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HAZÎNE-i FÜNÛN Skip to content 1893-1896 yılları arasında İstanbul’da yayımlanan edebiyat ve fikir dergisi.
İlk defa 3 Haziran 1301’de (15 Haziran 1885), G. Cerrahyan tarafından küçük boyutlarda tamamen fennî yazılara hasredilmiş olarak sadece tek sayı çıkan Hazîne-i Fünûn , daha sonra haftalık bir dergi halinde 3 Temmuz 1309 (15 Temmuz 1893) tarihinden itibaren üç yıl süreyle yayımlanmıştır. İlk üç cildine kadar kapaksız ve genellikle sekiz sayfa, zaman zaman on iki ve on altı sayfa olarak çift veya üç sütun üzerine dizilmek suretiyle yayımlanan dergi, her yıl 1. sayıdan başlayıp 52. sayıda tamamlanan ciltlerle IV. cildin 20. sayısında yayınına son vermiştir (22 Ağustos 1312 / 3 Eylül 1896). Böylece Hazîne-i Fünûn toplam 176 sayıda 1500 küsur sayfadan oluşan bir koleksiyon teşkil etmiştir. Dergi, ilk iki yıl sekiz sayfalık formalarla roman ilâveleri de vermiştir.
Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un imtiyaz sahibi, edebî ve mizahî birkaç dergi daha çıkaran ve Asır Kütüphanesi’ni kuran ünlü yayımcılardan Kayserili Kirkor Fâik Efendi’dir. Kitap ilân ve haberleri dışında reklamı olmayan derginin Osmanlı Devleti’nin uzak bölgelerine kadar abonesi bulunduğu ve bir ara tirajının 6000’e ulaştığı kendi ifadelerinden anlaşılmaktadır (bk. IV, nr. 1, s. 1).
II. Abdülhamid döneminin (1876-1909) diğer dergileri gibi Hazîne-i Fünûn da siyasetin, hatta toplum meselelerinin dışında, başlık altındaki ifadesiyle “fennî ve edebî” bir dergidir. Bütün yayın süresince dergide, yedisi Osmanlı yazar ve yayımcılarının portresi olmak üzere fotoğraf ve gravür halinde sadece yirmi bir resim yer almıştır. Fen bahislerini de hemen bütün Tanzimat sonrası gazete ve dergilerinde olduğu gibi Osmanlı okuyucusunun ufkunu Batı dünyasına açmak maksadıyla sağlık, tabiat, coğrafya, jeoloji, eğitim, yeni keşif ve icatlar gibi konularda verilen ansiklopedik bilgiler teşkil eder. Ayrıca din, tarih, ahlâk ve hukuk konuları da yer almaktadır.
Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un muhtevasının asıl ağırlığını edebî metinlerle edebiyat ve dil üzerine yazılar teşkil etmektedir. Özellikle son ciltlerde şiirlerin ve edebî yazıların yoğunluk kazandığı görülür. Bunda aynı dönemde yayımlanan dergilerden, önce Mehmed Tâhir’in çıkardığı Ma‘lûmât ’ın, daha sonra Servet-i Fünûn ’un edebî yazılarının giderek artması karşısında ortaya çıkan bir rekabetin rolü düşünülebilir.
