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HAZİF Skip to content Bazı harfleri kullanmadan gerçekleştirilen söz sanatı.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “atmak, düşürmek, çıkarmak, bir şeyin bir tarafını kesip atmak” anlamlarına gelen hazif (hazf) kelimesi, bedî‘ ilminde belli harfleri kullanm…
2/2 Müellif: KAZIM YETİŞ Bölüme Git
Türk Edebiyatında Hazif. Üç çeşit hazif vardır. İlki bedî‘ ilmiyle ilgili olup kaynaklarda “mühmel” (noktasız) veya “menkūt” (noktalı) başlığı altında…
Sözlükte “atmak, düşürmek, çıkarmak, bir şeyin bir tarafını kesip atmak” anlamlarına gelen hazif (hazf ) kelimesi, bedî‘ ilminde belli harfleri kullanmadan söz söyleme sanatını ifade eder. Hazif, atılan harflerin noktalı veya noktasız olmasına, bitişik veya ayrı yazılmasına göre çeşitli kısımlara ayrılır. Meselâ bir cümlede yer alan kelimeler ya tamamen bitişik veya tamamen ayrı yazılan harflerden oluşur; bazan bu kelimelerin hepsi noktalı veya noktasız olur. Ayrıca cümleyi teşkil eden kelimelerin biri bitişik, diğeri ayrı yazılan harflerden; biri noktalı, diğeri noktasızlardan meydana gelir. Bu anlayış şiirde bir mısrada noktalı, ötekinde noktasız harflerin yer alması şeklinde görüldüğü gibi, bazan da cümlenin veya beytin tamamı sadece üstten veya alttan noktalı olan harflerden oluşur. Bu arada bazı harflere hiç yer verilmeyebilir.
Başta Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ı olmak üzere, Hz. Peygamber’i öven “bedîiyyât” adı verilen kasidelerin şerhleriyle bazı belâgat kitaplarının bedî‘ bölümlerinde ve bedî‘ ilmine dair yazılan müstakil eserlerde hazif sanatı ve türleriyle ilgili bilgi ve örnekler bulunmaktadır. İbn Ma‘sûm, Envârü’r-rebîʿ bi-envâʿi’l-bedîʿ adlı eserinde (IV, 176) hazfi bir sanat olarak ilk ortaya koyan kişinin Miʿyârü’n-nüẓẓâr müellifi İzzeddin ez-Zencânî (ö. 655/1257 [?]) olduğunu söylüyorsa da Zencânî’den yaklaşık bir asır önce Reşîdüddin Vatvât (ö. 573/1177) Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr ’inde (s. 63-67) ve daha sonra Fahreddin er-Râzî (ö. 606/1209) Nihâyetü’l-îcâz ’ında (s. 113-116, 122) hazfin tanımını yapmış ve birçok türünü örnekleriyle açıklamıştır. Râzî, hazfi lafza güzellik veren, harflerin yazılış güzelliğiyle (hat) ilgili sanatlardan sayar. Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî’ye göre lafzî sanatlarda güzelliğin aslı, mânanın lafza değil lafzın mânaya tekellüfsüz ve tabii bir şekilde tâbi olmasıdır. Bu sebeple Teftâzânî, tekellüf ve sunîlikten uzak olmayan lafzî sanatı sanat olarak kabul etmediği gibi lafzın yazısını süslemeye yönelik hazif ve onun çeşitleri sayılabilecek muvassal, mukatta‘, raktâ’ ve hayfâ gibi türleri de edebî sanat olarak görmez (el-Muṭavvel ʿale’t-Telḫîṣ , s. 460-461).
