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HAYAL Skip to content İslâm düşüncesinde insanî nefsin idrak güçlerinden biri; âlemdeki bir varlık mertebesinin adı.
Arapça’da “zannetmek ve benzetmek” anlamlarına gelen hayl (hayelân) kökünden gelen bir isimdir. Hayâl ve hayâlet , uyku yahut uyanıklık halinde insana gerçekmiş gibi görünen sûrettir. Burada söz konusu olan gerçek değil gerçeğin gölgesi, aynadaki yansıması veya rüyadaki timsalidir. Dolayısıyla hayal sözlükte “bir şeyin gerçeği zannedilen veya gerçeğine benzeyen, benzetilen görüntüsü” anlamına gelir ve tahayyül , zan , teşebbüh kelimeleriyle aynı veya yakın anlamda kullanılır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫyl” md.).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Bir de baktı ki büyüleri sayesinde ipleri ve sopaları kendisine koşuyormuş gibi görünüyor” (Tâhâ 20/66) meâlindeki âyette “tahyîl”, çeşitli hadislerde “tahayyül” şeklindeki kullanımlar (Müsned , I, 279, 450; V, 445; Buhârî, “Cizye”, 14, “Riḳāḳ”, 51; Tirmizî, “Cennet”, 15, “Ḳıyâmet”, 17; Nesâî, “Zekât”, 9) gerçek sanılan veya gerçeğe benzetilen idrake işaret etmektedir. Hayalin bir idrak gücü olarak ele alınışı, İslâm düşünce tarihinde üç grupta incelenebilecek olan farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır.
a) Hayali beş duyunun fonksiyonel bir devamı olarak kabul eden Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî, İhvân-ı Safâ, İbn Bâcce ve İbn Rüşd gibi filozoflar duyularla idrak edilemeyen bir şeyin tahayyül olunamadığı, tahayyül edilemeyen şeyin de düşünülemeyeceği şeklindeki Aristo’ya ait ana fikre dayanmışlardır. Buna göre tahayyül duyumla düşünme arasında bir idrak gücüdür. Tahayyülün duyumdan farkı, duyu nesnesi idrak sınırları içinde bulunmadan da o nesnenin zihinde canlandırılabilmesidir. Bu farklılık, iradî olarak yeniden hatırlama ve ezberleme fonksiyonlarıyla daha ileri bir seviyeye ulaşır (Kitâbü’n-Nefs , III, 3.427b , 428a-b , 429a ).
Kindî, daha ziyade el-kuvvetü’l-musavvire olarak andığı bu gücü Aristocu yaklaşımlarla ele alır ve okuyucusunun dikkatini hayal gücünün rüyadaki etkinliği üzerinde yoğunlaştırır. Buna göre hayal gücü, uykuda olduğu gibi uyanık iken de cismanî gerçekliğin maddesinden ayrı olarak soyut sûret planında idrak edilmesini sağlar ve böylece soyutlama ile aynı anlama gelen düşünme faaliyetini mümkün kılar (Resâʾil , s. 294-297, 299-300).
İhvân-ı Safâ, mütehayyilenin duyularla düşünme arasındaki aracı rolünü vurgulamakla birlikte onun fizik ve metafizik âleme ilişkin bilgilenme çabalarını yanlış yönlendirici özelliğine de dikkat çeker. Zira hayal gücü sadece düşünceye zemin teşkil eden bir meleke değil kuruntuların da kaynağıdır. Her ne kadar hayal gücü duyulardan gelmeyen hiçbir şeyi tahayyül veya tevehhüm edemezse de (Resâʾil , III, 416-420) onları dış dünyada karşılığı olmayan sûretlere dönüştürebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla mütehayyile düşünme faaliyetindeki rolü yüzünden yanılgılara yol açabilir; yani yanılgı duyulara ait değil düşünceye aittir. Bu sebeple düşünceler duyular planında veya gözlemle doğrulanmalıdır (a.g.e. , II, 29; III, 416-420).
