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HAZİNE Skip to content Osmanlılar’da devlete ait nakit, kıymetli eşya ve bunlarla ilgili evrakın saklanıp korunduğu yer.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi saklamak, biriktirmek” anlamına gelen hazn kökünden mekân ismi olan hizâne kelimesi Türkçe’ye hazîne şeklinde geçmiş ve XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren hazne biçiminde de kullanılmıştır. Diğer İslâm devletlerinde olduğu gibi Selçuklular’da da para, hil‘at, vesika, silâh, kıymetli eğer takımları ve mücevheratın saklandığı yer olarak hazine kelimesine sıkça rastlanır. İbn Bîbî, asıl devlet hazinesine “hazîne-i âmire” dendiğini belirttiği gibi tahsil edilen paraların, savaşta ele geçirilen ganimet mallarının, bunlarla ilgili kayıtları ihtiva eden defterlerle muahede metinlerinin burada bulunduğunu yazar; ayrıca “hizâne-i hâs” denilen hükümdara ait bir iç hazinenin varlığından da söz eder (Uzunçarşılı, Medhal , s. 124). Osmanlı malî bürokrasisine geniş ölçüde örnek teşkil eden İlhanlılar’da ise vezirin yetki alanı içinde “hizâne-i büzürg” adlı devlet hazinesinden bahsedilmektedir. Memlükler’de de “hazînedâr-ı sânî, hazînedar, nâzırü’l-hizâne” gibi görevlilere rastlanmaktadır. Osmanlılar’da hazine tabirinin geniş anlamıyla ve yaygın olarak kullanılışı XV. yüzyıldan itibaren başlar. Bu dönemlerde kelimeye, doğrudan doğruya devlete veya şahıslara ait paraların, ziynet eşyalarının saklandığı yer (mîrî hazine) anlamında kaynaklarda rastlanmaktadır (ayrıca bk. BEYTÜLMÂL ).
Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtında daha kuruluş yıllarında kıymetli nakit ve malların korunduğu bir hazinenin var olduğu sanılmaktadır. Osmanlılar’da XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğine kadar Enderun (Hazîne-i Hâssa, iç hazine) ve Bîrun (maliye hazinesi, devlet hazinesi, dış hazine) adlarında iki hazinenin varlığına rastlanmakta, ancak bu ayırımın hangi dönemde kesin olarak şekillendiği bilinmemektedir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde, başdefterdarın bütün devlet mallarının nâzırı durumunda olduğundan söz edilmesi, yine burada “ceyb harçlığı” tabirine rastlanması bu ayırımın yavaş yavaş meydana gelmekte olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed dönemine ait 1478 tarihli bir mevâcib defterinde, Enderun hizmetlileri arasında “Bölük-i Hazîne” başlığı altında üç görevlinin adının yer alması da (Ahmed Refik, IX/49 [1337], s. 5) bu ayırımın varlığına delil olarak gösterilebilir. Bununla birlikte sarayın harem kısmında bulunan Enderun Hazinesi’nin bir çeşit ihtiyat hazinesi olarak kullanıldığından, yani yedek hazine durumunda olduğundan yola çıkan bazı araştırmacılar, bu dönemi genel görünüş itibariyle tek hazineli devir olarak kabul ederler.
Enderun Hazinesi veya iç hazine Has Oda, bodrum, çilhâne, raht (Has Ahur), hil‘at ve ceyb-i hümâyun hazinelerinden oluşmaktaydı. Burası XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında yaklaşık 110 görevli tarafından idare edilirdi. Bunların başında hazinedarbaşı ve yardımcısı hazinedar kethüdâsı vardı. 1185’te (1772) görevli sayısı 157’ye çıkmıştı. XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda hazine, hazinedar kethüdâsı tarafından yönetilmekte ve yardımcılığını ise hazine başkâtibi yapmaktaydı. Bu dönemde hazinenin mührü kethüdâda ve anahtarı kâtipte bulunurdu. Hazineden para almak gerektiğinde sultanın izni alınır ve görevlilerin huzurunda hazine açılır, işlem hemen kaydedilerek daha sonra esas deftere geçirilirdi. Hazinede çalışan görevliler sıkı denetime tâbi tutulurlar ve üzerleri arandıktan sonra çıkabilirlerdi. Hazinenin kontrolü hazinedar kethüdâsı ve hazine ağalarınca yapılır ve hazine kayıtları kâtipler tarafından gerçekleştirilirdi. Yeni padişah tahta çıktığında hazineye giderek bizzat teftişte bulunurdu. Bu teftiş saray görevlilerinin de katıldığı önemli bir törendi. Padişah hazineye girmeden önce hazine başkâtibi hazine bilgilerinin kayıtlı olduğu defteri sultana takdim ederdi (Çelebizâde Âsım, s. 19; Atâ Bey, I, 254-256).
