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HEMEDAN Skip to content Batı İran’da bir şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu eyalet.
Elvend dağının eteğinde Kuruçay, Abbasâbâd, Sûmîne, gibi ırmaklarla sulanan ve aynı adı taşıyan bereketli bir ovada yer alır. Denizden yüksekliği 1800 m. olup üç yanı dağlarla çevrilidir. Hemedan adı Asur çivi yazılı tabletlerinde Amadana, I. Darius dönemine ait (m.ö. 521-486) Bîsütun kitâbesinin Eski Farsça kısmında Hağmatana (Hangmatana) ve Elamca kısmında Agmadana, Grek tarihçisi Herodotos’ta Agbatana, Batlamyus’ta Ekbatana, Ermeni kaynaklarında Ahmatan, Hemetan, Ahmedan ve Tevrat’ta (Ezra, 6/2) Akmetada şeklinde geçer. Bu ad Arap kaynaklarına, Farsça’da seslilerden sonra gelen “dâl” harfinin z (zâl) telaffuz edildiği dönemlerdeki eski şekliyle Hemezân olarak girmiştir.
Hemedan, Herodotos’tan öğrenildiğine göre Kral Deiokes (m.ö. 728-673) tarafından milâttan önce VII. yüzyılda Med İmparatorluğu’nun başşehri olarak kurulmuştur; kalıntılarından, ilk şehrin bugünkü Hemedan’ın güneydoğusunda Elvend’in sol tarafındaki Musallâ tepesinde yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. İç içe yedi surla çevrilmiş olan şehir, Medler’in Bâbilliler’le birlikte Asurlular’ı yenmeleri üzerine önem kazandı. Asurlular’ın başşehri Ninevâ’da (Ninova) elde edilen ganimetler Ekbatana’nın güzelleştirilmesine harcandı ve özellikle Asur tarzında büyük saraylar yapıldı. Ahamenî hânedanının gerçek kurucusu kabul edilen II. Kyros (Cyrus, m.ö. 559-530) burayı kendine yazlık başşehir seçti ve şehir bu dönemde gerek tahkimatı gerekse devlet hazinesinin korunması bakımından büyük önem kazandı. Ahamenî saltanatına son veren İskender’in üs olarak kullandığı şehir, İskender İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasından sonra da Arsaklı (Partlar, Eşkâniyân) hânedanının (m.ö. 256 – m.s. 214) başşehri oldu.
Sâsânîler döneminde önemini kaybeden Hemedan, Nihâvend Savaşı’ndan (21/642) sonra burada imzalanan barış antlaşması uyarınca İslâm devletine bırakıldı. Ancak daha sonra halk isyan edip müslümanları şehirden çıkardı. Bunun üzerine şehir Hz. Ömer’in vefatından altı ay sonra Cerîr b. Abdullah el-Becelî tarafından ve bu defa savaş yoluyla tekrar ele geçirildi (24/645). Arap tarihçileri, Emîn ile Me’mûn’un hilâfet mücadelesi sırasında uzun süre kuşatma altında tutulan (195/810) Hemedan’da, o dönemde Ahamenîler’den kalma birkaç sütunla Elvend dağına açılan ve üstünde halkı soğuktan ve felâketlerden koruduğuna inanılan taştan bir aslan heykelinin yer aldığı görkemli bir kapıdan bahsederler. Burayı eski Medya (Cibâl) bölgesindeki yerleşim merkezlerinin en müstahkemi olarak tanıtan X. yüzyıl müslüman coğrafyacıları, kenarları birer fersah uzunluğunda kare biçimindeki bu büyük ve güzel şehrin önemli bir bölümünün Arap fethinden sonra inşa edildiğini, dört kapısı ve dört pazarı ile kalabalık varoşları bulunduğunu, çevresinin zengin su kaynaklarına ve bereketli topraklara, güzel bahçelere sahip olduğunu yazarlar. İbnü’l-Fakīh’in daha önce şehrin her kenarı için verdiği 4 fersah uzunluk (Kitâbü’l-Büldân , s. 218) herhalde abartmalıdır. Hemedanlılar’ın 319’da (931) Ziyârî Emîri Merdâvic b. Ziyâr’a karşı başlattıkları isyan, kılıçtan geçirilmeleriyle sona erdi. 343’te (955) bir depreme mâruz kalan şehir 351 (962) yılında büyük bir mezhep kavgasına sahne oldu; birçok insan hayatını kaybetti.