Hayali duyuların bir uzantısı olarak gören Aristocu yaklaşımı İbn Bâcce de benimsemiştir. Filozofa göre hayal bir şeyin benzerine denir. Duyum da cisimlerin hayallerinden ibarettir (Kitâbü’n-Nefs , s. 638-639). Hayalî idrak ise cüz’îler planında kalmakla birlikte küllî olmaya duyumdan daha yakındır (a.g.e. , s. 643-645). Fakat yine de duyulardan hayalî sûretler gelmedikçe mütehayyile kendi başına bir şey idrak edemez. Çünkü duyu idrakiyle aklî idrak arasında bulunur, ancak verdiği hükümler bazan doğru, bazan da yanlış olabilir.
Aristoculuğuyla tanınan İbn Rüşd ise hayalî idrak için doğruluk ve yanlışlığın söz konusu olmadığını, bunların “zannetmek” fiiline nisbet edilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Tahayyül duyumdan ayrıdır; çünkü ona zorunlu olarak bağımlı olduğu halde duyumdan daha ruhanîdir. Ayrıca tümel ve soyut gerçeklerle ilgili olan aklî idrakten de ayrıdır; zira maddî ve şahsî nesnelerle ilgilidir (bk. İbn Rüşd, Telḫîṣu Kitâbi’n-Nefs , s. 59-62).
b) Fârâbî ile İbn Sînâ’nın benimsediği felsefî yaklaşımda mütehayyile gücü, daha önce zikredilen duyumlar ve akıl arasındaki aracılık yanında başka fonksiyonlar da üstlenmiştir. Fârâbî’ye göre mütehayyile beş duyu, beslenme ve arzu güçlerine uygun düşecek imajları benzetmeler yapmak suretiyle tahayyül edebilir; ayrıca yine benzetme yoluyla bedenin mizacında meydana gelen değişmelerden ötürü serbest hayaller üretebilir; fakat en önemlisi soyut ve metafizik varlıklara (makūlât) ait yahut onların insan nefsine olan etkisinden ötürü benzetmeler yapıp onları sembollere dönüştürebilmesidir. Mütehayyileye yüklediği bu son fonksiyonla Fârâbî İbn Sînâ ile birlikte öteki İslâm filozoflarından ayrılmaktadır. Fârâbî’ye göre mütehayyilenin fizik âlemden gelen etkiler karşısındaki durumu kadar ve hatta ondan daha fazla onun metafizik âlemden gelen etkiler karşısındaki durumu da önemlidir. Bu etkiler mütehayyilede ya doğrudan doğruya ya da dolaylı olarak ortaya çıkar. Doğrudan etki, faal aklın nazarî aklı atlayarak mütehayyilenin benzetmeler yapması, semboller üretmesi suretiyle olur. Mütehayyilenin soyut gerçekliği somut imajlara dönüştürme fonksiyonu onun nazarî akılla amelî akıl arasında aracılık etmesine de imkân vermektedir. Mütehayyile bunu, faal akıldan gelen etki sayesinde soyut bir kavrama ulaşan nazarî akılla bunun somut gereğini ayırt eden amelî aklın arasını birleştirerek yapar. Ancak nazarî aklın devrede olmadığı durumlarda mütehayyileye doğrudan doğruya ulaşan bilgiler herhangi bir düşünme ameliyesi olmaksızın gelmiştir. Uykuda, nâdiren de uyanıkken bu bilgilere muttali olmak (nübüvvet) mümkündür. Ancak mütehayyileye doğrudan gelen bu bilgilerin taşıdığı sözlük anlamında nebevî karakter onların terim anlamındaki vahiy olduğunu göstermez. Yani vahiy, aklın altında bir güç olan mütehayyilenin faal akılca aydınlatılmasından ibaret değildir; çünkü vahiy faal akıldan (Cebrâil) müstefâd akla, oradan amelî akla, buradan da mütehayyileye gelmektedir (el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla , s. 114-116, 124-125). Dolayısıyla Fârâbî’nin nübüvveti tahayyül gücüne indirgediği şeklindeki yaygın kanaate iştirak etmek mümkün değildir. Onun düşüncesinde peygamberdeki mütehayyilenin işlevi, yukarıdan gelen vahyi, anlam ve içeriğini bozmadan her seviyedeki insanın anlayabileceği bir ifade formuna dökmekten ibarettir.
