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HAVRAN Skip to content Suriye’nin güneyinde bir bölge.
Doğudan Cebelidürûz, batıdan Şeria vadisi, kuzeyden Şam vadisiyle Lecâ platosu, güneyden Belkā arazisi ve Cebeliaclûn’la çevrili, sınırları kesin biçimde belirlenemeyen geniş bir bölgedir. Topraklarının bir kısmı kayalık ve engebeli olmakla birlikte hayvancılığa ve nisbeten sık sayılabilecek yağışları ile tarıma elverişlidir. Dağların eteklerinden çıkan suların bir kısmı buharlaşmakta, bir kısmı ise küçük dereler halinde birleşerek Ürdün nehrinin kollarından Yermük’ü meydana getirmektedir.
En eski çağlardan itibaren iskân gören Havran’ın bilinen ilk sakinleri, milâttan önce II. binyılın ikinci yarısında buraya gelen İbrânîler’dir. Bölge daha sonra İbrânîler’le Dımaşk (Şam) Krallığı arasında sürtüşmelere yol açtı; milâttan önce VIII-VII. yüzyıllar arasında Asurlular’ın eline geçti ve nisbeten sakin bir dönem yaşadı. Asur İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra Med-Pers, arkasından da İskender-Selevkos devletlerinin yönetimine girdi. Milâttan önce 80’li yılların ortalarında Güney Suriye’de Romalılar’la yaptıkları savaşları kazanan Nabatîler milâttan sonra 106 yılına kadar bölgeyi ellerinde tuttular; bu tarihte onlara karşı büyük bir zafer kazanan Romalılar Havran’ı tamamen işgal ettiler. Roma döneminde Asurîler’in, Mûsevîler’in ve giderek artan Araplar’ın oturduğu yeni köyler ve kasabalar kuruldu; Yemen’den gelen monofizist hıristiyanlar da bu bölgeye yerleştirildi. Bunlardan Gassânîler, Bizans döneminde imparatorluğun sınırlarını İranlılar’a karşı korumakla görevlendirilmişlerdi. O yıllarda Havran sakinlerinin büyük çoğunluğunun Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmiş Araplar’dan oluştuğu görülmektedir.
13 (634) yılında Hâlid b. Velîd kumandasındaki İslâm ordusunun Gassânîler’in merkezi ve Havran’ın metropolü olan, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamber olmadan önce ticaret kafilesiyle iki defa gittiği Busrâ’yı barış yoluyla fethedince bölge müslümanların eline geçti ve ertesi yıl Dımaşk’ın da alınmasından sonra idarî ve askerî bakımdan buraya bağlandı. Dımaşk’ın tahıl ambarı olan Havran Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ve Emevî dönemlerinde bu statüde kalmış ve herhangi bir ciddi kargaşalık geçirmemiştir. Abbâsî döneminin başında Habîb b. Mürre el-Mürrî isyana kalkışmışsa da Halife Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh’ın amcası Abdullah b. Ali tarafından sindirilmiştir. Abbâsî yönetiminde iken Karmatîler’in saldırılarına mâruz kalan bölge daha sonra Selçuklu-Fâtımî mücadelesine sahne oldu. Haçlılar döneminde de zaman zaman savaş alanı haline geldi ve 1134’te Kudüs Kralı Fulk tarafından istilâ edildi. Ancak Dımaşk Atabegliği’nin başında bulunan Şemsülmülûk İsmâil Haçlılar üzerine birçok sefer düzenlemiş ve onları Havran’daki ordugâhlarını dağıtmak zorunda bırakmıştır. Kudüs Kralı IV. Baudouin de 1182’de bölgeyi tahrip etti. İmâdüddin Zengî 1140 yılında Dımaşk üzerine yaptığı sefer sırasında askerleriyle Havran’a çekilerek muhtemel bir Haçlı saldırısına karşı bir süre burada beklemişti. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî de Hittîn Savaşı öncesinde 583 (1187) ilkbaharında ordusunu Havran bölgesinde toplamıştı. 