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HEKİMBAŞI Skip to content İslâm devletlerinde sarayın ve ülkenin sağlık işlerinden sorumlu hekimler için kullanılan bir unvan.
1/2 Müellif: CEMİL AKPINAR Bölüme Git
İslâm devletlerinde sarayda ve ülkenin çeşitli şehirlerinde bulunan tabipler için genellikle “reîsületıbbâ” unvanı kullanılmış olup aynı anlamda “heki…
2/2 Müellif: NİL SARI Bölüme Git
Osmanlı Dönemi. Osmanlılar’da hekimbaşılığın bir makam olarak teşkilâtlandırılması ve buraya ilk tayin edilen kişinin kimliği konusu tartışmalıdır. Os…
İslâm devletlerinde sarayda ve ülkenin çeşitli şehirlerinde bulunan tabipler için genellikle “reîsületıbbâ” unvanı kullanılmış olup aynı anlamda “hekimbaşı” tabiri daha ziyade Osmanlılar döneminde yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Osmanlılar’ın ilk devirlerinden itibaren resmî kayıtlarda reîsületıbbâ ve “seretıbbâ” gibi unvanlara rastlanmaktaysa da bu görevliler devlet ricâli ve halk arasında hekimbaşı olarak anılmış, zamanla bu unvan ön plana çıkarak resmî literatüre de girmiştir. Eski Türkler’de “otacı iliği” denilen bir sağlık görevlisinin varlığı bilinmekteyse de (Ögel, s. 655) bunun bir kurum niteliği kazanıp kazanmadığı belli değildir.
Hekimbaşılık kurumunun ilk defa eski Yunanistan’da ortaya çıktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Tıbbın babası sayılan Grek hekimleri, kendi haklarını garanti altına almak ve tıp mesleğini bilgisiz kişilerle sahtekârlardan korumak için bu mesleğe girmek isteyenlerin eğitimlerinden sonra ayrıca bir imtihana tâbi tutulmalarını şart koşmuşlardı. İdareciler de bu konuda ihtiyatlı davranarak her şehirde en meşhur hekimleri seçip onları diğer hekimleri imtihan etmekle görevlendirirlerdi; ancak bu imtihanı kazananlar “hekimlik kürsüsü”ne oturabilirlerdi. Grekler’deki bu usulü Galen (Câlînûs) eserlerinde anlatmıştır (İshak b. Ali er-Ruhâvî, s. 244-245).
Hz. Peygamber’in hastalıklardan korunma ve tedaviyle ilgili emir ve tavsiyeleri, İslâm dünyasında tıp ilmine özel bir alâka gösterilmesi ve bu alanda gerekli kurumların teşekkül etmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Özellikle tıp bilgisi bulunmadığı halde hasta tedavi eden kimsenin verdiği zararı ödeyeceğine dair hadis (Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 23), yöneticiler ve hekimlerle ilgili idarî ve hukukî mesuliyete işaret etmiş, İslâm devletlerinde sağlık işlerinden sorumlu resmî hekimlik müessesesinin kurulmasında etkili olmuştur.
İlk dönemlerde hekimler, belli bir bilgi ve tecrübeye sahip olunca hiçbir şart ve kayda bağlı olmaksızın mesleklerini icra ediyorlardı. Daha sonra içlerinden birinin başkan tayin edildiği ve gerektiğinde yöneticilerin onun veya seçkin hekimlerin önünde diğerlerini imtihan ettikleri bilinmektedir. İbn Ebû Usaybia’nın anlattığına göre, 171 (787) yılında bir baş ağrısı çeken Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd, Cündişâpûr’dan getirttiği Buhtîşû‘ b. Curcîs’i Bağdat’taki ünlü hekimlerden Ebû Kureyş Îsâ, Abdullah et-Tayfûrî, Dâvûd b. Serâbiyûn ve Sercis’in (Sergios) önünde imtihana tâbi tutmuş, uzman olduğunu anladıktan sonra kendisini ödüllendirerek onun bütün hekimlerin başı (reîsületıbbâ) olmasını ve hepsinin kendisine itaat etmesini emretmiştir (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 186-187). İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, o sırada Hârûnürreşîd’in tabibi Ebû Kureyş Îsâ’nın reîsületıbbâ bulunduğunu kaydettiğine göre (Mesâlik , IX, 181) bu kurumun daha önce de mevcut olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh ve ordu kumandanı Afşin’in de eczacıları (attâr) imtihan ettikleri bilinmektedir. Afşin, tabip Zekeriyyâ b. Abdullah et-Tayfûrî’nin yardımıyla karargâhındaki eczacıları imtihandan geçirmiş, başarı gösterenlere belge verip diğerlerini oradan uzaklaştırmıştır; Halife Mu‘tasım da onun bu icraatını onaylamıştır (İbn Ebû Useybia, s. 224-225; Ahmed Îsâ Bey, Târîḫu’l-bîmâristânât , s. 49-50).