XV ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Hazîne-i Âmire’yi (Hizâne-i Âmire) ifade eden dış hazine yani Bîrun Hazinesi, yine bir hazinedarbaşı ve hazine kâtiplerinden oluşmaktaydı. Bunlar doğrudan doğruya defterdara bağlıydılar. II. Bayezid dönemine ait kayıtlara göre “serhâzin” de denen hazinedarbaşı defterdara karşı sorumluydu ve gerekli harcamalar, hatta in‘âm, tasadduk gibi hazineden çıkan hediyeler onun eliyle dağıtılırdı. 909 (1503) tarihli kayıtlarda “Cemâat-i Hademe-i Hazîne-i Bîrûnî”, “Cemâat-i Kâtibân-ı Hizâne-i Âmire” başlıkları altında görevliler yer almaktaydı. “Hazine Kâtipleri” başlığı altında, daha sonra mukātaacı olarak kaydedilecek olan hazine kâtibi Hamîd Bey ve birçoğu defterdarlığa bağlı mukātaacı, muhasebeci, mukabeleci, rûznâmçeci gibi on bir maliye kâtibiyle bunların yirmi şâkirdinin adları geçmektedir. Daha sonraki bir kayıtta da bunlar hazine ve divan kâtipleri şeklinde yazılmıştır (Barkan, Belgeler , IX/13, s. 307-308, 333, 344, 351-352). Yine II. Bayezid dönemine ait olan ve 900 (1494) yılından biraz sonra tutulduğu sanılan bir “müşâherehôran” defterinde bir hazinedarbaşı, dokuz hazinedar, yirmi Hazîne-i Âmire kâtibi ve bunların yardımcıları kaydedilmiştir (a.mlf., İFM , XV, 309). Bu sonuncuları hiç şüphesiz maliye kâtiplerini göstermekte ve 909 (1503) yılındaki bilgiler çerçevesinde bürokratik organizasyonun gelişmesini sürdürdüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında 1537-1542 yıllarına ait olduğu kabul edilen bir başka listede “Cemâat-i Hazînedârân-ı Bîrûnî” başlığı altında Serhâzin Hüsam Bey ve ona bağlı sekiz hazinedarın adları ile yevmiyeleri belirtilmiş, Hazîne-i Âmire kâtipleri olarak yirmi üç kâtip ve bunların yirmi üç şâkirdinin ismi verilmiş, ayrıca dokuz ulûfeli hazine kâtibinin adı yazılmıştır (a.g.e. , XV, 324-325). Bu listede hazine kâtipleri II. Bayezid devrindekiler gibi rûznâmçeci, muhasebeci, mukātaacı, tezkireci, mevcûdâtî, vâridâtî, teslîmâtî gibi maliye kâtipleridir. Dolayısıyla hazine ile defterdarın dairelerinin bürokratik olarak bir bütünlük oluşturduğu söylenebilir. 975’te (1567-68) hazineye bağlı kâtiplerin sayısı otuza çıkmıştı. XVII. yüzyılda hazine kâtipliğiyle hazinedarlar arasında belirli bir farklılaşma meydana geldi. Nitekim 1615 yılına ait, sefere giden sâlyâneli görevlileri gösteren bir listede maliye kâtipleri, başmuhasebe, Anadolu muhasebesi, rûznâmçe kalemleriyle hazinedarlar ayrı başlıklar altında kaydedilmiş; hazînedârân-ı Bîrûnî ve vezzânân olarak seferde görevli bir serhazine, dört hazinedar, dört vezzân ile bir mehterân-ı hâssaya yer verilmiştir (Emecen, s. 268). Ancak hazinede görevli personelin sayısı bu rakamların daha da üzerinde olmalıdır.