Ziyârîler’den sonra Büveyhî ve Benî Kâkûye hânedanları arasında el değiştiren ve genellikle başşehir hüviyetini koruyan Hemedan 420’de (1029) Göktaş, Boğa ve Kızıl’ın kumandasındaki Oğuzlar, 494 (1101) yılında Selçuklu ordusu tarafından kısmen tahrip edildi. XII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Irak Selçukluları’nın başşehri oldu ve saray, medrese ve camilerle donatıldı. 531’de (1136) çıkan veba salgını yüzünden nüfusu azaldı. Şehir, Irak Selçuklu Sultanı II. Tuğrul’un Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş’e yenilmesi üzerine Hârizmşahlar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girdi (1194) ve İldenizliler’den Kutluğ İnanç’a verildi. 1221’de Cebe Noyan kumandasındaki Moğol ordusu uzun bir kuşatma sonunda şehri ele geçirerek tahrip etti ve halkının büyük bir kısmını öldürdü. Hülâgû Han burasını, Alamut Kalesi’nin zaptı ve Bağdat’ın işgali için giriştiği savaşlarda bir üs olarak kullandı. Şehir İlhanlılar döneminde bir ölçüde imar gördü ve yeniden eski parlaklığını kazandı; bu hânedandan Abaka Han burada öldü. İlhanlılar’ın elinde bulunan Anadolu Selçuklu sultanlarından Gıyâseddin II. Mesud da ikinci defa tahta çıkıncaya kadar (1303) burada hapis kaldı. XIII. yüzyıl müelliflerinden Zekeriyyâ el-Kazvînî, Cibâl’in en büyük şehri olan Hemedan’ı havası güzel, tatlı su kaynaklarına, bereketli topraklara sahip bir şehir olarak tanıtır ve halkının güler yüzlü ve güzel ahlâklı, eğlenceye düşkün insanlar olduğunu söyler (Âs̱ârü’l-bilâd , s. 483). Benzeri bilgiler, XIV. yüzyıl tarihçilerinden Hamdullah el-Müstevfî tarafından da verilmiştir (Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb , s. 71). Hemedan bir ilim ve kültür şehri, aynı zamanda da çok önemli bir ticaret merkeziydi. Geniş İlhanlı İmparatorluğu’nun çeşitli noktalarından gelen ve Sultâniye şehrinde birleşen beş büyük ana ticaret yolunun “şehrâh-ı cenûbî” adındaki birincisi Hemedan üzerinden Bağdat’a ulaşır ve buna Mekke yolu da denirdi.