Ortaçağ İslâm psikolojisini geliştirip sistemleştiren İbn Sînâ, kendisinden önceki filozoflardan farklı olarak hayal gücü ile mütehayyileyi birbirinden ayırmaktadır. Hayal gücü (musavvire), duyu planında idrak edilen imajları saklama fonksiyonuna sahiptir; mütehayyile ise “hissî sûret” adı verilen bu imajları çeşitli birleştirme ve ayırma işlemleriyle yeniden üretir, yani onları serbestçe hayal eder. Bu işlem vehim gücü için yapılırsa tahayyül, akıl için yapılırsa tefekkür adını almakta, dolayısıyla gücün adı da ilk durumda mütehayyile, ikinci durumda müfekkire olmaktadır.
Hayal/musavvire gücü ortak duyunun beş duyudan alıp idrak ettiği sûretleri saklamak yanında ortak duyunun idrak sürecine de katılarak hissî sûretleri tasavvur eder. Bu katılmada, şu andaki duyu verilerinin idrakiyle geçmişte tecrübe edilip saklanmış duyu sûretleri birleştirilmiş olur (İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [6] , s. 36, 148-150; a.mlf., el-İşârât , II, 352-353). Hissî sûretlerin bu deposuna imajlar yalnızca ortak duyudan gelmez, tefekkür ve tahayyül işlemiyle birleştirilip ayrıştırılan yeni imajlar da burada saklanır. Kısaca burası dış ve iç idrak güçlerinden gelen imajların yalnızca şekil planındaki haznesidir. İbn Sînâ’nın hissî, hayalî, vehmî ve aklî şeklinde sıraladığı soyutlama ve idrak türlerinin ikincisi hayal gücüyle olur. Hayalî idrak, hayal gücünün bir cisme ait imajı, yine o cisimle ilgili nicelik, nitelik, yer ve konum ilişkilerini de muhafaza ederek soyutlamasıdır. Saklaması da fonksiyonun öteki vechesini oluşturur. Soyutlanıp saklanan imaj hâlâ belli bir cisme aittir, fakat hâlihazırda o cisim olmasa da gerektiğinde yeniden idrak edilebilecek soyut bir duyu formundan ibarettir (eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [6] , s. 50-53; a.mlf., el-İşârât , II, 342-347). Mütehayyile ise yalnızca duyu formlarıyla değil hâfızada saklanan bunlara ait kavramlarla da ilgilidir; çünkü onun işi İbn Sînâ’nın terimleriyle “hissî sûretler” ile “mânalar” yani kavramlar arasındaki ilişkiyi kurmaktır.
Buna göre mütehayyile, sûretleri saklayan hayal gücü ile kavramları saklayan hâfıza arasındaki konumuyla durmadan benzer ve karşıt sûret/kavramlar üretmekte, ancak bunu yaparken bunların nesnel karşılıklarının olup olmadığına bakmamaktadır (İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [6] , s. 36, 143; a.mlf., Mebḥas̱ , s. 166-167). Mütehayyilenin harekete geçmesinde ise bedenî mizaç, beş duyu, vehim ve akıl etkili olabildiği gibi metafizik etkiler de rol oynayabilir. Gerek fizik gerekse fizik ötesinden gelen etkiler sürekliliğini korudukça yeni yeni sûretlerin tahayyülü mümkün olur.
Bu tahayyül sürecinde mütehayyilenin denetlenebildiği ve denetlenemediği durumlar söz konusudur. Her şeyden önce beş duyu ve akıl mütehayyilenin serbest hayaller üretmesini etkili bir şekilde denetleyebilmektedir. Zira dış dünyaya ait duyu idrakinin gerçekleşme süreci mütehayyileyi geri plana iter ve etkisizleştirir. Aynı denetim düşünme esnasında da gerçekleşir. Çünkü düşünme nefsin belli bir probleme yönelik eylemidir ve düşünme esnasında hayal (musavvire) gücündeki sûretler mahiyetleri bakımından terkip ve tahlil edilir. Böylece hayalî sûretlerden tümel kavramlara ulaşmaya çalışılır.