1244’te Hârizmli beyler Havran’ın kuzeyini tahrip ettiler. Havran’a yapılan en ciddi saldırı Moğollar tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Fakat 1259’da Mengü Han’ın ölmesi üzerine Suriye’deki birliklerin kumandanı Hülâgû başşehir Karakorum’a dönmek zorunda kaldı. Bu fırsatı iyi değerlendiren Memlükler, kazandıkları Aynicâlût zaferiyle bölgedeki Moğol istilâsını sona erdirdiler (1260). Muhammed b. Kalavun, Dımaşk seferi sırasında kendisine yardımcı olan Havran halkının bu iyiliğini unutmamış, tahta çıkınca onları gümrük vergisinden muaf tutmuş, daha sonra halka ağır vergiler yükleyen Dımaşk nâibi Emîr Karasungur’a 710’da (1310-11) bir mektup göndererek bu davranışından dolayı kendisini kınamış ve adamlarının halkın malına el uzatmalarına engel olmasını istemiştir (Gavânime, s. 280). Memlükler döneminde bölge biri Havran, diğeri Beseniye adını taşıyan iki büyük idarî kısma ayrılmıştı; Havran’ın başşehri Busrâ, Beseniye’ninki ise Ezriât idi. Bu dönemde Dımaşk’tan Gazze’ye giden posta ve hac yolları Havran’dan geçiyor, kervanlar Busrâ’da konaklıyordu. Ancak XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren bölgeye sızan Benî Rebîa bedevî kabilesi Havran’ın güvenliğini kısmen zayıflatmıştır.
1516 yılında 1918’e kadar devam edecek olan Osmanlı yönetimi başladı ve dört yüzyıllık bu dönem boyunca Havran Şam’a bağlı bir idarî birim olarak kaldı. Bu dönemde Havran’ın dikkat çekici özelliklerinin başında, Şam’ın tahıl ihtiyacını karşılamasının yanında bedevîlerin ve Dürzîler’in giderek güçlendiği bir yer halini alması gelir. Bu arada Havran bedevîlerinin gücünü gösteren en önemli gelişme, kabile reislerinden İbn Reşîd’in 1671’de hac kervanına saldırması ve Şam’ın önde gelen askerî simalarından hac emîri yeniçeri Türkmen Mûsâ’yı öldürmesidir (Muhammed el-Muhibbî, IV, 434; M. Halîl el-Murâdî, II, 63). Osmanlı döneminde Havran’daki Dürzî nüfusu giderek artış gösterdi. Cebelilübnan Dürzîleri arasında sürekli bir ihtilâf vardı. Ma‘noğulları’nın Dürzîler’in Yemenî kolunu tutmasına karşılık aslen Havran’ın bir köyünden olan ve XII. yüzyılda Vâditteym’e yerleşen Şihâbîler’in Kaysî kolunu tutması bu ihtilâfı derinleştirdi. 1697’de emirliğin Ma‘noğulları’ndan Şihâbîler’e geçmesiyle iktidar desteğinden mahrum kalan Yemenî Dürzîleri Şihâbîler’in yönetimini kabullenmediler. 1711’de Şihâbîler Ayn Der‘â’da Yemenîler’i ağır bir yenilgiye uğratarak bölgeyi terketmelerini sağladılar ve ayrılan Dürzîler dağlık Lecâ platosuna yerleştiler. Burada XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Atraş ailesinin liderliğinde bir Dürzî yoğunlaşması oldu. Daha sonra Lübnan’da Mârûnî hıristiyanlara karşı verilen iktidar mücadelelerinde yenilgiye uğrayan Dürzîler dalga dalga Havran’a göç ettiler. Kısa süren Mısır hâkimiyeti (1833-1840) sırasında da vergi vermekten ve askere alınmaktan kaçan Lübnanlı Dürzîler Havran’a yerleştiler. Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu İbrâhim Paşa 1837’de Havran Dürzîleri’ni askere almaya teşebbüs etti; ancak Dürzîler ayaklanıp gönderilen görevlileri öldürdüler. O günlerde Suriye’deki Mısır yönetimini zayıflatmak isteyen Osmanlı Devleti de Dürzîler’i desteklemekteydi. Neticede İbrâhim Paşa, Lübnan’da uyguladığı silâhları toplama ve askere alma politikalarını Havran’da gerçekleştiremedi. Bu arada Fransızlar Mârûnîler’i, İngilizler de Dürzîler’i desteklemeye başladılar. Mayıs 1860’ta Lübnan’da patlak veren ve binlerce kişinin ölümüyle sonuçlanan Dürzî-Mârûnî çatışmasında Havran Dürzîleri Lübnan Dürzîleri’nin yardımına gittiler. Çatışma sonrasında Fuad Paşa’nın suçluları sert bir şekilde cezalandırmaya başlaması üzerine kaçan Dürzîler yine Havran dağlarına sığındılar. Böylece nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu Dürzîleşen Cebelihavran Cebelidürûz (Lecâ) adıyla anılır oldu.