Hazif sanatının en eski örnekleri Hz. Ali’ye kadar uzanmaktadır. Onun bulunduğu bir mecliste elif harfinin Arapça’da çok kullanıldığından söz edilmiş, bunun üzerine Hz. Ali, içinde elif harfi geçmeyen irticâlî bir konuşma yapmıştır. Hz. Ali’nin bu konuşması “hutbe-i mûnika” adıyla meşhurdur (Müeyyed el-Alevî, III, 175; Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, s. 276). Mu‘tezile’nin fesahatiyle ünlü kurucusu Vâsıl b. Atâ’nın, Irak Valisi Abdullah b. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in huzurunda ve birçok ünlü hatibin katıldığı bir mecliste irticâlen okuduğu “râ”sız hutbesi de hazif sanatı konusunda meşhur örneklerdendir (bu hutbe için bk. Şîrâzî, I, 174-177). Râ harfini telaffuz edemeyen Vâsıl’ın bütün konuşma ve hitâbelerinde bu harfi ustalıkla atabilmesi (Câhiz, I, 14; Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, III, 146; Fahreddin er-Râzî, s. 122) Arap edebiyatında darbımesel haline gelmiştir. Bu hutbesi sebebiyle Vâsıl b. Atâ’ya övgüler yağdıran Beşşâr b. Bürd’ün şiirlerinde de işaret edildiği gibi (Câhiz, I, 21-22, 206-208; İbn Hallikân, III, 219) hazfin sanat olmasının temel şartı külfetsiz bir şekilde yapılabilmesidir. Hazif edibin ifadeye hâkimiyetini, söz dağarcığının zenginliğini, önceden belirlenmiş sınırlamalar içinde bile rahatlıkla meramını dile getirmedeki gücünü göstermesi bakımından bedîî bir sanat sayılmıştır.
Vezir ve edip Sâhib b. Abbâd’ın, elif harfi kullanmadan söylediği Ehl-i beyt’in methine dair yetmiş beyitlik kasidesiyle Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Hüseyin el-Hemedânî’nin “vav”sız kasidesi hazfin en güzel örneklerindendir. Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ında hazfin çok çeşitli misalleri bulunmaktadır.
Hazfin başlıca türleri şunlardır: 1. Noktalı veya noktasız harflerin kullanılmasına göre hazif çeşitleri. Sadece noktasız harflerin yer aldığı ifadelere “mühmele” (âtıle) adı verilmiştir. Safiyyüddin el-Hillî’nin Bedîʿiyye ’sinde hazif sanatına örnek olarak gösterdiği beyit (آل الرسول محلّ العلم [الحلم] ما حكموا [حلموا] / لله إلا وعدّوا سادة الأمم ) mühmeledir (Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye , s. 276). İbn Hicce el-Hamevî ile Âişe el-Bâûniyye’nin bedîiyyelerindeki örnek beyitler ise (وقد أمنت وزال الخوف منحذفا، ناشدته الله والأنوار مشرقة ) sadece üstten noktalı harflerden oluşmaktadır (Ḫizânetü’l-edeb , s. 439). Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ında geçen ve ”أعدد لحسّادك حدّ السلاح / وأورد الأمل ورد السّماح“ beytiyle başlayan manzumesi kasîde-i mühmeleye bir örnektir. Yine Harîrî’nin eserinde (28. makāme) yer alan iki hutbe hutbe-i mühmelenin meşhur örneklerindendir. Safiyyüddin el-Hillî’nin, Mısır’dan ayrılmak için Memlük Sultanı Muhammed b. Kalavun’dan izin istemek üzere yazdığı er-Risâletü’l-mühmele ’si ve kâtip Muhammed İbnü’l-Bârizî’nin er-Risâletü’l-ʿâṭıle ’si ile İbn Hicce’nin buna yazmış olduğu et-Taḳrîżü’l-ʿâṭıl ’ı (a.g.e. , s. 440) hazfin nesirden örnekleri arasında yer alır. Sadece noktalı harflerin kullanıldığı ifadelere “menkūṭa” (mu‘ceme) adı verilmiştir. Harîrî’nin ”فتنتني فجنّنتني تجنّي / بتجنّ يفتنّ غبّ تجنّي“ beytiyle başlayan kasidesi bunun meşhur örneklerindendir (el-Maḳāmât , s. 370). Kelimelerinin bir harfi noktalı, diğeri noktasız olarak tertip edilmiş nazım ve nesir örnekleri de bir nevi hazif sayılır. Buna “rakṭâ’” veya “erḳaṭ” adı verilir (Reşîdüddin Vatvât, s. 166; Fahreddin er-Râzî, s. 115; Abdülganî en-Nablusî, s. 255; Abdünnâfi İffet Efendi, II, 216). Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ında ”سيدنا ذو خلق وخلق… أخلاق سيّدنا تحبّ…“ ifadeleriyle başlayan metinleri bu şekilde düzenlenmiştir. Kelimelerinden biri tamamen noktalı, diğeri de noktasız harflerden oluşan nesir ve nazım örneklerine “ḫayfâ’” (aḫyef) denilir. Şiirin bir mısraının noktalı, diğerinin noktasız harflerden oluşması da bir hazif türüdür.
