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HECE VEZNİ Skip to content Türk şiirinde çok eskiden beri kullanılan ve mısralardaki hece sayısının eşitliği esasına dayanan vezin.
Türk edebiyatının en eski metinleri Turfan kazılarında ele geçen, Uygur harfleriyle yazılmış Budizm’e ve İslâmî döneme ait bazı parçalardır. Bunlar, sadece edebî dil ve üslûp özellikleriyle şiir telakki edilmiş olup pek azında kafiye ve vezin vardır. Bu bakımdan belirli bir düzene bağlı ilk şiir örnekleri olarak Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’te yer alan manzumeleri kabul etmek gerekir. Bu manzumeler, yalnız eserin yazıldığı XI. yüzyıla değil daha önceye de ait olduklarından hece vezninin Türk şiirinde İslâmiyet’ten önce de bulunduğu kesin olarak anlaşılmaktadır. Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’teki manzumelerin ölçüsü beş ile on beş hece arasında değişmekte, eserde vezin ve ölçü “küg, koşug” kelimeleriyle ifade edilmektedir (Arat, s. XI-XX). Ancak bugünkü Türk halk şiirinin de temelini oluşturan bu dönem edebiyatında hece vezninin canlı ve etkili bir gelenek halinde varlığını sürdürdüğünü ispat edecek yeterli sayıda metin yoktur. Bu durum, Orta Asya Türk şiirindeki hece ölçüsünün o devirde henüz pek belirli ve yaygın olmadığını, ancak Karahanlılar döneminde varlığının kesinlik kazandığını düşündürmektedir.
İslâmiyet’in kabulünden sonra İran şiirinin tesiriyle Türk edebiyatında kullanılmaya başlanan aruz vezninin gittikçe yaygınlaşmasına rağmen hece vezni de varlığını devam ettirmiş, bu vezinle özellikle halk edebiyatı içinde önemli yeri olan eserler meydana getirilmiştir. İlk İslâmî dönem eserlerinde aruzun “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” (Kutadgu Bilig ve Atebetü’l-hakāyık ) gibi hece vezninin 6 + 5 veya “mefâîlün mefâîlün feûlün”, “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün” (Dîvân-ı Hikmet ) gibi hecenin 4 + 4 + 3 kalıplarına benzer ölçülerin tercih edilmesi, hece ile aruz arasında ortak yahut benzer bir kalıp arayışı olarak değerlendirilebilir. İslâmiyet etkisindeki Türk edebiyatının ilk dönem eserlerinden olan Dîvân-ı Hikmet ’te hece ve aruz vezinleri bir arada kullanılmış, dörtlük nazım birimiyle yazılan manzumelerde hecenin bugün pek kullanılmayan 4 + 4 + 4 = 12’li ve 8 + 8 = 16’lı ölçüleriyle günümüzde yaygın olan 7 + 7 = 14’lü ölçüsüne yer verilmiştir. Türkler’in XI. yüzyıldan itibaren Anadolu’yu vatan edinmeleriyle buraya göç eden ozanlar ve mutasavvıf şairler “hikmet” veya “ilâhi” adı verilen dinî-tasavvufî halk edebiyatı örnekleri yanında birçok millî unsuru, bu arada hece veznini de beraberlerinde getirmişlerdir. Bu ilk ozanların ve mutasavvıf şairlerin şiirleri bugün elde bulunmamakla beraber Yûnus Emre’nin XIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru yazdığı şiirler, bu veznin daha önce bir hayli işlendiğini ve kurallarının belirlenip benimsendiğini göstermektedir. XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren bütün özellikleriyle varlığını kabul ettiren divan şiirinde XVIII. yüzyıla kadar yalnız aruz vezni, tekke şiirinde hem aruz hem hece vezni, saz şiirinde ise Âşık Ömer, Gevherî, Erzurumlu Emrah gibi “kalem şuarâsı” adı da verilen birkaçı dışında tamamen hece vezni kullanılmıştır. Divan edebiyatı şairlerinden ilk defa Nedîm XVIII. yüzyılda hece vezniyle bir koşma yazmış, diğer bazı divan şairleri de fantezi kabilinden birkaç örnekle onu takip etmişlerdir.