Tanzimat döneminde devletin merkeziyetçi bir yapılanmaya gitmesi ve taşra teşkilâtının yeniden düzenlenerek vilâyet sisteminin kabul edilmesiyle (1864) Cebelilübnan hariç kuzeyde Lazkiye’den güneyde Sînâ çölüne kadar uzanan bölge Suriye vilâyeti adı altında birleştirildi. Havran ise Cebelidürûz, Kuneytıra ve Aclûn kazalarından müteşekkil, merkezi Süveydâ olan bir sancak haline getirilip yine Şam’daki vilâyet idaresine bağlandı. Havran’ın bu idarî yapısı Osmanlı döneminin sonuna kadar devam etmiştir.
Tanzimat sonrası merkeziyetçi dönemde Osmanlı Devleti’ni uğraştıran Suriye’deki problemli bölgelerin en önemlisi Havran’dır. Bölgenin bedevî ve Dürzî nüfusu devletin Havran’da otoritesini duyurmasına izin vermiyordu. Bu arada nüfus tesbiti yapılacak ve sonunda askerlik ve vergi gelecek endişesiyle okul, yol vb. temel devlet hizmetleri dahi reddediliyordu. Hem bu direnişin kırılmasına yardımcı olmaları hem de tarıma elverişli boş arazileri değerlendirmeleri için Balkanlar’dan, Kafkaslar’dan ve Cezayir’den gelen müslüman göçmenlerin bir kısmı buraya yerleştirildi. Ancak Havran Dürzîleri’nin devletin otoritesini benimsemesi kolay olmadı. 1877, 1878 ve 1879’da Cebelidürûz’da meydana gelen olaylar güçlükle yatıştırıldı ve sonunda kazanın kaymakamlığına bölgenin en güçlü Dürzî ailesi olan Atraşlar’ın lideri İbrâhim Atraş getirildi (1883). Nisbeten sakin geçen bir on yılın ardından 1895’te Dürzîler’in bazı köylere saldırmasıyla devlet Havran’a yeniden müdahale etmek zorunda kaldı. Uzun süren çatışmalar sonunda ertesi yıl yeni bir anlaşmaya varıldı ve Dürzîler silâhlarını teslim etmeyi, askere gitmeyi, arazilerin tapu kurallarına göre yazımını ve vergi vermeyi kabul ettiler (Shakeeb Salih, XIII/2, s. 254). Buna rağmen dağlık bölgelerdekilerin çoğu anlaşmaya uymamaktaydı. Şam’daki Beşinci Ordu’nun yeni müşiri Abdullah Paşa’nın kararlı ve sert tutumu sonucu isyancıların bir kısmı sürgüne gönderildi, bir kısmı da hapse atıldı; böylece 1897 başında çatışmalar sona erdirilebildi ve devlet otoritesi tesis edildi. 1900’de çıkarılan bir afla sürgündekiler yerlerine dönerken hapistekiler de serbest bırakıldı. Sürgünler arasında, 1894’te İbrâhim Atraş’ın ölümüyle boşalan Cebelidürûz kaymakamlığına getirilen Şiblî Atraş da vardı. Bu aftan sonra Şiblî Atraş Bâbıâli ile ilişkilerini düzeltmiş ve 1905’te vuku bulan ölümüne kadar kendisine düzenli maaş ödenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı son isyan 1910 Ağustosunda meydana geldi ve hükümet sıkı yönetim ilân ederek silâh taşımayı ve meskûn mahaller arasında yer değiştirmeyi izne bağladı; halkı yatıştırmak ve devlete karşı tutumunu yumuşatmak amacıyla da isyan öncesi işlenen suçlar için genel af ilân edildi.