Tıp mesleğinin resmî bir hüviyete kavuşması ise Halife Muktedir-Billâh zamanında (908-932) gerçekleşmiştir. Tıp tarihçisi Ahmed Îsâ Bey, halkın menfaatini korumak amacıyla hekimliği müessese haline getiren ilk müslüman devlet adamının bu halife olduğunu söylemektedir (a.g.e. , s. 41-42). Muktedir-Billâh, halktan bir kişinin uygulanan yanlış tedavi sonucunda ölmesi üzerine muhtesip İbrâhim b. Muhammed b. Bathâ’dan, Sinân b. Sâbit b. Kurre’nin imtihan ettikten sonra yetki belgesi vereceği hekimler dışındaki kimselerin çalışmalarını yasaklamasını istemiş, bunun üzerine mesleğinde ün yapmış hekimlerle halifenin özel hekimleri hariç bütün hekimler Reîsületıbbâ Sinân b. Sâbit b. Kurre tarafından imtihandan geçirilerek başarılı olanlara tıpta yetki belgesi verilmiştir. İbn Ebû Usaybia’ya göre Bağdat’ta bunların sayısı 860 kadardı (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 302). Bu uygulamanın arkasından, tıp eğitimini tamamlayan kimselerin hekimlik yapma hakkını elde edebilmeleri için reîsületıbbânın önünde imtihan edilip diploma (icâzetü’t-tıb) almaları usulü getirildi (Ahmed Îsâ Bey, Târîḫu’l-bîmâristânât , s. 41-43). Ünlü hekim İshak b. Ali er-Ruhâvî, bu usulün IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarında Şam’da da devam ettiğini haber vermektedir (Edebü’ṭ-ṭabîb , s. 236-264). Reîsületıbbâlar, imtihanda başarısız olanların hasta tedavi etmelerini yasaklayıp bilgi ve tecrübelerini biraz daha arttırmalarını tavsiye ediyorlardı (Şeyzerî, s. 97; İbnü’l-İhve, s. 255). Sistemin işleyişini kontrol yetkisi ise ihtisap teşkilâtına verilmişti. Reîsületıbbâ başkanlığında Huneyn b. İshak’ın Miḥnetü’l-eṭıbbâʾ (İmtiḥânü’l-eṭıbbâʾ ) adlı kitabındaki usule göre yapılan imtihanlarda muhtesip de bulunuyor ve başarılı olan hekimlere daha sonra onun huzurunda -Şeyzerî ve İbnü’l-İhve’nin eserlerinde kaydettikleri- Hipokrat yemininin İslâm ilkelerine göre düzeltilmiş şekli okutturuluyordu (Şeyzerî, s. 98; İbnü’l-İhve, s. 256).
Tedaviye başlayan hekim hastanın durumunu, hastalığın sebebini, kendi teşhisini, uyguladığı tedaviyi, verdiği ilâçları “düstur” denilen bir kâğıda yazarak hasta sahibine vermek zorunda idi. Tedavi sonunda hasta iyileşirse hekim yazdığı düsturu geri alır ve ona dayanarak tedavi ücretine hak kazanırdı. Eğer hasta ölürse o takdirde hasta sahibi düsturu reîsületıbbâya götürüp işin araştırılmasını isterdi. Reîsületıbbâ veya onun başkanlığında bir heyet düsturu inceledikten sonra hekimin bir kusuru olmadığını tesbit ederse tedavi ücretinin ödenmesine, aksi halde yanlış tedavi ile hastanın ölümüne sebep olduğu için ücret alamayacağı gibi hasta sahibine diyet ödemesi gerektiğine karar verirdi. Başarısız veya kötü niyetli oldukları anlaşılan hekimler meslekten uzaklaştırılırdı (İshak b. Ali er-Ruhâvî, s. 265; Şeyzerî, s. 97-98; İbnü’l-İhve, s. 255-256).