2. Bazı harflerin kullanılmadığı hazif örnekleri. Abdülganî en-Nablusî’nin Nefeḥâtü’l-ezhâr ’ında (s. 256) ”فمن لي بمولًى…“ şeklinde başlayan manzumede elif, s̱e ve tâ harfleri kullanılmamıştır. Şeyh İzzeddin Ali el-Mevsılî, Bedîʿiyye ’sindeki ”أروم إسقاط ذنبي بالصلاة على / محمد وعلي صديقه العلم“ beytinde Fâtiha sûresini oluşturan yirmi bir harfi kullanmış; s̱e, cîm, ḫâ, zây, şîn, fâ, zâ harflerine yer vermemiştir. Mevsılî, buna hazfin eş anlamlısı olarak “iskāt” adını vermektedir (Abdülganî en-Nablusî, s. 256-257).
3. Harflerin ayrı ya da bitişik yazılma özelliğiyle ilgili hazif türleri. Bitişik yazılan harflerden oluşana “muvassal” (mevsûl) (meselâ فتنتني فجنّنتني ), ayrı yazılan harflerle oluşturulan sözlere de “mukatta‘” (maktû‘) (meselâو زر دار زرزور… ) denilmiştir.
Bunların dışında Sîbeveyhi ile İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî’nin söz konusu ettiği ve daha ziyade eski şiirlerde geçen bir hazif türü daha vardır. Bu da siyâk, hal ve makam gibi bir karînenin delâletiyle anlaşılabilecek bir kelimeye sadece bir harfiyle işaret etmektir. Nuaym (Lukaym) b. Evs’in ”بالخير خيرا وإن شرا فا / ولا أريد الشرّ إلاّ أن تا“ beytinde görüldüğü gibi فشّر، ف ’e; ت ise تريد ’ye işaret olup sözün önü bunlara delâlet etmektedir. Sondaki elifler ise kafiye dolgusu (işbâ‘) zarureti için getirilmiştir.
Vezin ve kafiye zarureti, lafızda hafiflik sağlama gibi sebeplerle kelimenin bir kısmının atılması şeklinde oluşan hazfe daha ziyade eski Arap şiirinde rastlanır (bk. İKTİT‘ ). Kelimelerden harf atılması biçimindeki bu hazif nevilerinden ayrı olarak meânî ve nahiv ilimlerinde, karînenin delâletiyle bilinip anlaşılabilecek kelime ve ifadelerin cümleden kaldırılması şeklinde görülen hazif nevileri de vardır (bk. ÎCÂZ ; İHTİBÂK ; İHTİZÂL ). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu ilimleri ilgilendiren birçok hazif örneğine rastlanmaktadır.
Sözde hafiflik sağlama, îcâz ve ihtisar başta olmak üzere azamet ifadesi, zaman yetersizliği, fâsılaya riayet gibi sebeplerle yapılan hazfin gerçekleşebilmesi için akıl, nakil, şer‘, âdet ve örf, hal, siyâk-sibâk, lugat ve lafız delâleti gibi hazfi belirleyen bir delilin ve ipucunun bulunması şarttır. Birbiriyle ilgili iki şeyden birinin diğerinin delâleti sebebiyle hazfedilmesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de çok görülen hazif türüdür. Genellikle aralarında atıf irtibatı bulunan unsurlarda gerçekleşen ve “iktifâ” adı verilen bu hazif türü bazı hikmet ve nüktelere dayanır. Meselâ, “Her türlü hayır senin elindedir. Gerçekten sen her şeye kādirsin” (Âl-i İmrân 3/26) meâlindeki âyette hayrın anılıp şerrin hazfedilmesi Allah’a şer nisbetinin edebe aykırı olmasındandır. “Allah … sizi sıcaktan koruyacak elbiseler ve savaşta sizi koruyacak zırhlar yarattı” (en-Nahl 16/81) âyetinde sıcağın anılıp soğuğun hazfedilmesinin sebebi, Kur’an’ın nâzil olduğu yerde onun ilk muhatapları olan çöl halkının elbiseyi ekseriyetle sıcaktan korunmak için giymesidir. “Eğer göklerde ve yerde Allah’tan başka ilâhlar olsaydı onların nizamı bozulurdu” (el-Enbiyâ 21/22) meâlindeki âyette, “Göklerin ve yerin nizamı bozuk olmadığına göre bir tek ilâh vardır” şeklindeki kıyasın tamamlayıcı unsurları, anılan kısmının delâleti sebebiyle hazfedilerek îcâz sağlanmıştır. Yine bir âyette altın ve gümüşten sadece gümüşe zamir gönderilmesi (et-Tevbe 9/34) ticarette daha ziyade onun tedavül etmesindendir.
