʾ , III, 35-38; el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , IX, 186; Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , I, 268).
Kaynaklarda genellikle dört çeşit havâtırın bulunduğu belirtilir. 1. Rabbânî havâtır (ilâhî havâtır). Kuvvetli bir şekilde kalpte varlığını hissettirmekle tanındığı ifade edilir. Bu tür havâtır insanı tamamıyla Allah’a yönelmeye ve dünyevî lezzetleri terketmeye çağırır. 2. Melekî havâtır (ilham). Melek tarafından telkin edilen bu tür havâtır da ilâhî buyruklara itaat etmeye ve başkalarına iyilik yapmaya davet eder. Bu ikisi “rahmânî havâtır” olarak da adlandırılır. 3. Şeytânî havâtır (vesvese). Ne şekilde olursa olsun mutlak surette insanı gerçeğe aykırı davranmaya ve kötülük yapmaya çağırır. 4. Nefsânî havâtır (hevâcis). İnsanı nefsin arzularına ve beşerî duygulara uymaya davet eder. Son iki gruba giren düşüncelere şeytânî havâtır da denilir (et-Taʿrîfât , “ḫâṭır” md.; Gazzâlî, III, 35; Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , VII, 330-331). Bunların dışında sûfîler aklî, ruhî, yakīnî vb. havâtırdan bahsetmişlerse de bunlar pek yaygınlaşmamıştır (Zebîdî, VII, 301-311).
Havâtır, kelâm ilminde daha çok bilginin oluşumu ve fiillerin meydana gelişi açısından söz konusu edilir. Mu‘tezile âlimlerinden bilginin insanda zaruri bir şekilde meydana geldiği görüşünde olanlar (ashâbü’l-maârif) bunun hem zihnî mekanizmayı harekete geçirdiğini, hem de arkasından bilginin bir anlamda mekanik olarak havâtır aracılığıyla gerçekleştiğini düşünmüşlerdir. Buna karşılık bilginin akıl yürütmekle üretildiği görüşünde olan ve çoğunluğu teşkil eden âlimler (ashâbü’n-nazar), insandaki akıl yürütme kabiliyetinin havâtır vasıtasıyla harekete geçtiğini, fakat bilginin akıl yürütme eylemine bağlı olarak üretildiğini savunmuşlar, böylece havâtırı akıl yürütme eylemini başlatan bir unsur olarak kabul etmişlerdir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 67). Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî de bilginin oluşumunda ve insanın akıl yürütme eylemine girişmesinde havâtırın etkili olduğunu belirtmiştir. Ona göre zihnî mekanizmayı harekete geçiren rahmânî havâtırdır. Şeytânî havâtırın ise insanın düşünmesini engelleyici bir rolü vardır (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 136, 137). Şîa âlimlerinin çoğunluğu da Mu‘tezile’nin görüşünü benimsemiştir (Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, s. 162, 165).
Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî havâtırın insanda zaruri bilgi meydana getirdiği görüşünü reddetmiştir. Zira Allah’ın varlığına inanmaya davet eden havâtır bulunduğu gibi onu inkâr etmeye çağıran havâtır da vardır (İbn Fûrek, s. 248). İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî de bilginin oluşumunda havâtırın bir etkisi bulunmadığı kanaatindedir. Zira ona göre Mu‘tezile âlimlerince iddia edilenin aksine bazı insanların akıl yürütme eylemini harekete geçiren havâtırdan haberleri bile yoktur. Ayrıca bir kısmının, akıl yürütme eylemi sonunda normal olarak Allah’ın varlığına ait bilgiye ulaşmaları gerekirken O’nun varlığını inkâra götüren düşüncelere saplandıkları da bilinmektedir. Bu sebeple bilginin ve inancın oluşumunda havâtırın zorunlu bir etkisi yoktur (eş-Şâmil , s. 27-29). Gazzâlî, fiillerin meydana gelmesinde havâtırın başlangıç noktasını teşkil ettiğini, niyet, azim ve iradenin havâtırın zuhurundan sonra geldiğini söyler (İḥyâʾ , III, 35, 54). Ancak insanın sorumluluğu iyiliğe veya kötülüğe çağıran havâtırdan birini tercih etmesine dayanır. Fahreddin er-Râzî, inancın ve fiillerin oluşumunda havâtırın belirleyici bir rol oynadığı görüşündedir. Râzî’ye göre insan, iman veya inkârdan birini tercih ederken kalbinde bunlardan birini benimsemeye davet eden ve Allah tarafından yaratılan bir düşüncenin tesirinde kalır. Allah’ın bu düşünceyi kuvvetlendirmesi sonunda küfür veya iman gerçekleşir. İnsanın itaati ve isyanı da kalbindeki itaat ve isyana çağıran düşüncelere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkar (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , IX, 34, 186, 381). Selefiyye’den İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye’ye göre insanı iyiliğe veya kötülüğe davet eden düşüncelerin onun kalbine doğması doğrudan doğruya fiillerini etkilemez. İnsanın imtihana tâbi tutulması için farklı iki havâtırın kalbine bırakılması gerekir. Kişi bunlar arasında yaptığı tercihe göre sorumlu olur (İġās̱etü’l-lehfân , I, 75).