Reîsületıbbâlar, başlangıçta halife veya sultanlar tarafından ülkenin en bilgili ve tecrübeli tabipleri arasından seçilip görevlendirilmekteydi; daha sonra bu yetki vezir veya nâibe bırakıldı. Tıp mesleğinin en üst kademesinde bulunan reîsületıbbânın görevleri, hekimlik imtihanından sonra hak edenlere belgelerini vermek, sağlık kurumlarıyla hekimlerin çalışmalarını kontrol etmek, ehliyetsiz kimselerin tıp mesleğinden uzaklaştırılması işinde muhtesibe yardımda bulunmak ve gerektiğinde hakemlik yapmaktı. Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde Dîvânü’l-ihtisâb’a bağlı olan Dîvânü’l-etıbbâ’da görevli hekimlerin başkanına “şeyhü’l-etıbbâ” denilmekteydi (İbn Cülcül, s. 110, 112; M. Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, s. 7, 9). Fâtımîler ve Eyyûbîler zamanında nâib tarafından tayin edilen reîsületıbbâ asıl mesleklerin unvan sıralamasında birinci derecede bulunuyordu (Kalkaşendî, IV, 200; VI, 160; Ahmed Îsâ Bey, Târîḫu’l-bîmâristânât , s. 24-25).
İbnü’t-Tilmîz ve tıp eğitimine ilk defa tez hazırlama usulünü getiren Ebû Saîd el-Herevî, Selçuklular döneminde Bağdat’taki Bîmâristân-ı Adudî’de reîsületıbbâlık yapmışlardı (Terzioğlu, s. 9). XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında da Halep’teki Nûreddin Zengî Bîmâristanı’nın reîsületıbbâsı Hâşim b. Muhammed b. Nâsırüddin es-Serûcî idi (Ahmed Îsâ Bey, Muʿcemü’l-eṭıbbâʾ , s. 505).
Bütün İslâm devletlerinde devam ettirilen hekimbaşılık müessesesinin Sicilya Kralı II. Friedrich zamanında (1197-1250) İtalya’da Salerno’da, daha sonra da İspanya ve diğer Avrupa ülkelerinde de aynen uygulandığı görülür (Terzioğlu, s. 3, 12; ayrıca bk. BÎMÂRİSTAN ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 23.
İshak b. Ali er-Ruhâvî, Edebü’ṭ-ṭabîb (nşr. Merizen Saîd Asîrî), Riyad 1992, s. 236-264, 265.
İbn Cülcül, Ṭabaḳātü’l-eṭıbbâʾ (nşr. Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1955, s. 110, 112.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 45, 186-187, 224-225, 302, 492.
Şeyzerî, Nihâyetü’r-rütbe fî ṭalebi’l-ḥisbe (nşr. M. Mustafa ez-Ziyâde), Kahire 1946, s. 97-100.
İbnü’l-İhve, Meʿâlimü’l-ḳurbe fî aḥkâmi’l-ḥisbe (nşr. Sıddîk Ahmed Îsâ), Kahire 1976, s. 255-256.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik , IX, 181, 301-304.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 178.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin) , IV, 200; VI, 160.
Ahmed Îsâ Bey, Târîḫu’l-bîmâristânât fi’l-İslâm , Beyrut 1981, s. 24-25, 41-43, 49-50, 55-57.
a.mlf., Muʿcemü’l-eṭıbbâʾ , Beyrut 1982, s. 53-54, 119, 157, 207-210, 505-507.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , I, 167; IV, 379.
M. Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, Ves̱âʾiḳ fi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî ve vaẓîfetüh fî muʿâveneti’l-ḳażâʾ fi’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1982, s. 7, 9.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültürünün Gelişme Çağları , İstanbul 1988, s. 655.
Muhammed el-Hattâbî, eṭ-Ṭıb ve’l-eṭıbbâʾ fi’l-Endelüsi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1988, I, 29, 31, 48, 71, 74, 76.