955 (1548) yılı bütçe kayıtları, toplam 36.021.027 akçenin 25.021.027’sinin hazinede, 11.000.000’unun da Yedikule mahzenlerinde muhafaza edildiğini, gümüş ve altın paraların keseler halinde ve diğerlerinin açıkta bulunduğunu göstermektedir (Barkan, İFM , XIX/1-4, s. 275-276). XVI. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren Hazîne-i Âmire ihtiyaçlarını Bîrun Hazinesi karşılayamaz olmuş ve Enderun Hazinesi’nden de yardım alınmaya başlanmıştır. Bu tür zorluklar genellikle savaş döneminde ortaya çıkmaktaydı. III. Mehmed zamanında (1595-1603) hazırlanan bir mazbata, Enderun Hazinesi’nden Bîrun Hazinesi’ne destek verme uygulamasının Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinden beri yapılmakta olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte III. Mehmed, tören kılıçları ve hırkaları gibi hediyeler için de Bîrun ve Enderun hazinelerinden para alındığını tesbit etmiş ve defterdarını sert bir dille uyarmıştır (Orhonlu, Osmanlı Tarihine Âid Belgeler , s. 33-34, 109). İhtiyaç halinde Enderun Hazinesi’nden alınan paralar daha sonra iade edilirdi. Esasen Enderun Hazinesi Bîrun Hazinesi’nin fazla vermesiyle ortaya çıkmıştı. Diğer bir ifadeyle Bîrun Hazinesi’nin fazla parası Enderun Hazinesi’nin kaynağını oluşturuyor ve ihtiyaç halinde bu para Enderun’dan tekrar alınıyordu. Meselâ Mısır’dan gelen yıllık gelirin fazlası Enderun Hazinesi gelirini oluşturmuştu. Aynı şekilde fazla harcamaları önlemek için Bîrun Hazinesi’nin fazlalıkları Enderun Hazinesi’ne aktarılırdı. Enderun Hazinesi’nin dış kaynakları ise Bağdat gümrüğünden ve vârissiz kimselerin geride kalan mallarından ibaretti (Râşid, I, 359-360).
Bir vilâyetin merkeze gönderilen yıllık gelirine de hazine denirdi. Meselâ Mısır’dan gönderilen para “irsâliye hazinesi” olarak anılmaktaydı (Shaw, s. 13-14). Anadolu ve Rumeli’de bulunan birçok vilâyetin mahallî ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıktan sonra merkeze gönderdiği artan gelirlerine de hazine adı verilir, bunlar Bağdat hazinesi, Diyarbekir hazinesi, Erzurum hazinesi şeklinde kayıtlara geçerdi. Bununla birlikte iç kargaşalardan veya diğer sebeplerden dolayı kendi ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamayan vilâyetlerin açıkları İstanbul’dan veya komşu vilâyetlerden gönderilen ek hazinelerle kapatılırdı. Bunların dışında vilâyetlerde toplanan vergilere de hazine denirdi. Vilâyette vergi toplamakla görevli birim vilâyet hazinesi idi. Hazine kelimesi bu şekliyle “maliye” veya “defterdarlık” anlamına gelmektedir. Meselâ Halep’te vergi sistemi Halep hazinesinde bulunan defterlere göre belirlenirdi ve burası da defterdarlık olarak geçmekteydi (Barkan, Kanunlar , s. 142, 209).
Hazîne-i Âmire’ye getirilen para veznedar (vezzân) tarafından kontrol edilir ve sahte olup olmadığının yanı sıra kayıtlarda geçen miktarın gelip gelmediğinin de tesbiti yapılırdı. Hazineye giren ve hazineden çıkan paralar, defterdarın arkasındaki sırada oturan kâtipler tarafından kaydedilirdi. Kâtiplerin yanında da veznedarlar bulunurdu. Veznedarların aletleri mangal, demir fırın ve terazilerden ibaretti. Tartıldıktan sonra paralar keselere doldurulur ve bu keseler Dîvân-ı Hümâyun önündeki toplantı salonunun yanında bulunan hazine odasına konurdu (Chesneau, Le voyage de Monsieur d’Aramon , s. 237-238).