Hemedan, İlhanlılar’dan sonra Celâyirliler ve Timurlular’ın eline geçti ve özellikle Timur’un seferleri sırasında çok zarar gördü; daha sonra da sırasıyla Karakoyunlular, Akkoyunlular ve Safevîler’in hâkimiyeti altında kaldı. 1469’da burası, Uzun Hasan’ın oğlu ve Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in damadı Uğurlu Mehmed Bey’in yönetiminde idi. Safevîler döneminde imar gören Hemedan bunlarla Osmanlılar arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Osmanlılar’ın şehirle doğrudan ilgilenmeleri Irakeyn Seferi sırasında oldu. Vezîriâzam İbrâhim Paşa, gönderdiği bir arzda Hemedan’ı Irâk-ı Acem’e bağlı sancaklar arasında göstermiş ve buraya 900.000 akçe has geliriyle Uğurlu Bey’i vali tayin ettiğini belirtmiştir. Fakat bu dönemde şehirde Osmanlı hâkimiyeti kurulmamış, İbrâhim Paşa’nın bu tayini geleceğe mâtuf bir plan olarak kalmıştır. 1548’de Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’dan izin alıp yanındaki yerli kuvvetlerle Irâk-ı Acem’e bir harekâtta bulunan Safevî Prensi Elkas Mirza’nın ilk ele geçirdiği yer Hemedan oldu. 1588’de Cigalazâde Sinan Paşa Hemedan civarını zaptetti. 1629’da Bağdat üzerine gönderilen Hüsrev Paşa 27 Şevval 1039’da (9 Haziran 1630) Hemedan’a girdi. Halkın kaçarken sakladığı eşyayı ortaya çıkardı, binaları yakıp yıktı ve altı gün sonra şehirden ayrıldı. XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar şehirde önemli bir olay cereyan etmedi. Ancak Rus Çarı I. Petro, Safevî hânedanının güç durumda olmasından faydalanarak harekât başlatınca Osmanlılar da Hemedan ve Kirmanşah’ı ele geçirmek amacıyla Eyüplü Hasan Paşa kumandasında bir ordu gönderdiler. Hasan Paşa Kirmanşah’ı aldıktan bir müddet sonra vefat etti ve seferi oğlu Ahmed Paşa tamamladı. Ahmed Paşa idaresindeki Osmanlı kuvvetleri elli dokuz günlük bir kuşatmanın ardından Hemedan’ı aldıysa da (11 Zilhicce 1136 / 31 Ağustos 1724) bir süre sonra Afganlı Eşref Şah, Irak cephesi kumandanı Ahmed Paşa’yı Hemedan’dan çıkarmaya muvaffak oldu (1140/1727). Ancak Ahmed Paşa’nın daha kuvvetli bir ordu ile geleceğinden korkarak 17 Safer 1141’de (22 Eylül 1728) imzalanan Hemedan Barış Antlaşması ile Osmanlılar’ın bütün haklarını tanıdı.
İran’da Afgan hâkimiyetinin yerini yeniden Safevîler alınca II. Tahmasb İstanbul’a bir elçi göndererek Osmanlılar’dan ellerinde bulunan İran topraklarının geri verilmesini istedi. Ancak hemen arkasından İranlılar, cevabın gelmesini beklemeden Nâdir Şah kumandasındaki kuvvetlerle Nihâvend’i ele geçirdiler. Bunu duyan Abdurrahman Paşa 60.000 kişilik kuvvetini bırakıp Hemedan’dan kaçtı ve böylece burası Safevîler’in eline geçti (16 Zilhicce 1142 / 2 Temmuz 1730). 14 Rebîülevvel 1144’te (16 Eylül 1731) Irak Seraskeri Ahmed Paşa Korican’da II. Tahmasb’ın ordusunu yendi ve şehri yeniden ele geçirdi. Fakat 10 Receb 1144’te (8 Ocak 1732) yapılan barış antlaşması ile Hemedan tekrar İran’a bırakıldı. Bu antlaşma ile tamamen İran hâkimiyeti altına giren şehir I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Rus ve İngiliz işgalinde kaldı; ayrıca Türkiye’ye karşı bir üs olarak kullanıldı. Buna rağmen şehir Osmanlılar’la bu devletler arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Savaş sonrasında ise İngilizler tarafından İran’a bırakıldı.
Evliya Çelebi, XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında uğradığı bu şehrin, her biri hamam kubbesi büyüklüğünde taşlardan yapılmış üçgen biçiminde ve yetmiş kuleli, dört kapısı Kum, Dergezîn, Bîsütun ve Bağdat yönlerine açılan içinde 2000 hücre, bir hamam, bir cami, bir han ve çeşitli dükkânlar yer alan bir kalesinin olduğunu; Türkmence konuşulan şehirde on bir tekke, birçok imarethâne, 200 hamam, Hindistan, Anadolu, Arabistan ve İran’dan gelen tüccarların kaldığı birçok kervansarayla 2000 dükkânı içine alan Bâzârşâhî adlı bir de çarşının bulunduğunu, içme suyunun, en önemlileri Ferhad Paşa ve Ali Esen çeşmeleri olan 150 çeşmeyle sağlandığını yazar.