Tanzimat’ın ilânıyla (1839) edebî yenileşmenin başlangıcı (1859) arasında da hece veznini kullanan şairler yetişmiştir. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Tanzimat’tan sonra hece vezninin rağbet kazanmasında Âkif Paşa’nın küçük yaşta ölen torunu için yazdığı koşma tarzındaki mersiyesinin önemli rolü olduğunu söyler. Daha sonraki yıllarda Edhem Pertev Paşa ve Manastırlı Fâik gibi şairler de hece vezniyle bazı şiirler yazmışlardır. Tanzimat’tan sonraki yıllarda başta Ziyâ Paşa, Nâmık Kemal ve Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem olmak üzere devrin şairleri hece vezninin değerini takdir ederek az da olsa bu vezinle bazı örnekler vermişlerdir. Bilhassa Ziyâ Paşa, Yeni Osmanlılar’la birlikte Londra’da bulunduğu sırada kaleme aldığı “Şiir ve İnşâ” adlı makalesinde (Hürriyet , nr. 11, Eylül 1868) halk edebiyatına, dolayısıyla hece veznine ilk defa ciddi bir şekilde dikkat çekmiştir. Nâmık Kemal de birçok yazısında hece veznini savunmuş, özellikle tiyatro eserlerinde aruz yerine hecenin kullanılmasının daha iyi olacağını belirtmiş, 1876 yılında Magosa’dan Abdülhak Hâmid’e yazdığı mektupta, “Manzum söze o kadar hevesin var, bir kere de tabiatını bizim parmak hesabiyle bir şey yazmaya sevket, bak ne güzel parlak oluyor. Ben tecrübe ettim. Niyyetim o yolda bir eser de meydana koymaktır” demiştir (Namık Kemal’in Husûsî Mektupları , I, 426-435). Yine Magosa’dan İrfan Paşa’ya yazdığı edebî tenkit mahiyetindeki mektubunda, “Allah dedim yatağana dayandım / Ben seninçin al kanlara boyandım” mısralarının yer aldığı “Sarı Zeybek” türküsündeki söyleyişi söz oyunlarıyla süslü, yapmacık şiir diline tercih ettiğini belirtmektedir. Nâmık Kemal, Abdülhak Hâmid’e gönderdiği başka bir mektupta da aruz veznindeki imâle ve zihaflardan söz ederek, “Dîvâne şiiri bir zincirden kurtarmak istersen, kırılacak bend-i âhenîn Acem evzânıdır” der (a.g.e. , II, 454). Recâizâde Ekrem, Türkçe kelimelerin aruz vezninde gereksiz imâlelerle bozulduğunu belirterek La Fontaine’den bazı manzumeleri hece vezniyle Türkçe’ye çevirmek istemiş, ancak pek başarılı olamayınca tekrar aruza dönmüştür. Buna rağmen Mehmed Emin’in (Yurdakul) Türkçe Şiirler ’ini takdir ederek övmüş ve bu övgülerin yer aldığı bir de mektup yazmıştır (Tansel, Mehmed Emin Yurdakul’un Eserleri , s. 4). Bu dönemde Ziyâ Paşa’nın Molière’den Riyânın Encâmı adıyla çevirdiği (İstanbul 1298) Tartuffe piyesiyle Âlî Bey’in Letâfet adlı üç perdelik operetinin 1874’te yazılan birinci ve ikinci perdesinde de hece vezni kullanılmıştır. Aynı dönemde İbnürreşad Ali Ferruh, “Evzân-ı Milliyyenin Terki ile Evzân-ı Arûziyyenin Kabulü” başlıklı yazısında hece veznini “vezn-i millî, râbıta-i milliyye, mikyâs-ı mukaddes, mîzân-ı celîl-i terakkî” gibi sözlerle övmüştür (Mir’ât-ı Âlem , sy. 8 [1884]). Abdülhak Hâmid de piyeslerinden Liberte ile Nesteren’in tamamını, İlhan ’ın dört sayfasını, Turhan ’ın ise kısa bir bölümünü hece vezniyle yazmıştır.