Aslan Terzioğlu, Türk-İslâm Hastaneleri ve Tabâbetinin Avrupa’da Tıbbî Rönesansı Etkilemesinden Türk Tıbbının Batılılaşmasına , İstanbul 1992, s. 3, 9, 12.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 160-161 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Osmanlı Dönemi. Osmanlılar’da hekimbaşılığın bir makam olarak teşkilâtlandırılması ve buraya ilk tayin edilen kişinin kimliği konusu tartışmalıdır. Osmanlı Beyliği’nin ilk dönemlerinde sarayda sağlık hizmeti veren bir tabibin bulunup bulunmadığı tesbit edilememekteyse de Germiyan, Aydın, Saruhan beyliklerinin saraylarında tabiplerin görev yaptığı bilinmektedir. Ancak hem bunların, hem de Osmanlılar’da Çelebi Mehmed ve II. Murad döneminde görev yapan Şeyhî diye ünlü Hekim Sinan ve oğlu, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrindeki Kutbüddin Ahmed Efendi, Ahî Çelebi ve Yâkub Paşa gibi hekimlerin teşkilâtlı bir kurumun başındaki hekimbaşı değil, hükümdar ve ailesinin tedavilerini üstlenen saray hekimleri olmaları daha kuvvetli bir ihtimaldir. Genel anlamda sağlık hizmetlerinin idaresiyle de yükümlü ilk hekimbaşı, II. Bayezid döneminde (1481-1512) görevlendirilen Mehmed Muhyiddin İzmitî’dir. Bununla beraber Orhan Bey’den II. Bayezid’e kadar gelen sultanların nezdinde de benzer görevleri yürüten saray hekimlerinin bulunduğu muhakkaktır. Sarayın bîrun ricâli arasında yer alan ve sadârete bağlı olan hekimbaşılar resmî kayıtlarda daha çok “reîsületıbbâ, seretıbbâ-i sultânî, seretıbbâ-i hâssa” ve halk arasında da “hekimbaşı efendi” adıyla anılırlardı.
Hekimbaşılar ilmiye sınıfına mensup, tıp ilmine vâkıf, çok iyi yetişmiş ehliyetli kişiler arasından seçilirdi; 1836 yılından sonra ise ilmiye sınıfı dışından da tayinler yapılmıştır. Bu makama getirilen kişiye ilk dönemlerde sadrazam, daha sonraları Dârüssaâde ağası, XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında padişah huzurunda yapılan merasimle samur kürk giydirilir ve görevi ilân edilirdi. Hekimbaşı ayrıca “sancaklı” denilen aba giyer, başına da tepesi eğik, sarı çuha börk üzerine beyaz sarık (örfî destar) sarardı. Hekimbaşılar protokolde önemli bir yere sahiptiler. İlk dönemlerden itibaren padişahın eceliyle ölmesi durumunda hekimbaşı ihmali veya hatası bulunduğu düşüncesiyle görevinden alınır, padişahın hal‘edilmesi veya başka sebeplerle tahttan ayrılması halinde yerinde bırakılırdı. Önceleri ehliyetli kişilerin hekimbaşı olmasına özen gösterilirken XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında bu makama Dârüssaâde ağalarının etkisiyle tayinler yapılmış, bu arada yeteneksiz hekimler de iş başına getirilmiştir.
İlmiye sınıfına mensup olmaları sebebiyle hekimbaşılar Anadolu ve Rumeli kazaskerliğine kadar yükselebilir, ayrıca müderrislik ve kadılık gibi görevlere de tayin edilebilirlerdi. Has Odalılar’dan başlalaya tâbi olan silâhdar ağanın maiyetinde idiler ve XIX. yüzyıla kadar Topkapı Sarayı’nın “başlala kulesi” denilen ve hekimbaşı dairesi / eczahane olarak kullanılan yerde otururlardı. Padişah ve yakınlarının ilâçları buradaki eczahanede hekimbaşının tarifine göre, onunla başlala kullukçusunun ve zülüflü baltacının gözleri önünde eczacıbaşı tarafından hazırlanır, daha sonra kâse, hokka veya kutuya konulup üzerine târifnâmesi yazılarak başlala ve hekimbaşı tarafından mühürlenirdi.