Hazine kelimesi, XVI. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren giderek daha geniş mânada kullanılmaya başlandı. Meselâ kale garnizonunun ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için ayrılan paraya bu ad verildiği gibi savaş zamanında her çeşit askerin ihtiyacını karşılamak için gerekli olan para ve ordu ile birlikte gönderilen hazine defterlerine de “ordu hazinesi” denmiştir. Ordu hazinesi develer üzerine yerleştirilmiş kasalarda nakledilirdi ve konak yerlerinde hazine çadırına konularak yeniçeri muhafızlarınca korunurdu. Dolayısıyla defterdarlar ve ilgili büro elemanları sefer zamanı sultan ve sadrazamla birlikte olur, rûznâmçe de denen hazine defterlerine, yani gelir ve giderleri gösteren defterlere harcama veya gelirler gündelik olarak işlenirdi; gereken alım satımlar, çeşitli mukātaalardan gelen gelirler dikkatle belirtilirdi. Hazine defterleri ordu hazinesiyle birlikte hazine çadırında muhafaza edilirdi (Feridun Bey, I, 589-590). Ordu hazinesi hakkında bir fikir vermek için Lala Mustafa Paşa’nın 1578 İran seferi sırasında ordu için ayrılan hazineyi yirmi altı deve katarının taşıdığını belirtmek yeterlidir (BA, KK , Ruûs, nr. 232, s. 397). XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda Enderun Hazinesi aynî ve nakdî kaynak bakımından Hazîne-i Âmire’den daha zengindi. Bu dönemde bile savaş zamanı ve malî kriz dönemleri hariç Enderun Hazinesi’nden Bîrun Hazinesi’ne çok az yardım yapılırdı. Bununla birlikte bu yardımlar kredi olarak kabul edilir ve sonra geri ödenirdi.
Birçok savaşta devletin toprak kaybına uğraması Enderun ve Bîrun hazinelerinin yeniden düzenlenmesini gerekli kıldı. Darphâne sadece para basan yer olmaktan çıkarılarak bazı mukātaaların toplandığı bir hazine haline getirildi. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Darphâne giderek Hazîne-i Âmire’nin yedeği görevini yapmaya başladı. Haremeyn mukātaaları, Simkeşhâne mukātaası ve diğer bazı mîrî mukātaalar, muhallefât bedelleri Darphâne’ye terkedildi. III. Selim devrinde yeni kurulan Nizâm-ı Cedîd ordusu ile savaş masraflarını karşılamak üzere oluşturulması düşünülen özel hazineyi de Darphâne’nin yürütmesi kararlaştırıldıysa da daha sonra “îrâd-ı cedîd” adıyla yeni bir hazine teşkil edildi. 2 Mart 1793’te kurulan yeni hazineye birtakım gelir kaynakları aktarıldı. Bunlar arasında Haremeyn ile yıllık faizleri 10 keseyi geçen mâlikâne mukātaaları da bulunuyordu. Bu gelirler sayesinde yeni hazine, bazı gelir kaynaklarını kaybeden devlet hazinesinden daha zengin hale geldi. Fakat III. Selim’in tahttan indirilmesinin ardından îrâd-ı cedîd hazinesi kaldırıldı (BA, HH , nr. 19418). Îrâd-ı cedîd hazinesinin gelirlerinin bir kısmı kayboldu, bir kısmı da Enderun Hazinesi’ne bağlı Darphâne-i Âmire hazinesine devredildi. Böylece devlet masrafları yine devlet hazinesince karşılanır oldu ve fazlalıklar ihtiyat hazinesi görevi yapan Enderun Hazinesi’ne aktarılmaya devam etti.
Bundan başka III. Selim döneminde İstanbul’un iâşesi ve zahire temini için bir nezâret kuruldu. Bunun hesapları ve paranın işletilmesi Hazîne-i Âmire’ye ait olmak üzere Darphâne’de “zahire sermayesi” adıyla bir fon oluşturuldu. Ardından da Eylül 1795’te zahire hazinesi teşkil edildi. Bu hazine, belirli gelir kaynaklarının tahsisi ile değil meydana getirilen fon yani döner sermaye ile işliyordu ve diğer hazinelerden bu yönüyle ayrılıyordu. Yine îrâd-ı cedîdin kurulmasından sonra tersane masrafları için 1804 sonlarından itibaren bazı teşebbüslere girişildi ve Şubat 1805’te Tersane Hazinesi kurularak tersane personelinin maaş, tayın, gemi yapım ve donanım masrafları buradan karşılanmaya başlandı. 1820’den itibaren on beş kadar Anadolu sancağının vali veya mutasarrıf tayini yapılmaksızın mütesellimler tarafından yönetilmeye başlanmasıyla vali veya mutasarrıflara devredilen gelirler başlangıçta Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye masraflarını karşılamak üzere tahsis edilen ve bazı mukātaa gelirlerini toplayan, bu sebeple Mukātaat Hazinesi denen yeni hazineye aktarıldı. Timar sisteminin ve Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasından sonra 1834’te Mukātaat Hazinesi’nin adı Mansûre Hazinesi’ne çevrildi ve buna bağlı Redif Hazinesi kuruldu. Mansûre Hazinesi’nin teşkilinden sonra Hazîne-i Âmire ve Darphâne eski önemini kaybetti. 1837’de Hazîne-i Âmire Darphâne ile birleştirildi. Maliye Nezâreti kurulurken (1838) hazine ile Darphâne tekrar ayrılarak Hazîne-i Âmire Mansûre Hazinesi’yle birleştirildi; Tanzimat’ın ilânından biraz önce de Hazîne-i Âmire Mukātaat Hazinesi adıyla yeniden ayrıldı.