Dağınık yazı ve mektuplarla bazı münferit örneklerde kalan bu çalışmalardan sonra ilk defa Hazîne-i Fünûn dergisi, seri halinde yazılar ve şiir örnekleriyle hece vezninin savunmasını yüklenir (1894). Veled Çelebi’nin (İzbudak) “Musâhabe” adıyla muhavere şeklinde yazdığı imzasız yazılarda hece vezni hakkında tarihî ve teknik bilgilerle çeşitli örnekler verilmiştir. Bir süre sonra Edhem Pertev Paşa ve Sâmih (Rıfat) gibi şairlerin hece ile yazılmış manzumeler yayımladığı bilinmektedir. Aynı yıllarda Ahmed Cevdet Paşa da Kısas-ı Enbiyâ ’nın 12. cüzünde ve Manastırlı Fâik’in Türkçe Aruz (İstanbul 1314) adlı kitabına yazdığı takrizde hece veznini savunarak bu vezin hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Servet-i Fünûn şairleri, parnasizm ve özellikle sembolizmin etkisiyle şiirde mûsikiyi ön planda tuttuklarından, bunu da en iyi şekilde aruzla sağlayacaklarına inandıklarından Tevfik Fikret’in son yıllarında çocuklar için yazdığı şiirler istisna edilirse hece veznini denemeyi bile düşünmemişlerdir. Özellikle Cenab Şahabeddin, hece vezniyle şiirde âhenk sağlamanın mümkün olmadığını belirterek Türkçe’ye en uygun veznin aruz olduğunu savunmuştur. Servet-i Fünûn dergisinde A. Nâdir (Ali Ekrem Bolayır) ve hece veznine daha müsamahalı yaklaşan H. Nâzım’ın (Ahmed Reşid Rey) tartışmaları ile aynı dönemde Ma‘lûmât ve Mekteb dergilerinde konuyla ilgili yazıların çıktığı görülmektedir.
Servet-i Fünûn döneminde yazmakla beraber bu toplulukla herhangi bir ilgisi bulunmayan Mehmed Emin’in, “Ben bir Türk’üm dinim cinsim uludur” mısraıyla başlayan ve hece vezninin on birli (4 + 4 + 3) kalıbıyla yazılan “Anadolu’dan Bir Ses yahut Cenge Giderken” adlı şiiri 1897’de Selânik’te Asır gazetesinde yayımlanınca büyük yankılar uyandırdı (Tansel, Mehmed Emin Yurdakul’un Eserleri , s. XV-XXVI). Bu yankı, geniş ölçüde şiirdeki dinî ve hamâsî duygulardan kaynaklanmışsa da bunda dilinin sade olması ve hece vezniyle yazılmasının da önemli payı olduğu muhakkaktır. Bundan sonra da aynı vezinle şiirler yazmaya devam eden Mehmed Emin bunları Türkçe Şiirler adlı kitabında topladı (İstanbul 1316). Bunun üzerine şiddetlenen hece-aruz tartışması 1905’te Selânik’te çıkan Çocuk Bahçesi , Meşrutiyet’in ilk yıllarında Musavver Emel , Sırât-ı Müstakîm gibi dergilere yansıdıktan sonra 1911’de Ziya Gökalp’in millî edebiyat anlayışının da etkisi altında heceyi savunup aynı görüşteki gençleri yanına almasıyla yeni bir hüviyet kazandı. Bu yıllarda özellikle Rıza Tevfik’in (Bölükbaşı) hece veznini ustaca kullanarak yazdığı lirik şiirler, birçok genç şairin Türk dilinin tabii vezni olarak hece veznini benimsemesinde büyük ölçüde etkili oldu. Daha sonra bu gençlerden beşi Orhan Seyfi (Orhon), Enis Behiç (Koryürek), Halit Fahri (Ozansoy), Yusuf Ziya (Ortaç) ve Faruk Nafiz (Çamlıbel) önceleri aruz vezniyle yazmalarına rağmen, Ömer Seyfeddin ve Ziya Gökalp’in görüşleri doğrultusunda yeni şiirlerini tamamen hece vezniyle kaleme alarak Türk edebiyatında “Beş Hececiler” adıyla yer aldılar. Tanzimat’tan başlayarak Cumhuriyet’e kadar uzanan dönem içinde hece-aruz tartışmaları ile Türkçe’nin sadeleşmesi meselesi arasında paralellik bulunduğu, tartışmalara katılanların her iki konuyu da beraber ele aldıkları ve özellikle heceyle yazılan şiirlerin dilinde tabii olarak bir sadeleşme ve halk diline yaklaşma eğilimi olduğu dikkati çekmektedir.