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Havran’ın güvenliğine fazla önem vermesinin başlıca sebepleri, Şam-Medine hac yolunun buradan geçmesi ve bölgenin buğday ambarı olmasıdır. Havran’da güvenliği sağlamadan Şam’dan Medine’ye giden hac kervanının korunması çok zordu. Medine yolunun en önemli konaklarından birini teşkil eden Müzeyrib daima Dürzî ve bedevîlerin tehdidi altındaydı. Bunların yanında Lübnan Mârûnîleri’nin Fransızlar’la yakınlaşmasına karşılık Havran Dürzîleri’nin İngilizler’le diyaloga girmeleri bölgedeki gelişmelere milletlerarası bir boyut kazandırabiliyordu. Bundan dolayı Osmanlı Devleti güvenliği sağlayarak yabancı müdahalesine fırsat vermemeye çalışıyordu.
Havran Ekim 1918’de İngiliz kuvvetleri tarafından işgal edildi. 1920’de Suriye’nin Fransızlar’a bırakılmasını kabullenemeyen Havran Dürzîleri aynı yılın temmuz ayında ve 1925 yılında ayaklandılar ve bu isyanlar güçlükle bastırılabildi. Fransız manda yönetiminin başlamasıyla birlikte Havran’a Cebelidürûz adı altında muhtariyet verildi; idare merkezi yine Süveydâ idi. Fakat Suriyeliler buna rızâ göstermediler ve 1928 Ağustosunda hazırladıkları anayasa taslağının 2. maddesinde Osmanlılar gibi düşünerek Suriye topraklarının bölünmez bir bütün olduğunu belirttiler. Fransızlar, Lazkiye ve Cebelilübnan’ın yanı sıra Havran’ın da muhtariyetine karşı çıkan bu maddeyi reddettiler. Fakat daha sonraki yıllarda verilen çetin mücadelelerin ardından 1936’da Fransa ile Suriye arasında imzalanan anlaşma ile Havran’ın Suriye’ye iltihakı kabul edildi. Havran günümüzde, 1968’de Süveydâ’da bulunan petrol sebebiyle daha büyük bir önem taşımaktadır.
Havrânî nisbesiyle anılan çok sayıda âlim ve zâhid vardır. Bunlardan bazıları şöyle sıralanabilir: İbrâhim b. Eyyûb eş-Şâmî el-Havrânî, Ebü’l-Fazl el-Havrânî, Ziyâeddin el-Havrânî, İbnü’l-Havrânî, Ali b. Sultân el-Havrânî, Ebû Muhammed Âmir b. Dağaş el-Havrânî, Fâtıma el-Havrâniyye, Muhammed b. Süleym el-Havrânî, Mûsâ b. Ali el-Havrânî. Ayrıca Havranlı olmakla beraber doğdukları köylere nisbet edilen İbrâhim en-Nevevî, İbrâhim b. Ahmed ez-Zur‘î, Ahmed b. Hasan el-Ezraî, İbn Kesîr (İsmâil b. Ömer), Ebû Temmâm et-Tâî, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye ve İmam Nevevî gibi çok sayıda âlim vardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 539-541 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.