28 Şubat 1838’de Maliye Nezâreti kurularak karışıklık içinde bulunan malî işlerle ilgili merkezî bir sistem meydana getirildi. Eski sistemle idare edilen yerler Hazîne-i Âmire’ye, yeni sisteme dahil olanlar Maliye Nezâreti’ne bağlı maliye hazinesine bağlandı. Muhassıllıkların gelirleri, İstanbul emtia, duhan gümrüğü, kereste gümrüğü, ihtisap, zecriyye resimleri, maden, karantina, tahmishâne hâsılatı maliye hazinesi gelirleri arasında yer alıyordu. 1841’de ise bütün hazineler buraya katılarak tek hazine, tek bütçe prensibi benimsendi. Padişah tarafından yönetilen mülklerin tamamı da devlet hazinesine devredildi. Padişahın şahsına ait harcamaları karşılayan ceyb-i hümâyun hazinesi Hazîne-i Hâssa Dairesi haline getirildi (bk. HAZÎNE-i HÂSSA ).
1871’de câri masrafları iki başlık altında toplama kararı alındı. Birincisi her kamu kuruluşunun belli özel giderlerini, diğeri Maliye Nezâreti’nce ödenen genel masrafları içine almaktaydı. Birincisinde sultanın masrafları, askerî hazine, Bahriye hazinesi, kadıların ve şer‘î işlerin tahsisatı, evkaf hazinesi, dâhilî ve hâricî işler tahsisatı, ticaret ve bayındırlık tahsisatı ve eğitim tahsisatı vardı. Hazîne-i Hâssa’nın dışında her nezâret ertesi yılın masraflarını gösteren bir defter takdim etmek zorundaydı. Vilâyetler de bir bütçe tayin etmek ve bütçe muvazene defterlerini Maliye Nezâreti’ne göndermek durumundaydılar. Hazine kelimesi bugün de hemen hemen aynı mânada kullanılmakta olup Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası’nın 1930’da kurulmasından sonra burası hazinedarlık görevini de üstlenmiş; 1983’te yapılan bir düzenlemeyle hazine işlemlerini yürütme görevi başbakanlığa bağlı olarak oluşturulan Hazine ve Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı’na devredilmiştir. Daha sonra da hazine ile ilgili işleri yürütmek üzere Hazine Müsteşarlığı kurulmuştur.
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H. Gibb – H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West , London 1950, I/1, s. 78, 128, 136, 149; I/2, s. 9-10.
Halis Cinlioğlu, Osmanlılar Zamanında Tokat , Tokat 1951, s. 16.
L. Fekete, Die Siyaqatschrift in der türkischen Finanzverwaltung , Budapest 1955, I, 98-101.
S. J. Shaw, The Budget of Ottoman Egypt: 1005-1006/1596-1597 , The Hague 1968, s. 13-14.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanlı Tarihine Âid Belgeler, Telhîsler: 1597-1607 , İstanbul 1970, s. 33-34, 39-41, 43, 52, 109.
a.mlf., “K̲h̲azīne”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 1183-1186.
Halil Sahillioğlu, “Sıvış Year Crises in the Ottoman Empire”, Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East (ed. M. A. Cook), London 1970, s. 242 vd.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı İdâresinde Kıbrıs’ın İlk Yılı Bütçesi”, TTK Belgeler , IV/7-8 (1967), s. 2-4.
Ahmet Tabakoğlu, Gerileme Dönemine Girerken Osmanlı Mâliyesi , İstanbul 1985, s. 35-39.
Yavuz Cezar, Osmanlı Maliyesinde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi , İstanbul 1986, s. 151-301.
Seyyid Muhammed es-Seyyid Mahmud, XVI. Asırda Mısır Eyâleti , İstanbul 1990, bk. İndeks.
Ahmet Refik [Altınay], “Fâtih Devrine Ait Vesikalar”, TOEM , IX/49 (1337), s. 5.
Feridun M. Emecen, “Sefere Götürülen Defterlerin Defteri”, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan , İstanbul 1991, s. 243-244, 267-268.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 130-133 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.