Duyularla aklın geri plana itildiği durumlarda mütehayyile musavvireyi de kendi gücüne katarak ön plana çıkar. Uyku hali bu durumun en sık rastlanan örneğidir. Ayrıca sindirim, hastalık, korku ve şehvetin bedeni etkileyip duyuları ve aklı zayıflattığı durumlarda mütehayyile, içinde bulunulan bedenî teessüre karşılık olan hayalleri serbestçe üretmeye başlar. Çünkü denetim zayıflamış yahut ortadan kalkmıştır. Meselâ aşırı bir korku yaşanırken insan gerçekte olmayan şeyleri varmış gibi görebilir. Aklın zayıflayıp şehvetin güçlendiği zamanlarda mütehayyile yine güçlüdür (İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ eṭ-Ṭabîʿiyyât [6] , s. 153-154; a.mlf., el-İşârât , III-IV, 874-876).
İbn Sînâ’da mütehayyilenin mânevî etkilenmeler karşısında oynadığı rol çok önemlidir. Esasen bu etkiler altında bulunmayan insan nefsi yoktur; mesele onların farkında olup olmamaktır. Bunların farkında olmak, nefsin mütehayyileyi mânevî etkiye uygun olmayan hayaller üretmekten alıkoyması ile mümkün olur. Söz konusu mânevî etkiler metafizik alana ait bilgiler, gelecek hakkında uyarıcı bilgiler veya şairane ilhamlar şeklinde olabilir. Bu durumlarda mütehayyile, aklın hâkimiyetinden kurtulduğu oranda nefsin alabileceği mânevî etkileri karıştırıcı, bozucu veya unutturucu hayaller üreterek olumsuz etkide bulunur.
Eğer nefis için rüyada veya uyanıkken metafizik kökenli bilgi edinme imkânı doğar ve nefis mütehayyilesini konuyla ilgisi olmayan hayaller üretmekten alıkoyarak denetlerse bu bilgileri hâfızasına iyice yerleştirip ezberleyebilir. Nefis, fizik ötesinden edindiği bilgileri ezberleyememiş ve mütehayyile onun edindiği bu bilgilere benzer veya karşıt şeyler tahayyül etmişse nefsin bu bilgileri tesbit etmesi, musavvire ve hayal gücüyle hatırlama gücünün mütehayyileden gelenleri tesbit etmesinden daha zayıf olur. İbn Sînâ’ya göre mütehayyilenin işe karıştığı bu tür rüyaların çok azı yoruma konu olur, geri kalanları ise karışık rüyalardır. Rüyaların görülmesi ve yorumlanması konusunda mütehayyilenin belli bir işlevi vardır. Bu sebeple filozof, rüyaya ilişkin açıklamaları mütehayyilenin mahiyeti ve özellikleri bağlamında vermektedir. İbn Sînâ, sözü edilen mütehayyilenin hayal üretmesine sebep olan mânevî etkinin yoğunluğunu dört dereceye ayırır. Birincisi, rüyada ve uyanıkken meydana gelen etkinin hayal ve hâfıza gücünde kalıcı olmayacak kadar az olduğu derecedir. İkincisi, mütehayyile gücünü harekete geçirecek yoğunluktaki derecedir. Üçüncüsü, mânevî etkinin önceki iki dereceye göre daha yoğun olduğu bir derecedir. Bu derecede nefis mânevî etkinin mânasını hâfıza gücünde, ona uygun sûreti de hayal gücünde iyice zapteder. Dördüncüsü, mânevî etkinin en açık ve yoğun olduğu derecedir. Bu derecede nefsin bilinci dahilinde olan mânevî bir etkilenme gerçekleşir; nefis metafizik âlemden edindiği bilgileri hâfızasına yerleştirir ve bu bilgilerin mütehayyilenin hayal ettiği sûretler ve bu sûretlerin mânaları arasında kaybolup gitmesini önler. Bu sonuncu derecede vahiy bilgisinin gerçekleştiği apaçık ortadadır. Bu açıklamalar gösteriyor ki gerek Fârâbî gerekse İbn Sînâ felsefesinde vahiy bilgisinin alınışında mütehayyileye bir rol verilmişse de bu vahyin akıl gücünü dışlayan bir bilgilenme olduğu anlamına gelmemekte; aksine böyle bir bilgi alma sürecinde akıl ve mütehayyile güçleri aynı anda işe karışmaktadır.