İslâm âlimleri, insanın iradesi dışında kalbinde doğan düşüncelerden sorumlu olmadığı hususunda hemen hemen ittifak halindedir. Ancak havâtırın zuhurundan sonra bunların sabit hale getirilmesi ve tasvip edilip aksiyona dönüştürülmesi sebebiyle sorumluluğun doğacağı konusunda da şüphe etmemişlerdir (Gazzâlî, III, 54, 56; Reşîd Rızâ, III, 137-140).
Öyle anlaşılıyor ki kelâm âlimleri, havâtırı bilgi kaynağı olarak değil imtihana tâbi tutulmak amacıyla melek veya şeytan tarafından irade dışında telkin edilen bazı duygu ve düşüncelerden ibaret kabul etmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte niteliği bilinemeyecek bir şekilde insana telkin edilen bu düşünceler onun bilgi üretmesine engel olarak görülmemiş, ancak havâtırın doğruluk veya yanlışlığının belirlenmesi için kişinin naslara başvurmasının ve akıl yürütmesinin gerekli olduğu söylenmiştir. Böylece kelâm âlimlerinin havâtıra bakışı naslara uygun bir mahiyet arzeder. Zira Kur’an’da meleklerin insanları iyiliğe, şeytanların ise kötülüğe çağırdığı açıkça ifade edilmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “melek”, “şeyṭân”, “vesvese” md.leri). Buna karşılık kelâm âlimleri, bazı sûfîlerce benimsenen, doğrudan doğruya Allah tarafından insan kalbine bırakılan sesten ibaret bir ilâhî hitap olması bakımından bir tür vahye benzeyen havâtır anlayışını reddetmişlerdir. Çünkü Kur’an’da doğrudan doğruya Allah tarafından gönderilen vahyin peygamberlere has kılındığı belirtilmiş, Hz. Mûsâ’nın annesiyle havâriler dışında insanlara vahiyde bulunulduğuna dair bir açıklama yapılmamıştır. Bir kısım havâtırı vahiy gibi gören bazı sûfîler ise onu dinî ve dünyevî konularda herkes için önemli bir delil olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Nitekim Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, ehlullahın insanları Allah yoluna çağırırken davetlerini ilâhî kelâmdan ibaret olan havâtıra göre yaptıklarını ileri sürmüştür (el-Fütûḥât , II, 564, 566). İbnü’l-Arabî’nin bu görüşünü ortaya koyarken vahiy kelimesini kullanmamış olması sonucu değiştirmez. Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, sûfîlere ait havâtır anlayışının Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefeye dayandığını söylemektedir (Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , V, 88). Onun bu değerlendirmesinin büyük ölçüde isabetli olduğunu söylemek gerekir. Zira Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefede bilginin insana dışarıdan yani faal akıldan geldiği görüşü hâkimdir (Faysal Büdeyr, s. 215). Havâtırın Allah’tan insana doğrudan doğruya gelen vahiyler statüsünde kabul edilmesi vahyin nübüvvetle sona ermediği neticesine götürür. Bu ise naslarla bağdaştırılması imkânsız bir iddia olup ayrıca dinin yozlaşmasına ve yeni dinlerin icat edilmesine sebebiyet verir. Kur’an’ı, sahih sünneti ve akıl yürütmeyi bir tarafa bırakarak dinî ve dünyevî davranışları havâtıra göre düzenlemek mümkün değildir. İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, kalbe doğan düşünceleri Kur’an ve Sünnet’e arzetmeden benimsemenin nefis ve şeytan aldatmasından başka bir şey olmadığını söyler (İġās̱etü’l-lehfân , I, 124-125).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḫṭr” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “ḫâṭır” md.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 433.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “vesvese” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “şeyṭân”, “melek” “vḥy”, “vesvese” md.leri.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 405-407.
Müsned , II, 168, 173, 313, 460.
Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 11, 35.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 2/35, “Ḳader”, 7.
