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HAYRİ EFENDİ, Mustafa Skip to content (1867-1921)
Osmanlı şeyhülislâmı.
Ürgüp’te doğdu. Trablusgarp vilâyeti Evkaf müdürü Abdullah Avni Efendi’nin oğludur. Kökleri Karamanoğulları’na inen ve Karamanoğlu İbrâhim Bey’in Ürgüp’teki Büyük Cami (Câmi-i Kebîr) evkafının mütevelliliğini üstlenen bir ilmiye ailesine mensuptur. Büyükbabası Ürgüp Kadısı İbrâhim Efendi, onun babası Nakîbüleşraf Kaymakamı Abdullah Efendi’dir.
Mustafa Hayri önce Ürgüp’te amcası Hacı Münib Efendi’den ders gördü; Ürgübî Mahmud Efendi’den hat dersi aldı. Daha sonra Sivas Adliye müfettişi ağabeyi Hakkı Bey’in yanına gidip Halim Efendi’den Arapça, Mor Ali Baba’dan Farsça derslerini takip ederek tahsilini ilerletti. 1883’te ağabeyi ile İstanbul’a gitti ve Fâtih Başkurşunlu Medresesi’ne kaydoldu, ayrıca Abdullah Rüşdü Efendi’nin derslerine girdi. İki yıl İstanbul’da kaldıktan sonra Ürgüp’e döndü. Bu arada Kayseri’ye giderek Yağmuroğlu Medresesi’ne yerleşti. Hoca Kasım Efendi’nin sabah, Karakimseli Hacı Efendi’nin akşam derslerine devam etti; meânî, beyân, bedî‘ ve mantık okudu. 1304’te (1886-87) İstanbul’a geldi ve Başkurşunlu Medresesi’nde sekiz yıl okuduktan sonra buradan mezun oldu. Uzun süren medrese tahsilinin ardından Mekteb-i Hukuk’a girdi ve 8 Ağustos 1313’te (20 Ağustos 1897) burayı da bitirdi. Mezuniyetinden hemen sonra ibtidâ-i dâhil pâyesiyle Bursa’da müderris olarak meslek hayatına başladı; bir buçuk ay sonra da görevi mûsıle-i Süleymâniyye’ye nakledildi.
Daha sonra Adliye’ye geçen Hayri Efendi önce Maraş, ardından 1900’de Trablusşam Bidâyet Mahkemesi müddeiumumi yardımcılığı, 1901 yılında da Lazkiye sancağı Bidâyet Mahkemesi Ceza Dairesi başkanlığı yaptı. II. Meşrutiyet’e (1908) kadar Adliye Nezâreti bünyesinde çeşitli görevlerde bulundu. 1902’de Suriye vilâyetine, iki yıl sonra Manastır Merkez Bidâyet Mahkemesi müddeiumumi yardımcılığına, 1906’da Selânik Ceza Dairesi başkanlığına tayin edildi. II. Abdülhamid döneminde İstanbul, Suriye, Selânik’te genç zâbit ve mekteplilerin kurdukları siyasî teşekküllere daima ilgi duyan, bazılarında fiilen sorumluluk üstlenen Hayri Efendi, ceza reisi olarak Selânik’te iken burada İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti adı altında oluşturulan siyasî teşekkülde önemli hizmetler gördü. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra Niğde mebusluğuna adaylığını koydu; yapılan seçimlerde İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin çoğunluğu alması üzerine Niğde mebusu olarak Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a girdi. 1908’de Dârülfünun Hukuk Şubesi Mecelle müderrisliğine, 1909’da Medresetü’l-kudât tanzîm-i i‘lâmât-ı cezâiyye hocalığına tayin edildi. 1910’da Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan birinci reis vekili oldu.