Bütün yayın hayatında 300 küsur şairin 1600’den fazla şiirine yer vermiş olan Hazîne-i Fünûn için bir şiir dergisi demek mümkündür. Şiirlerden bir kısmı geçmiş dönemlerin divan şairlerine aittir veya daha önce yayımlanmış şiirlerdir. Büyük bir kısmı da dergi sayfalarında kaybolacak amatör şairlere aittir. Bununla beraber döneminde isim yapmış veya ileride şöhret sahibi olacak otuz kadar şairden de bahsedilebilir. Bu kadar şairin bir araya toplanmış olması, Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un önemli bir edebiyat çevresi teşkil ettiğini göstermektedir. Bunların çoğu tamamen divan tarzını devam ettiren veya şekil bakımından devam ettirip muhteva olarak az çok yenilik gösteren şairlerdir. Bunlar arasında Hersekli Ârif Hikmet, Osman Şems, Koniçeli Mûsâ Kâzım (Paşa), Memduh Fâik, Manastırlı Sâlih Fâik, Üsküdarlı İbrâhim Hakkı, Yenişehirli Avni gibi Encümen-i Şuarâ mensupları ve taraftarları; Recâizâde Ekrem’le tartışmaları dolayısıyla eski şiirin taraftarı görünen Muallim Nâci ve onun etrafındaki Şeyh Vasfî, Ali Rûhî, Müstecâbîzâde İsmet, Fâik Esad (Andelib), Adanalı Hayret ve Mehmed Celâl vardır. Buna karşılık Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Cenab Şahabeddin, Tevfik Fikret, Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı) gibi şairlerin, dönemi içinde yenilikler gösteren şiirleri yine Hazîne-i Fünûn ’da yayımlanmaktadır. Bunların dışında Abdülganî Senî (Yurtman), Ahmed Remzi (Akyürek), Muallim Feyzî, İsmâil Safâ, Hüseyin Dâniş (Pedram), Makbule Leman, Midhat Bahârî (Beytur), Muhyiddin Râif (Yengin), Nûri Şeydâ, Sâmih Rifat, Süleyman Nazif, Menemenlizâde Mehmed Tâhir, Veled Çelebi (İzbudak), Adanalı Ziyâ gibi şairler de dergide yer almıştır. Mehmed Âkif’in yayımlandığı bilinen en eski iki gazeli (16 Kânunuevvel 1309 [28 Aralık 1893]; 6 Teşrînievvel 1310 [18 Ekim 1894]) ve İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal’in (İnal) Nâlânî imzasıyla bazı manzumeleri de Hazîne-i Fünûn ’da çıkmıştır.
Şiirlerin çoğu eski tarzı devam ettirmekle beraber dönemi dikkate alındığında Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un divan tarzında da yeni muhtevaları benimsediği, ayrıca tercüme şiirlere, yeni nazım şekillerine, hatta az sayıda da olsa hece ile yazılmış halk tarzı şiirlere yer verdiği dikkati çeker. Bunlardan başka edebiyatın bazı meselelerini ele alan makale ve incelemeler de derginin önemli bölümlerini oluşturur.
Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un edebiyat sayfalarındaki bu zenginliğini, daha o yıllarda geniş ufku ve bilgisiyle ün yapmış olan Fâik Reşad’ın ve Veled Çelebi’nin yazıları ile Andelîb takma adıyla yazan Fâik Esad’ın derginin yayın politikasında hissedilen ağırlığının meydana getirdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Başlangıçta divan şiirinin aleyhindeki tutumuyla bilinen Fâik Reşad Hazîne-i Fünûn ’daki yazılarıyla bu konuda daha ılımlı, hatta divan edebiyatını benimseyen bir tavır takınmıştır. Özellikle derginin ilk üç cildinde yer alan yazılar arasında büyük bir yekün tutan divan şairleri hakkındaki makaleleri, bu alanda yapılmış ilk monografi denemeleri olarak önem taşır. Nitekim bunlar daha sonra kitap haline getirilerek edebiyat tarihimizin kaynakları arasına girmiştir (Eslâf , I-II, İstanbul 1311-1312; Terâcim-i Ahvâl , İstanbul 1313; Terâcim-i Ahvâl-i Meşâhîr , İstanbul 1313). Ayrıca edebî tenkit, sohbet, deneme, hâtıra mahiyetindeki “Musâhabe” başlıklı yazıların çoğunu Fâik Reşad yazmıştır.
Veled Çelebi’nin İran ve Türk şiiri hakkında dergiye “Musâhabe” başlığı altında yazdığı makaleler arasında dört tanesi, Türkçe’nin sadeleşmesi ve hece vezninin önemi konularında birçok araştırmacının dikkatini çekmiştir (Agâh Sırrı Levend, söz konusu yazıların Mehmed Celâl’e ait olduğunu zannetmiştir, bk. Kolcu, s. 49-54). Dergide Bahâî imzasıyla yazan Veled Çelebi bu dört yazısında ilk Türkçe şiirler ve halk edebiyatı nazım şekilleri hakkında bilgi vermiş, eskiden Türkçe’ye aşırı derecede Arapça ve Farsça kelime girmiş olmasını tenkit etmişse de bundan sonra bir tasfiyeye girişmenin mümkün ve gerekli olmadığını ileri sürmüştür (I, nr. 16, 17, 22, 26). Veled Çelebi’nin bu yazıları, Türk edebiyatı tarihinde hece vezni üzerine teorik bilgi ve görüşlerin ilki olması bakımından önem taşır.