Başta Yûsuf kıssası olmak üzere Kur’an kıssalarında olaylar arasındaki bağlantılarda birçok cümlenin hazfedilerek îcâz sağlandığı görülmektedir (Müeyyed el-Alevî, s. 247-258; Zerkeşî, III, 104-134).
Sarf ilminde hazif, söyleniş hafifliği sağlamak için illet harflerinin düşürülmesi şeklinde görülür. Buna “i‘lâl bi’l-hazf” denir. Arap aruz sistemindeki hazif ise bahrin son tef‘ilesinin hafif sebebinin atılması şeklinde olur (bk. ZİHAF ve İLLET ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Merzübânî, el-Müveşşaḥ (nşr. Ali M. el-Bicâvî), Kahire 1965, s. 15.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 56-66.
Muhammed Saîd İsbir v.dğr., eş-Şâmil , Beyrut 1985, s. 448.
Sîbeveyhi, el-Kitâb , Bulak 1316-17, II, 62; III, 232, 320, 321.
Ahfeş, Kitâbü’l-Ḳavâfî (nşr. İzzet Hasan), Dımaşk 1390/1970, s. 51.
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 14-16, 21-22, 206-208.
İbn Kuteybe, Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Seyyid Ahmed Sakr), Kahire 1393/1973, s. 210-231, 309.
Ebü’l-Hasan el-Cürcânî, el-Vesâṭa beyne’l-Mütenebbî ve ḫuṣûmih (nşr. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim – Ali M. el-Bicâvî), Beyrut 1386/1966, s. 450.
İbn Cinnî, el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ (nşr. M. Ali en-Neccâr), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kitâbi’l-Arabî), I, 30.
Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, el-Eġānî , III, 146.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. Muhammed Karkazân), Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 527-529; II, 120-128.
Harîrî, el-Maḳāmât , İstanbul 1288, s. 207-213, 367-379 (nr. 28, 46).
Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, el-Medḫal fî Delâʾili’l-iʿcâz (nşr. Muhammed Abduh v.dğr.), Kahire, ts. (Matbaatü’l-mevsûa), s. 105-124.
Reşîdüddin Vatvât, Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1342, s. 63-67, 166.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , III, 219.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz (nşr. Bekrî Şeyh Emîn), Beyrut 1985, s. 113-116, 122, 336-341.
İbnü’l-Bennâ, er-Ravżü’l-merîʿ fî ṣınâʿati’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Rıdvân Benşakrûn), Dârülbeyzâ 1985, s. 36-37, 143-147.
Müeyyed el-Alevî, eṭ-Ṭırâẓ , Beyrut 1402/1982, III, 174-176; a.e. , Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 247-258.
Şîrâzî, Cemheretü’l-İslâm ẕâtü’n-nes̱r ve’n-naẓm (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1407/1986, I, 174-177.
Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel ʿale’t-Telḫîṣ , İstanbul 1260, s. 460-461.
Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye (nşr. Nesîb Neşâvî), Dımaşk 1403/1983, s. 276-277.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân , III, 104-134.
İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb , Kahire 1304, s. 439-441.
Abdülganî en-Nablusî, Nefeḥâtü’l-ezhâr , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 254-257.
İbn Ma‘sûm, Envârü’r-rebîʿ bi-envâʿi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Şâkir Hâdî Şükr), Necef 1388/1968, IV, 176.
Abdünnâfi İffet Efendi, en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel , İstanbul 1290, II, 215-216.
Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġiyye ve teṭavvürühâ , Bağdad 1406/1986, II, 425-427.
İn‘âm Fevvâl el-Akkāvî, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fî ʿulûmi’l-belâġa , Beyrut 1413/1992, s. 530-531.