22 Aralık 1910’da İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa kabinesinde 15.000 kuruş maaşla Evkāf-ı Hümâyun nâzırlığına getirilen, ayrıca kısa sürelerle Dahiliye, Orman ve Meâdin nezâretlerine vekâlet eden Hayri Efendi, görevinin ağırlığı sebebiyle Dârülfünun Mecelle müderrisliğinden ayrıldıktan sonra Hicaz’daki durumun ıslahı, oradaki dinî kurumların idaresi için teşkil edilen komisyona üye seçildi ve birinci rütbeden Mecîdî nişanıyla taltif edildi. 29 Eylül 1911’de İbrâhim Hakkı Paşa kabinesinin istifası üzerine Küçük Said Paşa’nın kurduğu hükümette Adliye Nezâreti ile Şûrâ-yı Devlet başkanlığına asaleten, Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne vekâleten tayin edildiyse de her iki aslî görevden istifa ederek Evkaf Nezâreti’nde asaleten göreve başladı. Bir ara Emrullah Efendi’nin yerine Maarif Nezâreti’ne vekâlet etti. Kabinenin yıl sonunda istifasıyla Evkaf Nezâreti’nden ayrıldı. Bâbıâli Baskını’ndan sonra kurulan Mahmud Şevket Paşa kabinesinde 15.000 kuruş maaşla yeniden Evkaf nâzırı oldu. Kendisine 6 Kasım 1913’te birinci rütbeden Âl-i Osmân nişanı verildi. Said Halim Paşa kabinesinde Evkaf nâzırı iken 20.000 kuruş tahsisatla 16 Mart 1914’te şeyhülislâm oldu. Sultan Mehmed Reşad’ın sadrazama hitaben çıkan tayin iradesinde özetle bütün şer‘î mahkemelerin ve medâris-i İslâmiyye’nin tanzimi, ıslahı ve cemiyetin hayrına hizmet vermesi için ulemâdan Hayri Efendi’nin şer‘î muâmelâta vâkıf olması sebebiyle meşihat makamına tayininin uygun görüldüğü bildiriliyordu (İkdam , 19 Rebîülâhir 1332).
11 Kasım 1914’te fevkalâde olarak toplanan kabinede I. Dünya Savaşı’na girme temayülü ağır basınca bazı nâzırlar istifa ettikleri halde, meşihat ve Evkaf Nezâreti de üzerinde bulunan Hayri Efendi harbin gerekli olduğunda ısrar etmişti. Nitekim kabinenin kararından sonra Şeyhülislâm Hayri Efendi meşhur “cihâd-ı ekber” fetvalarını vermiştir. Beş fetvadan oluşan bu dinî-hukukî belgede Hayri Efendi sırasıyla, padişahın cihad emrine herkesin katılmasının farziyetini; hilâfet-i İslâmiyye’yi ortadan kaldırmak isteyen Rusya, İngiltere ve Fransa idaresinde olan bütün müslümanların bu devletler aleyhine birleşmesinin şart olduğunu; bu farziyete rağmen cihada katılmayanların ağır cezaya duçar olacakları; İslâm (Osmanlı) askerini öldüren yukarıdaki devletlerin tebaası müslüman askerlerin büyük günaha girecekleri; nihayet İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, Sırp, Karadağ hükümetleri idaresinde bulunan müslümanların İslâm Devleti’ne yardımcı olan Almanya ve Avusturya aleyhine harp etmelerinin bu devletin zararına olacağı için büyük günah olduğu hususlarını içine almaktaydı (aslı için bk. İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 640). Berliner Tageblatt gazetesinin İstanbul’daki muhabirine verdiği demeçte de Hayri Efendi I. Dünya Savaşı hakkındaki görüşlerini, bu defa ilân edilen cihâd-ı ekberin boyutlarını ve mahiyetini eski dönemlerdeki Haçlı seferleriyle mukayese ederek açıklamıştı.
Hayri Efendi’nin Evkaf nâzırlığı ile şeyhülislâmlığı 6 Mayıs 1916’ya kadar sürdü; sağlık sebeplerini mazeret göstererek bu tarihte istifa etti. Ancak istifanın gerçek sebebi İttihat ve Terakkî’nin birtakım uygulamalarından duyduğu rahatsızlık ve Talat Paşa ile aralarında eskiden beri mevcut olan ihtilâftı. Bir süre köşesine çekilen Hayri Efendi, Vahdeddin’in saltanatında 14 Ekim 1918’de kurulan İzzet Paşa kabinesinde Adliye Nezâreti’ni üstlendi. I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda imzalanan antlaşmaların ardından İngilizler’in İstanbul’u işgalinden sonra eski kabine üyelerinden birçoğu gibi Hayri Efendi de Malta’ya sürgüne gönderildi. Burada kalp rahatsızlığı şiddetlendi ve genel validen Malta’daki Salvator Kalesi’nin rutubetli ortamından çıkarılıp tedaviye gönderilmesi isteğinde bulundu; kendisinin ve arkadaşlarının durumun düzeltilmesi hakkında Osmanlı hükümetine ve İngiliz genel valiliğine müracaatları da olmuştu. Daha sonra serbest bırakılan Hayri Efendi Roma’ya gitti. Bu sırada papa kendisini Vatikan’a davet ederek görüşmek istemişse de Hayri Efendi’nin, Anadolu’daki Yunan zulmünü engelleme konusunda bir teşebbüsü olursa kendisini ziyaret edebileceğini söylemesi üzerine görüşme gerçekleşmemiştir. Hayri Efendi İstanbul hükümetinin icraatından memnun olmadığından Anadolu’ya geçmeye karar vererek bir vapurla İtalya’dan ayrılıp Antalya’ya geldi. Daha sonra Ankara’da Mustafa Kemal ve diğer devlet erkânıyla çeşitli görüşmelerde bulundu, kendisine yapılan görev tekliflerini hastalığı sebebiyle kabul etmedi. Ömrünün geri kalan kısmını Ürgüp’te geçirdi ve burada hâtıralarını kaleme aldı. 7 Temmuz 1921’de vefat ederek Ürgüp’te Câmi-i Kebîr bahçesindeki aile kabristanına defnedildi. Oğlu Suat Hayri Ürgüplü 1965-1966 ve 1972’de olmak üzere iki defa başbakanlık yapmıştır.