Bu özellikleriyle Hazîne-i Fünûn , umumiyetle muhafazakâr bir tutum içinde görülmekle beraber yenileşmeye ve değişmeye açık, fakat yerliliğini kaybetmeyen bir edebiyat anlayışını devam ettirmiştir. Sâmih Rifat’ın hece ile yazılmış bir şiirinin “Şi‘r-i Millî” adıyla yayımlanması (I, nr. 44, s. 351), dergide genellikle ansiklopedik yazılar yazan Ali Muzaffer’in “Anadolu Bir Hazinedir” başlıklı makalesiyle (I, nr. 2, s. 10-11) Anadolu sevgisi uyandırmaya çalışması bu tutumun iki farklı örneğidir. Ayrıca ansiklopedik bilgiler veren pek çok yazıdan başka Ahmed Râsim ve Zekî Mugāmiz gibi bazı yazarların makale ve denemeleri de Hazîne-i Fünûn ’da yer almıştır.
Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un kapanmasında edebî sayfalarını gittikçe zenginleştiren, resimli, kaliteli baskısıyla okuyucuyu cezbeden Servet-i Fünûn dergisiyle rekabet edememesinin rolü düşünülebilir. Esasen yazar kadrosunun bir kısmı Servet-i Fünûn ’da yer almaya başlamıştır. Daha sonraları Servet-i Fünûn dönemi hakkında hâtıralarını yazanlar, Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un kendilerini düşman sayarak yenileşen edebiyatı ve yeni yazarları ağır bir şekilde tenkit ettiğini ifade etmişlerdir (Hüseyin Cahid [Yalçın], Kavgalarım , s. 10, 11, 13, 14; a.mlf., Edebî Hatıralar , s. 82; Mehmed Rauf, s. 35-37, 41, 47, 73). Servet-i Fünûn ’un uzun yıllar devam edecek olan başarısı bazı araştırmacıların Hazîne-i Fünûn hakkında, “eski vadide yazanların neşir vasıtası” şeklinde doğruyu tam aksettirmeyen bir hüküm vermelerine sebep olmuştur (Levend, Edebiyat Tarihi Dersleri , s. 245). Buna karşılık İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, Fâik Reşad’dan naklen, dergide gazelleri yayımlanan Ayıntablı Râşid Efendi’nin divançesinin basılması söz konusu olurken dergi mensuplarından birkaçının “bu zamanda öyle eski şeylerin tab‘ı münasip olmayacağı” itirazlarıyla reddedildiğini söyler (Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1357). Hazîne-i Fünûn ’un tam koleksiyonu İstanbul’da Beyazıt Devlet, Âtıf Efendi, Süleymaniye, Hakkı Tarık Us kütüphaneleriyle İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı’nda bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hüseyin Cahid [Yalçın], Kavgalarım , İstanbul 1326, s. 10, 11, 13, 14.
a.mlf., Edebî Hatıralar , İstanbul 1935, s. 82.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Edebiyat Tarihi Dersleri: Servet-i Fünun Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1938, s. 245.
a.mlf., Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri , Ankara 1960, s. 250-251.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1357.
Hacı Ömer Karpuz, Hazîne-i Fünun Mecmuası: İnceleme-Fihrist-Metinler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1986, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Rıza Filizok, Ziya Gökalp’ın Edebî Eserlerinde Halk Edebiyatı Tesiri Üzerine Bir Araştırma , Ankara 1991, s. 41-42.
Hasan Kolcu, Türk Edebiyatında Hece-Aruz Tartışmaları , Ankara 1993, s. 49-54.
Mehmed Rauf, Edebî Hatıralar (haz. Mehmet Törenek), İstanbul 1997, s. 35-37, 41, 47, 73.
Mustafa Nihad Özön, “Edebiyatımızda Münakaşalar IX”, Oluş , sy. 10, Ankara 1939, s. 148-149.
Ziya Bakırcıoğlu, “Hazîne-i Fünun”, TDEA , IV, 193.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 135-137 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.