Kindî, Felsefî Risâleler (trc. Mahmut Kaya), İstanbul 1994, s. 69.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 427-429.
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İbn Fûrek, Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât , s. 31, 248.
İbn Metteveyh, el-Mecmûʿ fi’l-Muḥîṭ bi’t-teklîf (nşr. J. J. Houben), Beyrut 1965, I, 6, 17-18.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 67.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 26-28, 50.
Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, el-İḳtiṣâd fîmâ yeteʿallaḳu bi’l-iʿtiḳād , Necef 1399/1979, s. 97, 104, 162, 165.
Cüveynî, eş-Şâmil (nşr. H. Klopfer), Kahire 1988-89, s. 27-29.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire 1387/1967, III, 34-38, 53-61.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXX, 67.
a.mlf., el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1987, III, 61-66; VII, 330-331; IX, 13-14, 34, 38-39, 44, 186-187, 258, 259, 381.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , II, 564, 566.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , V, 88-89.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İġās̱etü’l-lehfân (nşr. M. Hâmid el-Fıkī), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), I, 75, 92, 122-125.
Haydar el-Âmülî, Câmiʿu’l-esrâr (trc. Cevâd Tabatabâî), Tahran 1368 hş., s. 456-458.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1307, II, 123.
Meclisî, Biḥârü’l-envâr , Beyrut 1403/1983, LXVII, 38-43.
Zebîdî, İtḥâfü’s-sâde , VII, 209, 294, 301-314.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , I, 267, 268; II, 88; III, 137-140; VII, 318; VIII, 342, 347, 372; IX, 497, 498, 500; XI, 417-418.
Faysal Büdeyr Avn, Naẓariyyetü’l-maʿrife ʿinde İbn Sînâ , Kahire 1977, s. 215.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 523-526 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Havâtır tasavvuf terminolojisinde “sâlikin kalbine Hak’tan, melekten, nefisten veya şeytandan gelen hitaplar, sesler” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Hiçbir vasıta olmadan doğrudan doğruya Allah’tan gelen hitaba rabbânî veya hakkānî hâtır, melekten gelene ilham veya melekî hâtır, nefisten gelene hâcis (çoğulu hevâcis) veya nefsânî hâtır, şeytandan gelene de vesvese veya şeytânî hâtır denir (Tehânevî, I, 415; et-Taʿrîfât , “ḫâṭır” md.; Kuşeyrî, s. 242). Bazı kaynaklarda ayrıca ruh hâtırı, kalp hâtırı, akıl hâtırı, yakīn hâtırı türlerinden söz edilir. İnsanı iyiliğe davet eden ruh ve kalp hâtırı melek hâtırına dahildir. Akıl hâtırı ruh ve kalp hâtırını desteklerse melek hâtırına, nefis ve şeytan hâtırını desteklerse bu ikisine dahil olur (Sühreverdî, s. 459).
Sûfîler, hâtırın iç âlemde bir ses (hitap) olarak işitildiği konusunda görüş birliği içindedirler. Bu sesin hangi tür hâtır olduğunun bilinmesi ve bunların birbirinden ayırt edilmesi önemlidir. Hak hâtırı son derece güçlüdür; verdiği mesaj hiçbir tereddüde mahal bırakmayacak şekilde açık ve kesin olup yanılma ve yanlış anlama söz konusu değildir. İnsanı uyarır, yapması gerekli olan şeyi ona emreder. Melekten gelen hâtır bir teşviktir; insanı hayırlı işlere yöneltir. Nefisten gelen hâtır ya bedenin tabii ve zorunlu ihtiyaçlarıyla veya bunun üstündeki aşırılıkla ilgilidir. Nefsin birinci tür arzuları onun hakkı olup bunların karşılanması gerekir; nefsin ihtiyaçtan fazlasını arzulaması ise onun zevki ve lüksü olduğundan buna imkân verilmemelidir. Şeytandan olan hâtır ise bir kışkırtmadır; günah ve haram olan işleri çekici gösterir, insanı bunlara yöneltir (Gazzâlî, III, 40). Allah’tan olan hâtır tevhid nuru, melekten olan hâtır mârifet nuru ile kabul edilir. İman nuru ile nefsin kötülük yapması engellenir. İslâm nuru ile şeytana karşı çıkılır (Sühreverdî, s. 560). Sûfîler, gıdası helâl olmayan bir kimsenin ilhamla vesveseyi birbirinden ayırt edemeyeceği kanaatindedir. Hâtırın dinî hükümlere uygun olması bunun melekten, aykırı düşmesi ise nefis veya şeytandan geldiğini gösterir. Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî’ye göre yakīnin zayıf olması, nefsin nitelik ve huyları konusundaki bilgisizlik, hevâ ve hevese uyma, mal ve makam hırsı havâtırı birbirine karıştırmanın başlıca sebepleridir. Bunları ortadan kaldırmanın yolu zühd, takvâ ve zikirle kalp aynasını cilâlamaktır. Bunu yapamayanlar havâtırı dinî ölçülere vurmalı, bunlara uygun düşene göre davranıp aykırı olana itibar etmemelidir.