Hekimbaşının XVI. yüzyılda aylığı 2360 akçe idi ve hazîne-i âmireden ödenirdi; son devirlerde bu miktar 6500 akçeye kadar çıkmış, 1837’den itibaren de Mansûre Hazinesi’nden karşılanmıştır. Hekimbaşı ulûfelerini de aylık olarak alır ve kendisine tahsis edilen Altıntaş mâlikânesinde otururdu. Ayrıca 600 kuruş gelirli Tekfurdağı (Tekirdağ) arpalığı hekimbaşılara ayrılmıştı, buna zaman zaman Aydın ve Gelibolu arpalıkları da eklenirdi. Bunlardan başka kendilerine hazîne-i âmireden kışlık ve “bahâriyye avâidi” adı altında kumaş verilirdi. Hekimbaşılar, zaman zaman padişahın emriyle hasta devlet adamlarının tedavisine gider, onlardan da ücret ve çeşitli hediyeler alırlardı. Hekimbaşıların hizmetinde muhzırlar, hünkâr kapıcısı, yeniçeri çuhadarı, baltacılar ve 100 kadar iç hademesi bulunmaktaydı.
Hekimbaşıların, başta padişah ve hânedan mensuplarının sağlığıyla ilgilenme işi olmak üzere sarayın içinde ve dışında çeşitli görevleri vardı. Özellikle padişahın hasta olmamasına dikkat ederler, yemeklerde dahi yanından ayrılmaz, her nereye giderse beraberinde bulunurlardı; sefere katıldıklarında da menzil tayinatı alırlardı. Aynı zamanda padişaha sağlık konularında danışmanlık yapan hekimbaşılar ilâçların dışında onlara kuvvet verici, iştah açıcı çeşitli şuruplar da hazırlarlardı. Hekimbaşılar her sene nevruzda (21 Mart) amber, afyon hulâsası ve birçok baharattan yapılan kırmızı renkli kokulu, “nevrûziyye” adında bir macunu, porselen kaplar içinde ve değerli kumaşlara sarılı bir halde padişah, şehzade ve sultanlara, kadınefendilere, sadrazama ve sarayın diğer ileri gelen devlet adamlarına merasimle takdim ederlerdi. Müneccimbaşının da yeni yılın takvimini sunduğu bu törende kendilerine kürk giydirilir ve çeşitli hediyeler verilirdi.
Saraydaki hastahane ve eczahaneleri yöneten hekimbaşı etıbbâ-i hâssa, cerrâhîn-i hâssa, kehhâlîn-i hâssa ve müneccimlerin de reisiydi; bu kişilerin seçimini yapar, onları tayin ve azlederdi. Saray dışında da ülkenin her yerindeki sağlık işleri onun denetimi altında bulunurdu. Osmanlı Devleti sınırları içindeki bütün sağlık kurumlarında görevli tabiplerin, cerrahların, kehhâllerin ve eczacıların tayini, ayrıca ordu tabiplerinin belirlenmesi onun tarafından yapılırdı. Tabip ve cerrahların özellikle İstanbul’da muayenehane açabilmeleri için hekimbaşının mührünü taşıyan bir çalışma izin belgesi almaları gerekiyordu. Hekimbaşı zaman zaman İstanbul’daki müslüman ve gayri müslim tabip, cerrah, kehhâl ve attarları cerrahbaşı ve kehhâlbaşı ile birlikte teftiş ve imtihan eder, icâzeti bulunmayan ehliyetsiz kişilerin dükkânlarını kapattırır ve onları meslekten menederdi. Saray içinde ve dışındaki tıp eğitim ve öğretimiyle de doğrudan ilgiliydi; nitekim XIX. yüzyılda özellikle Hekimbaşı Behcet Mustafa Efendi çağdaş tıp eğitiminin başlatılmasında öncü olmuştur (bk. BEHCET MUSTAFA EFENDİ ).
1837’de Bâb-ı Seraskerî Harbiye Nezâreti’nde Sıhhıye Dairesi’nin oluşturulmasıyla hekimbaşının yetkileri kısıtlandı. Hekimbaşılar 1840’ta Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye-i Şâhâne’de kurulan Meclis-i Umûr-ı Tıbbiyye’ye de 1850 yılına kadar başkanlık ettiler. 17 Nisan 1850’de Tıbbiye Nezâreti’nin ihdası ve hekimbaşının sağlık teşkilâtının tamamını kapsayan yetkilerinin kaldırılması üzerine görevleri saray başhekimliği ile (sertabâbet-i hazret-i şehriyârî) sınırlandırıldı; makam unvanı ise Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye nezâretine çevrildi. Son hekimbaşı, Sultan Abdülmecid döneminde üçüncü defa görev yapan Abdülhak Molla’dır. Elde bulunan belgelere göre kırk hekim hekimbaşılık görevini yürütmüş, bunların bazıları iki veya üç defa iş başına getirilmiştir.
OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE HEKİMBAŞILAR LİSTESİ (Hazırlayan: Ali Haydar Bayat)
Padişah Sıra nr. Hekimbaşı Tayini Azli Ölümü II. Bayezid (V. 1481-IV. 1512)1 Mehmed Muhyiddin Efendi – – – – – – – – – 910 – 15042 Hacı Hekim – 910 – 1504– – – – – 913 – 15073/I Ahî Çelebi CA 913 XI 1507Sa 918 IV 1512– – – – I. Selim (IV. 1512-IX. 1520)4/I Sinan (Sinâneddin Yusuf)Sa 918 IV 1512Sa 921 III 1515– – – – 3/II Ahî Çelebi Sa 921 III 1515Şe 926 X 1520Mu 931 XI 1524I. Süleyman (IX. 1520-IX. 1566)4/II Sinan (Sinâneddin Yusuf)Şe 926 XII 1520ZK 951 I 1545ZK 951 I 15455 Kaysûnî (Bedreddin b. Mehmed)ZK 951 I 1545Mu 970 IX 1562Mu 970 X 15626 Kosonî (Mehmed b. Mehmed)Mu 970 IX 1562Sa 976 VIII 1568Sa 976 VIII 1568II. Selim (IX. 1566-XII. 1574)7 Garsüddinzâde Mehmed MuhyiddinSa 976 VIII 1568ZH 982 III 1575ZH 982 III 1575III. Murad (I. 1574-XII. 1595)8 Yûsuf Sinan ZH 982 III 1575CE 1005 I 1597CE 1005 I 1597III. Mehmed I. Ahmed II. Osman I. Mustafa (I. 1591-V. 1622)9 Üsküplü Şemseddin CE 1005 I 1597ZH 1019 III 1611– – – – 10 Mûsâ ZK 1026 XI 1617Re 1031 V 1622RA 1056 V 1646IV. Murad (IX. 1623-II. 1640)11 Emîr Çelebi (Seyyid Mehmed)Re 1039 V 1629RA 1048 VIII 1638RA 1048 VIII 1638İbrâhim (II. 1640-VIII. 1648)12 Zeynelâbidîn b. Halîl RA 1048 VIII 1638RE 1056 V 1646– 1057 – 164713/I Hamalzâde Mehmed RE 1056 V 1646Sa 1057 III 1647– – – – 14/I Îsâ Sa 1057 III 1647RA 1057 V 1647– – – – 13/II Hamalzâde Mehmed RA 1057 V 1647CE 1057 VI 1647– – – – 14/II Îsâ CE 1057 VI 1647CE 1057 VI 1647– – – – 13/III Hamalzâde Mehmed CE 1057 VI 1647Şâ 1057 IX 1647– – – – 14/III Îsâ Şâ 1057 IX 1647ZK 1057 XI 1647– – – – 13/IV Hamalzâde Mehmed ZK 1057 XI 1647ZK 1057 XI 1647– – – – 14/IV Îsâ ZK 1057 XI 1647Re 1058 VII 1648Şe 1059 VII 1649IV. Mehmed (VIII. 1648-XI. 1687)13/V Hamalzâde Mehmed Re 1058 VI 1648Şe 1066 VII 1656Şe 1066 VII 165615 Sâlih b. Nasrullah Şe 1066 VII 1656RA 1080 VIII 1669RA 1080 VIII 166916 Hayâtîzâde Mustafa Fevzî (Büyük)RA 1080 VIII 1669Ra 1103 VI 1692ZK 1103 VII 1692II. Süleyman (XI. 1687-VI. 1691)17 Tablî Hasan Ra 1103 VI 1692CA 1105 II 1694Şâ 1118 XI 1706II. Ahmed (VI. 1691-II. 1695)18 Seyyid Yûsuf CA 1105 II 1694CA 1106 I 1695– – – – 19 Müneccimbaşı Arapzâde MehmedCA 1106 I 1695Re 1106 II 1695Mu 1122 III 1710II. Mustafa (VII. 1695-VIII. 1703)20 Nuh Re 1106 II 1695Şâ 1119 XI 1707Şâ 1119 XI 1707III. Ahmed (VIII. 1703-X. 1730)21 Yenibahçeli Mehmed Şâ 1119 XI 1707Sa 1127 II 1715Sa 1135 X 172322 Ömer Sa 1127 II 1715CA 