Mütehayyile ayrıca hâfızadaki kavramların hatırlanması konusunda da hatırlama gücüne yardım eder. Yine mütehayyile gücü akıl gücünün düşünmesi sırasında orta terimleri bulmasına yardımcı olur ve bu işlevinden dolayı ona müfekkire adı da verilir.
c) Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî (el-Maktûl), Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve Molla Sadrâ gibi gnostik düşünürler hayali, psikolojik ve epistemolojik bir kavram olmasının ötesinde kozmolojik bir kavram olarak ele almaktadırlar. Hatta İbnü’l-Arabî’de hayal terimi ontolojik bir anlam dahi kazanmıştır.
İşrâkīliğin kurucusu olan Sühreverdî, hayali “ortak duyuya ait sûretlerin hazinesi” olarak değerlendiren Aristocu telakkiyi reddetmiş, hayalî sûretlerin asıl mevkiinin dış dünyada gerçekliği olan bir hayal âleminde olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Aristocu telakkide duyu verileriyle aklî veriler nasıl gerçek ve dış dünyaya aitse Sühreverdî’ye göre hayalî veriler de öyle gerçek ve dış dünyaya aittir. Filozofun, duyulur âlemle akledilir âlem arasındaki bir mutavassıt varlık mertebesi olarak ortaya koyduğu bu hayal âlemi, cismanî olmakla birlikte dış duyularla değil ancak iç duyularla idrak olunabilir. Esasen semavî bir nurdan ibaret olan insan nefsi, sahip olduğu mütehayyile adlı iç duyu melekesi sayesinde hayal âlemine ait formları idrak eder. Bu anlamda mütehayyile bir aynadır; hayal ise bir bilgi formu olup zan veya fanteziyle karıştırılmamalıdır. Ancak bu idrakin gerçekleşmesi için tıpkı gözle görme ve akılla kavrama olayında olduğu gibi bir “işrak” (aydınlatıcı semavî etki) vuku bulmalıdır. Bu işrak sayesinde aklî ve küllî formların hayal âlemindeki cismanî ve cüz’î yansımaları mütehayyilede yansır ve böylece aklî formlar kozmolojik semboller halinde idrak edilmiş olur. Şu var ki duyu, hayal ve akıl seviyelerinden her birinde işrak doğrudan doğruya gerçekleşir, işrak olmadan idrak olmaz.
İbnü’l-Arabî ise kavramın kozmolojik muhtevasına sahip çıkmakla birlikte hayale ontolojik bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Düşünüre göre tek gerçek varlık olan Allah’ın iki ayrı tecellisi vardır. Biri hakkī veya zâtî tecellidir ki o zaten gerçek varlıkla aynıdır; diğeri de halkî tecelli olup esasen hayalî bir varlığa sahip olan topyekün âleme tekabül eder. Ona göre âlem hayaldir, ancak bu hayalîlik gerçek varlığa göredir. İçindeki insana veya öteki varlıklara nisbetle objektif bir varlık biçimi olarak görünen âlemin gerçek bir varlık olarak idraki vehmin bir ürünüdür.