Vezin tartışmalarının devam ettiği bu sıralarda saf şiirin yahut şiirde estetik değerlerin kaybolduğuna üzülen Yahya Kemal, veznin ancak bir araç olarak kabul edilmesi gerektiği ve asıl işin şiir yazmak olduğu görüşünü ileri sürmüş, ayrıca Cenab Şahabeddin’in, “Parmak hesabı bir çâre-i âhenk olamaz” hükmünü kabul etmediğini belirterek parmak hesabı bir çâre-i âhenk olmasaydı Türk’ün dağlarda ve şehirlerde türkülerini, tekkelerde cezbeli nefeslerini bu vezinle asırlarca söylemesinin mümkün bulunmadığını ifade etmiştir.
Hece vezni, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Türk şiirinde varlığını tamamen kabul ettirdi ve dönemin aydınları tarafından da iyice benimsendi. Cumhuriyet’ten sonraki yıllarda ise Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Necmettin Halil Onan, Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, Ömer Bedrettin Uşaklı, Ali Mümtaz Arolat bu vezni yeni bir anlayışla ve ustaca kullandıklarından “Yeni Hececiler” adını aldılar.
Cumhuriyet döneminde aruz vezninin giderek yerini hece veznine bırakması üzerine bazı şairler hece vezninde yeni imkânlar aramaya başladılar. Bunlardan bir kısmı aynı manzumede iki değişik hece kalıbı, bazıları da aruzdaki müstezaddan serbest müstezada doğru gelişen şekil arayışlarına paralel olarak büyükten küçüğe veya küçükten büyüğe doğru hece sayısı azalıp çoğalan mısralı kalıplar kullanmayı denedi. Diğer bir yenilik arayışı ise aynı manzumede değişik duraklı mısralara yer vermek oldu. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, Ahmet Muhip Dıranas gibi şairler, hece vezninde yeni bir durak anlayışı geliştirmek için bu vezni daha serbest bir şekilde kullanarak duraksız şiirler yazdılar. Bu yıllarda hece vezninde yapılan en önemli yenilik ise gizli aruzdur. Hecenin monoton bir vezin olduğu görüşüne karşı çıkan bazı şairler açık-kapalı yani kısa-uzun hecelerin ritmik bir şekilde sıralanmasına dikkat ederek hece ile yazılmış, fakat aruz gibi âhenkli olan parçalar oluşturdular. Netice itibariyle hece, II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra başlayıp Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk yıllarına, bir görüşe göre 1940 yılına kadar varlığını hissettiren Millî Edebiyat akımının da şiirine hâkim bir vezin özelliği kazanmıştır. 1940’tan yani Garip hareketinden sonra gelen nesil, vezin ve kafiyeyi şiir için gereksiz sayınca hece vezni de giderek eski önemini kaybetmeye başlamıştır.