1136 II 1724CA 1136 II 172423 Hâyâtîzâde Mustafa Fevzî (Küçük)CA 1136 II 1724ZK 1148 II 1736– 1151 – 1738I. Mahmud (X. 1730-XII. 1754)24 Hayâtîzâde Mehmed EminZK 1148 III 1736RE 1159 IV 1746– 1161 – 174725/I Hayâtîzâde Kethüdâsı Mehmed SaidRE 1159 IV 1746Şe 1159 X 1746– – – – 26 Müneccimbaşı AhmedŞe 1159 X 1746Mu 1161 I 1748– 1163 – 175025/II Hayâtîzâde Kethüdâsı Mehmed SaidMu 1161 I 1748CA 1168 IV 1755– 1171 – 1757-58III. Osman (XII. 1754-I. 1757)27 Halebî Mustafa CA 1168 IV 1755Sa 1171 XI 1757– – – – III. Mustafa (XI. 1757-I. 1774)28/I Mehmed Ârif Sa 1171 XI 1757ZK 1171 VII 1758– – – – 29 Kâtibzâde Mehmed RefîZK 1171 VII 1758CE 1182 IX 1768CE 1183 IX 176930 Mehmed Emin CE 1183 IX 1769ZK 1187 I 1774– – – – I. Abdülhamid (I. 1774-IV. 1789)28/II Mehmed Ârif ZK 1187 I 1774ZH 1189 II 1776– – – – 31 Subhîzâde Abdülaziz ZH 1189 II 1776ZH 1190 II 1777Şe 1197 IX 178328/III Mehmed Ârif ZK 1190 I 1770CA 1197 V 1783CA 1197 V 178332 Hâfız Hayrullah CA 1197 V 1783RA 1200 II 1786Ra 1210 IV 179633 Gevrekzâde Hâfız HasanRA 1200 II 1786ZK 1203 VIII 1789– 1216 – 1801III. Selim (IV. 1789-V. 1807)34 Mehmed Sâdık ZK 1203 VIII 1789Ra 1211 IV 1797Şâ 1215 XI 180035 Nûman Naîm Ra 1211 III 1797Sa 1218 V 1803ZH 1220 II 180636/I Behcet Mustafa Efendi Sa 1218 V 1803CE 1222 VII 1807– – – – IV. Mustafa (V. 1807-VII. 1808)37 Tuğcuzâde Ahmed AbdülkadirCE 1222 VII 1807CA 1223 VIII 1808Sa 1231 I 1816II. Mahmud (VII. 1808-VII. 1839)38 Nûmanzâde Mustafa MesudCA 1223 VIII 1808Şe 1232 IX 1817Mu 1236 X 182036/II Behcet Mustafa Efendi Şe 1232 IX 1817RA 1237 XII 1821– – – – 39 Bendireklizâde Mehmed SaidRA 1237 IX 1821ZK 1238 VII 1823Re 1242 II 182736/III Behcet Mustafa Efendi ZK 1238 VII 1823ZK 1249 III 1834ZK 1249 III 183440/I Abdülhak Molla ZH 1249 IV 1834ZH 1252 III 1337– – – – 41 Ahmed Necib ZH 1252 III 1837RE 1255 V 1839– – – – I. Abdülmecid (VII. 1839-VI. 1861)40/II Abdülhak Molla RE 1255 V 1839Şe 1261 X 1845– – – – 42 İsmâil Paşa Şe 1261 X 1845ZK 1264 X 1848– 1297 – 188040/III Abdülhak Molla ZK 1264 X 1848ZH 1265 X 1849Şâ 1270 V 1854Mu: Muharrem, Sa: Safer, RE: Rebîülevvel, RA: Rebîülâhir, CE: Cemâziyelevvel, CA: Cemâziyelâhir, Re: Receb, Şâ: Şâban, Ra: Ramazan, Şe: Şevval, ZK: Zilkade, ZH: Zilhicce I: Ocak, II: Şubat, III: Mart, IV: Nisan, V: Mayıs, VI: Haziran, VII: Temmuz, VIII: Ağustos, IX: Eylül, X: Ekim, XI: Kasım, XII: Aralık
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 161-164 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.