Şeyhülislâm Hayri Efendi, üstlendiği meşihat ve bilhassa Evkaf nâzırlığı sırasında çok önemli ve köklü icraata girişmiştir. Bu icraatı, medrese-mektep programlarının ve vakıfların ıslahı şeklinde başlıca iki noktada toplanabilir. Medreselerde yaptığı icraata “teşkîlât-ı Hayriyye” denilmiştir. Medrese ıslahatının ilk olarak İstanbul’dan başlaması uygun görülmüş, İstanbul medreseleri bir heyet tarafından tek tek dolaşılarak çeşitli açılardan durumları ve kullanılabilir olanları tesbit edilmiştir. Medresetü’l-vâizîn, Medresetü’l-hattâtîn ve Medresetü’l-kudât adlarıyla yeni medreseler kurulmuştur. Fizikî çalışmalarla birlikte ders programları üzerinde de durulmuş, dinî derslerin yanında sosyal ve teknik dersler arttırılmış, okul sürelerinde yeni düzenlemeler yapılmıştır (geniş bilgi için bk. DÂRÜ’l-HİLÂFETİ’l-ALİYYE MEDRESESİ ). Hayri Efendi’nin Evkaf nâzırlığı zamanında vakıflarda da önemli ıslahat ve gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Evkaf mektebinin kurulması ile vakıf muamelelerinin düzene konulması ve süratlendirilmesi, imaretlerin ıslahı, vakıf kiralarının arttırılması, “cihet”lerin usulüne uygun verilmesi (Tevcîh-i Cihât Nizamnâmesi), vakıf müzesinin (Evkāf-ı İslâmiyye Müzesi) ve matbaasının (Evkāf-ı İslâmiyye Matbaası) teşkili, kendine has mimarileriyle büyük vakıf hanlarının bina edilmesi, Gureba Hastahanesi’nin yeni bina ve imkânlara kavuşturulması, vakıf kütüphanelerin tamiri, Fâtih Camii’ne elektrik tesisatı döşenerek ilk defa bir vakıf eserin bu yolla aydınlatılması söz konusu gelişmeler arasında sayılabilir. Ayrıca tecrübeli devlet adamlarının vakıfların ıslahı ve geleceği konusunda yazılı ve sözlü görüşleri alınarak yapılacak ıslahat daha sağlam esaslar üzerine oturtulmak istenmiştir. Ancak memleketin içinde bulunduğu olumsuz şartlar ve idarî kadroların yetersizliği yüzünden bu teşebbüslerden beklenilen sonuç alınamamıştır.
Hayri Efendi, 26 Cemâziyelevvel 1306 (28 Ocak 1889) tarihli irade ile ilga edilen Mecelle -i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye Cemiyeti’ni yeniden kurmak istemişse de muhtemelen döneminin siyasî şartları onun bu arzusunu gerçekleştirmesine imkân vermemiştir (Mardin, s. 153).