İbtisâm Ahmed Hamdûn, el-Ḥaẕf ve’t-taḳdîm ve’t-teʾḫîr fî Dîvâni’n-Nâbiġa ez-Zübyânî , Dımaşk 1992, s. 19-51.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 122-124 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Türk Edebiyatında Hazif. Üç çeşit hazif vardır. İlki bedî‘ ilmiyle ilgili olup kaynaklarda “mühmel” (noktasız) veya “menkūt” (noktalı) başlığı altında anlatılan hazif sanatıdır ki buna “tecrid, gayr-i menkūt, hurûf-ı hattî” gibi isimler de verilmiştir. Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat “mühmel” başlığı altında, “Mısra veya beytin harflerinin kâmilen noktasız harflerden olmasıdır” diye tanımladığı bu sanatı sadece şiirle sınırlarken Feyzî-i Hindî ve Mahmud Hamza Efendi’nin noktasız harflerle yazdıkları tefsirlerden söz etmesi yukarıdaki tanımla çelişmektedir. Aynı müellif hazfi, “Hurûf-ı hecâdan birini bir kasidede bi’l-iltizâm bulundurmamaktır” şeklinde de tarif eder (Mecâmiu’l-edeb , s. 405). Bu tarif M. Kaya Bilgegil tarafından da benimsenmiştir (Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri , s. 362).
Hazif önemli bir sanat kabul edilmemiş ve hoş karşılanmamıştır. Muallim Nâci, Mehmed Rifat ve Tâhir Olgun’a göre daha çok eski şair ve yazarlar hazif konusuna eğilmişler ve bunda başarılı olmuşlardır. Muallim Nâci, “Artık bunlarla uğraşacak zaman değildir” demiş, Nâmık Kemal, Tahrîb-i Harâbât ’ta Ziyâ Paşa’yı bu yolda yazdığı kasideler dolayısıyla eleştirmiştir. Tecellî, divançesinde (İstanbul 1290) mahlası dışında noktalı harf kullanmamış, Ziyâ Paşa da Reşid Paşa için yazdığı iki kasideyi noktasız harflerden oluşturmuştur. Bunlardan biri كامل اولدر كه اوله محرم اسرار كلام / كله ارسال ملائكله اكا هر الهام (Kâmil oldur ki ola mahrem-i esrâr-ı kelâm / Gele irsâl-i melâikle ona her ilhâm) beytiyle başlar.
Türk halk edebiyatında “leb değmez” denilen, kontrol amacıyla saz şairlerinin dudakları arasına dikine toplu iğne ya da kibrit çöpü yerleştirerek b, p, f, m, v harflerini kullanmadan söyledikleri şiirler de bazı harfleri kullanmamak şeklindeki tarife göre hazfin halk şiirindeki örneklerinden sayılabilir.
Türk edebiyatında rastlanan ikinci tip hazif, aruz vezninde “fâilâtün” cüzünün “tün” hecesini kaldırdıktan sonra geride kalan “fâilâ” yerine “fâilün” cüzünün, “feûlün” aslî cüzünden “lün” hecesinin düşürülmesiyle kalan “feû” unsurunun yerine “feal” cüzünün, “mefâîlün”deki “lün” hecesinin düşürülmesiyle “mefâî” unsurunun yerine “feûlün” cüzünün konulması şeklindeki değişikliklerdir.
Üçüncü olarak hazif, meânî ilminde, kalan kısmın maksadı anlatmaya yeterli olması sebebiyle söylenmek istenmeyen sözün ifadede kullanılmamasına denilmiştir ki bunun zıddına “zikr” adı verilir. Sözün nerede zikredilip nerede hazfedileceğini şartlar ve zevkiselim tayin eder. Bu şartlar meânîye dair eserlerde ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ali Şîr Nevâî, Mîzânü’l-evzân (haz. Kemal Eraslan), Ankara 1993, s. 183.
Abdünnâfi İffet Efendi, en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel , İstanbul 1290, II, 215-216.
Diyarbekirli Said Paşa, Mîzânü’l-edeb , İstanbul 1305.
Muallim Nâci, Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye , İstanbul 1308, s. 213-215.
Mehmed Rifat, Mecâmiu’l-edeb , İstanbul 1308, s. 405-406.
Mehmed İzzet, Def‘u’l-mesâlib , İstanbul 1325, s. 184-185.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı , İstanbul 1973, s. 51-52.
M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri: Belâgat , Ankara 1980, s. 359-360, 362.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1992, s. 499, 500.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara, ts. (Akçağ Yayınları), s. 221.
“Hazf”, TDEA , IV, 191.
“Lebdeğmez”, a.e. , VI, 75.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 124 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.