Sâlikin zihnine iradesiz olarak gelmesi ve gelip geçici olması havâtırın en belirgin özelliğidir. İnsan bir şey yapmayı düşünür veya arzularken aklına başka bir hâtır daha gelebilir; sâlikin ilk hâtıra mı sonrakine mi uyması gerektiği konusunda mutasavvıflar arasında farklı görüşler vardır. Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî’ye göre ilk hâtıra derhal uyulmalıdır. Cüneyd, ziyaret için gittiği Hayr en-Nessâc’ın kapısında beklerken Hayr’ın hâtırına Cüneyd’in kapıda beklemekte olduğu gelmiş, fakat bu hâtıra uymamıştı. Aynı hâtır bir iki defa tekerrür edince gidip kapıyı açmış, Cüneyd kendisine, “Niçin ilk hâtıra uymadın?” demişti (Serrâc, s. 418; Hücvîrî, s. 502). Sehl b. Abdullah et-Tüsterî de ilk hâtıra uyulmasını ister. Ona göre ilk hâtır daha kuvvetlidir; uyulmaması halinde sonraki hâtır zayıflar, bu da gevşekliğe ve tembelliğe yol açar. İbn Atâ ikinci hâtıra uymanın daha doğru olduğunu söyler. Zira ikincisi birincisini güçlendirir. Muhammed İbn Hafîf’e göre ise ikisi eşittir (Kuşeyrî, s. 242).
Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre hâtır Allah’tan gelen; akıl, nefis, arş ve kürsî mertebelerine uğrayıp buralardan çeşitli renkler aldıktan sonra yeryüzüne inen ve insanların kalplerinde tecelli eden bir emr-i ilâhîdir. Her kalp bu emri kendi istidadına göre kabul eder. Günah, sevap veya mubah fiillerin kaynağı bu havâtırdır (el-Fütûḥât , II, 563). İbnü’l-Arabî, şer‘î hükümlerle havâtır arasında tam bir uygunluk olduğunu söyler. Gelen hâtır farzın yapılmasını emrederse bunun gereğini yerine getirmek farz, yasaklanmış bir şeyin yapılmasını isterse buna uymak haramdır. Mubahlarla ilgili hâtırlarda nefse güç gelenler icra edilmelidir (a.g.e. , II, 564).
Hatre (çoğulu hatarât ) kelimesi de hâtıra yakın bir anlam taşır. Cüneyd’e göre Hak’tan gelen hatre sâliki irşad, melekten gelen de iyi işlere teşvik eder. Nefisten kaynaklanan hatre dünyaya çeker, şeytandan kaynaklanan ise günaha iter.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “ḫâṭır” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 415.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 405.
Ca‘fer Seccâdî, Ferheng , “ḫavâṭır” md.
Hâris el-Muhâsibî, er-Riʿâye li-ḥuḳūḳıllâh , Kahire 1970, s. 15, 105.
Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ , s. 418.
Kelâbâzî, et-Taʿarruf , s. 90, 153, 167.
Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî, Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb , Kahire 1310, I, 113; II, 104.
Sülemî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 557.
Kuşeyrî, er-Risâle (trc. Mahmûd İbnü’ş-Şerîf, nşr. Abdülhalîm Mahmûd), Kahire 1966, s. 242.
Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-maḥcûb , s. 502.
Herevî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 725.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 40.
Ebû Mansûr el-Abbâdî, Ṣûfînâme (nşr. Gulâm Hüseyn-i Yûsufî), Tahran 1347, s. 192.
Sühreverdî, ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif , Beyrut 1966, s. 459, 560.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , II, 563, 564.
Kâşânî, Iṣṭılâḥâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , s. 158, 160.
Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb, Ravżatü’t-taʿrîf (nşr. Muhammed el-Kettânî), Beyrut 1970, s. 702.
İbn Haldûn, Şifâʾü’s-sâʾil , s. 120.
Ahmed-i Câmî, Ünsü’t-tâʾibîn , Tahran 1408, s. 253.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 526 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.