Aruzla kıyaslandığında hece vezninin Türkçe’nin yapısına daha uygun olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun başlıca sebebi, konuşulurken Türkçe’de hecelerin özel ses değerine fazla önem verilmeyişi ve bir çırpıda söylenişidir. Bu özellik hece vezninde de görülmektedir. Yani hecelerin “Anadolu” kelimesindeki gibi zayıf, “Hindistan” kelimesindeki gibi dolgun oluşu bunların ses değerini değiştirmez. Sadece hecelerin mısradaki sayısına bakılır. Bundan dolayı hece veznine “parmak hesabı, vezn-i benânî, hesâb-ı benân” da denilmiştir.
Hece vezni iki önemli kurala dayanır. Bunlardan birincisi mısralardaki hecelerin ses değerine bakılmaksızın eşit sayıda hecelerden meydana gelmesi, ikincisi, mısraın bölümlere ayrılması sonucu oluşan durgulanma ve bunlar arasında yer alan durakların teşkil edilmesidir. Mısraın ölçüsü, aynı zamanda adı olan kalıp o mısradaki hece sayısıyla belirlenir. Yedi heceli bir mısraın kalıbı yedili, on bir heceli bir mısraın kalıbı on birli olarak adlandırılır. Durgulanma ise herhangi bir kalıbın hareket farkını verir. Bu farklar da kalıp çeşitlerini meydana getirir. On birlinin 6 + 5 ve 4 + 4 + 3 çeşitleri durgulanmadaki farklardan dolayı oluşur. Durgulanmanın esası mısraın “durgu” denilen belli bölümlere ayrılmasıdır. Yani on birli kalıpla söylenmiş, “Sümbüller perişan + güller kan ağlar” mısraı birincisi altı, ikincisi beş heceli olmak üzere iki durgulu (6 + 5); yine on birli kalıpla söylenmiş olan, “Bir gün olur + deli gönül + uslanır” mısraı ise birinci ve ikincisi dört, üçüncüsü üç heceli olmak üzere üç durguludur (4 + 4 + 3). Bu iki mısra arka arkaya okunduğunda aralarındaki hareket farkı değişik durgulanmalara sahip olmalarından ileri gelmektedir. Durgulanmanın tabii olması için sekiz heceli ve 4 + 4 durgulu, “Deli gönül + abdal olmuş” mısraı ile on dört heceli ve 7 + 7 durgulu, “Daha deniz görmemiş + bir çoban çocuğuyum” mısraında olduğu gibi durgulardan hemen sonra gelen durakta bir kelime kümesinin kendiliğinden tamamlanması ve başka bir kelime kümesinin başlaması gerekir. Bunun dışında, “O yol bizim + yolumuzdur” (4 + 4) mısraı ile, “Bir dakika araba + yerinde durakladı” (7 + 7) mısraında görüldüğü gibi mısradaki vurgulu hecelerden biri durgunun sonuna getirilmelidir. Mısra aynı zamanda bir ses bütünü olduğu için sonundaki durağın ihmal edilmemesi gerekir, sondaki durak ihmal edilirse mısradaki ritim kaybolur ve nazım nesre yaklaşır. Hece veznindeki durak aruzdaki taktîin karşılığı kabul edilebilir. Ancak taktîde kelimeler bölünebildiği halde hece ölçüsünde kelimeler bölünerek durak yapılamaz. Duraklar da durgulanmalar gibi sözün akışına göre gerekli ve tabii olmalıdır.
Hece vezni kalıplarında en az iki, en çok beş durak bulunur. Duraklar arası hece sayısı birden ona kadar değişebilir. Genel olarak çift heceli kalıpların durguları iki bölüm halinde olduğundan durak tam ortada, tek heceli kalıplarda ise baştaki durguların hece sayısı sondakinden bir hece fazla olduğundan durak bu fazlalıktan sonradır. Ancak bu durum kesin olmadığından şair başka durgular da icat edebilir.