Hayri Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığı zamanında, 24 Temmuz 1913’te Fetvahânenin Hey’et-i İftâiyyesi Hakkındaki Nizamnâme ile fetvahâne bünyesinde “te’lîf-i mesâil” ve “taharrî-i mesâil” adıyla iki ayrı daire kurulmuş ve te’lîf-i mesâil, meşihatça tesbit edilen konular hakkında dört mezhebe ait fıkıh kitaplarındaki bilgileri toplamak, yazılı ve basılı fıkıh ve fetva kitaplarından büyük bir fetva mecmuası tertip etmek, bu arada zamanın ihtiyaçlarına uygunluğu sebebiyle Hanefî mezhebinde müftâbih olmayan bir görüşü veya diğer üç mezhep imamına ait bir ictihadı uygun görmesi halinde konuyla ilgili gerekçeli bir mazbata hazırlamakla görevlendirilmiştir (Düstur , İkinci tertip, VI, 948-950; Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 4 [1332], s. 155-157; ayrıca bk. FETVAHÂNE ). Bu nizamnâmede yer alan hükümler, başlangıçtan beri sıkı bir şekilde Hanefî mezhebindeki müftâbih görüşleri esas alan Osmanlı Devleti’nin zamanın ihtiyaçlarını dikkate alarak diğer görüş ve mezheplerden faydalanma kapısını açması bakımından önemlidir. Fetvahânenin bu tür faaliyetlerinden olarak başta nafakāt, nikâh ve talâk gibi konular olmak üzere bütün hukukî meselelerdeki müftâbih görüşlerin “el-Ahkâmü’ş-şer‘iyye fi’l-ahvâli’ş-şahsiyye” adı altında toplanıp tercüme ve telif edilmesine karar verilmiş ve bu eserin I. cildi olarak Fetva Emini Ali Haydar Efendi tarafından tertip edilen Kitâbü’n-Nafakāt (İstanbul 1333) adlı eser yayımlanmışsa da bunun devamı gelmemiştir. Yine yukarıdaki nizamnâmenin yaklaşım biçiminden hareketle olsa gerek, kadınların bazı hallerde mahkemeye müracaatla boşanma talebi, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’un görüşleri doğrultusunda çok sınırlı bir şekilde ve yalnızca kocada cinsî bir rahatsızlık bulunması durumunda kabul edilirken (Aydın, s. 116-121), Şeyhülislâm Hayri Efendi’nin meşihatı devrinde fetvahânede dönemin içtimaî ve iktisadî şartları da dikkate alınarak ve diğer mezheplerden de istifade edilerek kocanın gaipliği ve hastalığı sebebiyle kadına boşanma hakkı veren iki fetva hazırlanmış, bu fetvalar Hayri Efendi’nin re’sen arzı ile irâde-i seniyyeye iktiran ederek kanunlaştırılmıştır (birinci iradenin tarihi 29 Rebîülâhir 1334 [5 Mart 1916], bk. Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 20 [1334], s. 353; ikinci iradenin tarihi 18 Cemâziyelevvel 1334’tür [23 Mart 1916]; bk. a.e. , sy. 24 [1334], s. 394; Mardin, s. 109-111; Aydın, s. 144-148). Bu irâde-i seniyyeler, 8 Muharrem 1336 (24 Ekim 1917) tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nin 122 ve 126. maddelerine esas teşkil ettiği için Hayri Efendi’nin geniş görüşlülüğü Osmanlı hukuk tarihi bakımından önemli bir gelişmeye sebep olmuştur. Ancak Hayri Efendi’nin bu konularda padişaha re’sen arz ile irade alması, hükümetteki bazı kimseler tarafından teşrî meclislerinin görev alanlarına bir tecavüz olarak değerlendirilmiş ve gerek hükümet gerekse İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nde itirazlara yol açmıştır. Ebül‘ulâ Mardin’in de işaret ettiği gibi İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin çeşitli engellemelerine karşı Hayri Efendi’nin tercih ettiği bu re’sen irâde-i seniyye istihsali onlarla arasındaki problemlerin artmasına tesir etmiş olmalıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 636-640.
Düstur , İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1334, VI, 948-950.
İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal – Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin [Yasar], Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâretinin Târihçe-i Teşkîlâtı ve Nüzzârın Terâcim-i Ahvâli , İstanbul 1335, s. 225-242.
Bayur, Türk İnkılâbı Tarihi , II/4, s. 359, 374, 629; III/1, s. 99, 247, 320 vd.; III/4, bk. İndeks.
Ebül‘ulâ Mardin, Medenî Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmet Cevdet Paşa , İstanbul 1946, s. 107-112, 153-155.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 559-560.
Ali Fuad [Türkgeldi], Görüp İşittiklerim , Ankara 1951, s. 132, 135-137, 142, 167-168, 173, 298.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 267.
Sadık Albayrak, Son Devir Osmanlı Uleması , İstanbul 1981, IV-V, 207-209.
M. Akif Aydın, İslâm-Osmanlı Aile Hukuku , İstanbul 1985, s. 115-121, 144-148.
Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 4, İstanbul 1332, s. 155-157 vd.; sy. 7 (1332), s. 437; sy. 20 (1334), s. 353; sy. 24 (1334), s. 394.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Dârü’l-hilâfeti’l-‘aliyye Medresesi ve Kuruluşu Arefesinde İstanbul Medreseleri”, İTED , VII/1-2 (1978), s. 1-5.
a.mlf., “Dârü’l-hilâfeti’l-aliyye Medresesi”, DİA , VIII, 507-508.
“Hayri Efendi”, TA , XIX, 126-127.
A. H. de Groot, “Muṣṭafā K̲h̲ayrī Efendi”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 716-717.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 62-64 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.