Hemedan’daki tarihî eserlerin başlıcaları şunlardır: Şehrin güneyindeki Gencnâme denilen Ahamenîler’e ait çivi yazılı iki kitâbe. Biri Büyük Darius, diğeri oğlu Xerxes’e ait olan kitâbeler, Elvend dağında iki büyük kaya üzerine yaklaşık 2 m. boyunda bir yüzeye kazılarak yazılmıştır. Mücesseme-i Seng-i Şîr. Medler’e veya Ahamenîler’e atfedilen büyük aslan heykelidir. 2,5 m. uzunluğunda ve 1,5 m. genişliğindeki heykel 1949’da yapılan taş bir kaide üzerinde oturtulmuştur. Buk‘a-i Ester ve Merdhay. Bugün yahudilerin ziyaret yeri olan XIII. yüzyıla ait anıt türbedir. Kümbed-i Aleviyân. Moğollar tarafından restore edilen Selçuklu dönemine ait bir mesciddir. Birkaç Alevî seyyidinin defnedildiği bu yapı son olarak 1938’de tamir gördü. Burc-i Kurbân. Moğol dönemine ait bir kabirdir. Bunlardan başka Baba Tâhir-i Uryân’ın ve İbn Sînâ’nın türbeleri de şehirdeki önemli eserler arasında yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Hemedan’da elli civarındaki cami arasında Mescid-i Âkācânî Bey, Mescid-i Hâc Ahmed, Mescid-i Ahund Molla Ali, Mescid-i Bişâretü’l-mülk, Mescid-i Câmi‘, Mescid-i Kal‘a, Mescid-i Bâlâ, Mescid-i Cevlân sayılabilir. Şehirde bulunan eski medreseler ise Medrese-i Ahund Molla Ali, Medrese-i Dâmgānî ve Medrese-i Şeyh Ali Han Zengîne’dir (Îrânşehr , II, 1396-1397).
Hemedânî nisbesiyle meşhur edip, şair ve âlimlerin önde gelenleri şöyle sıralanabilir: Muhaddis Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Hüseyin el-Hemedânî, Bedîüzzamân el-Hemedânî, muhaddis ve kadı Ebû Saîd Yahyâ b. Zekeriyyâ el-Hemedânî, muhaddis Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kārî el-Musrâbâdî, şairlerden Esîrüddin Evmânî, muhaddis ve kāri Hasan b. Ahmed el-Hemedânî, mutasavvıf el-Emîrü’l-Kebîr el-Hemedânî, Yûsuf b. Eyyûb el-Hemedânî el-Bûzencerdî, şair mutasavvıflardan Fahreddîn-i Irâkī, Baba Tâhir-i Uryân, meşhur tarihçi Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Hemedânî, Ebû Ahmed el-Mürrân b. Hameviyye el-Hemedânî, Abdülhamîd b. İsâm el-Hemedânî, Hâfız Ebü’l-Fazl Sâlih b. Ahmed el-Hemedânî, Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Şâfiî fakihi ve şair Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî, Mu‘tezile âlimi Kādî Abdülcebbâr, şair ve ârif Seyyid Ali Hemedânî.
Tahran-Bağdat ticaret yolu üzerinde olup kara yoluyla Kirmanşah, Sevendec, Burûcird, Erâk, Kazvin ve Tahran’a bağlanan Hemedan idarî bölünmede dört şehristan, on iki bahş, on iki şehir, otuz üç dihistandan müteşekkil bir eyalet (ustan) durumundadır. Eyalet 1986’da 1,5 milyonu geçen bir nüfusa sahipti. XIX. yüzyılda 20-40.000 arasında nüfusu olduğu belirtilen şehir ise 1950’de 120.000’i, 1986’da 270.000’i geçmişti. Nüfusun çoğunluğu Âzerîler’den oluşmaktadır. Verimli ovada çeşitli meyveler, buğday, keten, jüt, pamuk gibi ürünler yetişir. Bölgede grafit, altın, antimuvan ve demir madenleri çıkarılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 183-185 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.