Sühreverdî ile İbnü’l-Arabî arasında bir süreklilik gören Henry Corbin, her ikisinin de iştirak ettiği gnostik çizginin en belirgin temasının hayal olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Corbin’e göre buradaki hayal kavramını sanat felsefesindeki gerçek dışı hayaller, daha doğrusu fantezilere indirgemek hayale dair gnostik iddiayı hiç anlamamak olur. Her şeyden önce yaratmayı bir tecellî olarak kavrayan İbnü’l-Arabî âlemi de ilâhî tahayyülün (imagination) bir eseri olarak görmüştür. Ârifin mütehayyilesinde çizilen nesneler ise bir hayal âleminde varlık kazanır. Burada insan mütehayyilesi mutlak anlamdaki ilâhî tecelliye mazhar olmakta ve kalp adını almakta, dolayısıyla ârifin kalbindeki ilâhî tecellî hayal âleminde varlık kazanmaktadır (Creative Imagination , s. 180-182).
Aynı gnostik geleneğin geç dönemdeki devamı olan Molla Sadrâ da Sühreverdî’ye dayanarak duyulur âlem, hayal âlemi ve akledilir âlem tasnifini benimsemektedir. Sadrâ’ya göre insan nefsi dış duyuların idrakiyle duyulur âlemin, iç duyuların idrakiyle hayal âleminin, aklın idrakiyle de aklî âlemin gerçekliğini kavramaktadır. Molla Sadrâ’nın özellikle Eflâtun ve Sühreverdî’ye nisbet ettiği görüşe göre hayal âlemi mekân ve yön arazlarına sahip olmamakla birlikte nicelik ve şekle sahip nesnelerden oluşmaktadır. Bu sebeple bir yönden aklî, öbür yönden hissî âleme benzeyen bir ara âlemdir. Molla Sadrâ da Sühreverdî’nin eserlerinde ortaya konan hayal âlemi doktrinini kabul ettiğini belirtmekte, ancak hayalî sûretler karşısında mütehayyilenin basit bir ayna olmadığı ve esasen kendi başlarına hâricî varlıkları olmayan bu sûretlerin nefsin tahayyül gücüyle kāim olduğu itirazında bulunmaktadır. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki Molla Sadrâ, insan nefsinin hayalî idrak gücüne Sühreverdî’den daha aktif bir rol vermektedir (el-Ḥikmetü’l-müteʿâliye , I, 299-304).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., el-Ḳānûn fi’ṭ-ṭıb , Beyrut, ts., I, 71-72; III, 284.
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a.mlf., el-Kerâmât ve’l-muʿcizât ve’l-eʿâcîb (nşr. Hasan Âsî, et-Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân ve’l-luġatü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye fî felsefeti İbn Sînâ , Beyrut 1983 içinde), s. 226-228, 230-235.
İbn Bâcce, Kitâbü’n-Nefs (nşr. M. Sagīr Hasan el-Ma‘sûmî, MMİADm. , XXXIV [1959] içinde), s. 634-645.
İbn Rüşd, Telḫîṣu Kitâbi’n-Nefs (nşr. Ahmed Fuâd el-Ehvânî), Kahire 1950, s. 59-65.
a.mlf., Telḫîṣü Kitâbi’l-Ḫaṣṣ ve’l-maḫṣûṣ li-Arisṭo (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Beyrut 1980, s. 205, 208-210.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , II, 309-313; III, 442, 470, 508.
a.mlf., Fuṣûṣ (Afîfî), I, 99-101, 103-104.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil (nşr. Butrus el-Bustânî), Beyrut 1957, II, 29, 389-390, 411-412; III, 392, 416-420, 424-425.
H. Corbin, Creative Imagination in the Sūfism of Ibn ʿArabī (trc. R. Manheim), Princeton 1981, s. 179-182.
Sadreddin M. eş-Şîrâzî, el-Ḥikmetü’l-müteʿâliye fi’l-esfâri’l-ʿaḳliyyeti’l-erbaʿa , Beyrut 1981, I, 299-304.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 447-453.
M. Ali Ebû Reyyân, Uṣûlü’l-felsefeti’l-İşrâḳıyye ʿinde Şihâbiddîn es-Sühreverdî , İskenderiye 1987, s. 311-315.
Ali Durusoy, İbn Sînâ Felsefesinde İnsan ve Kâinattaki Yeri , İstanbul 1993, s. 101-116.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.