Belli kurallara fazla bağlı olmayan halk ve tekke edebiyatında hece vezninin bilhassa yedili, sekizli ve on birli kalıpları tercih edilmiş; yedili ve sekizlilerin hem durguluları, hem durgusuzları, on birlinin ise 6 + 5 veya 4 + 4 + 3 durguluları karışık kullanılarak ritmin zenginleşmesi sağlanmıştır. Bu durguların dışına çıkan, meselâ 6 + 5 ile 5 + 6 durgulu mısraları bir arada kullanan halk şairleri de olmuştur.
Hece vezninde iki heceliden yirmi heceliye kadar birçok kalıp vardır. Bu kalıplar içinde en çok kullanılanlar yedililer, sekizliler, on birliler ve on dörtlülerdir. İki, üç, dört ve beş heceli kalıplara ise genellikle atasözleri, deyimler, tekerlemeler, bilmeceler ve türkü kavuştaklarında rastlanır.
Kural olarak hece veznindeki kalıpların durakları ve bu durakları oluşturan hece sayıları şunlardır: Üçlüler (1 + 2, 2 + 1), dörtlüler (1 + 3, 2 + 2, 3 + 1), beşliler (2 + 3, 3 + 2), altılılar (3 + 3, 4 + 2, 2 + 4), yedililer (3 + 4, 4 + 3, 5 + 2, 2 + 5), sekizliler (4 + 4, 3 + 5, 5 + 3, 6 + 2, 2 + 6), dokuzlular (6 + 3, 3 + 6, 5 + 4, 4 + 5), onlular (5 + 5, 6 + 4, 4 + 6, 7 + 3, 3 + 7), on birliler (6 + 5, 4 + 4 + 3), on ikililer (6 + 6, 7 + 5, 4 + 4 + 4), on üçlüler (8 + 5, 4 + 4 + 5), on dörtlüler (7 + 7), on beşliler (4 + 4 + 4 + 3, 8 + 7), on altılılar (4 + 4 + 4 + 4, 8 + 8), on yedililer (4 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3), on sekizliler (8 + 10, 4 + 4 + 10), on dokuzlular (4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 3), yirmililer (4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Halk Şiirinde Türler”, TDl. , XIX/207 (1968), s. 198-203.
Banarlı, RTET , II, 896.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri , Ankara 1972, s. 169-173, 264-271.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı , İstanbul 1973, s. 52-53.
H. Fethi Gözler, Hece Vezni , İstanbul 1980.
Bilge Ercilasun, Servet-i Fünûn’da Edebî Tenkit , Ankara 1981, s. 228-233.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 39-58.
Yahya Kemal, Edebiyâta Dâir , İstanbul 1984, s. 109-126.
Ahmet Kabaklı, Türk Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1985, I, 651-659.
Talat Tekin, XI. Yüzyıl Türk Şiiri , Ankara 1989, s. VII-IX.
Hasan Kolcu, Türk Edebiyatında Hece-Aruz Tartışmaları , Ankara 1993.
Abdullah Uçman, Türk Dilinin Sadeleşmesi ve Hece Vezni Üzerinde Bir Münakaşa , İstanbul 1997.
İbnürreşad Ali Ferruh, “Evzân-ı Milliyyenin Terki ile Evzân-ı Arûziyyenin Kabulü”, Mir’ât-ı Âlem , sy. 8, İstanbul 1302.
İ. Necmi Dilmen, “Türkçe Şiirler Cereyanına Bir Bakış ve 1905 Edebî Hareketi”, DTCFD , I (1942), s. 48-71.
Ali Canip Yöntem, “Selânik’te Bir Edebiyat Çekişmesi”, Yakın Tarihimiz , II, İstanbul 1962, s. 3-4.
Rekin Ertem, “Hece Vezni”, TDEA , IV, 194-202.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 148-150 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.