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HERBELOT, Barthélemy de Molainville d’ Skip to content (ö. 1695)
İlk İslâm ansiklopedisi olarak kabul edilen Bibliothèque orientale ’i hazırlayan Fransız şarkiyatçısı.
14 Aralık 1625’te Paris’te doğdu ve orada yetişti. Felsefe ve Grekçe ile Latince’nin yanında İbrânîce, Süryânîce ve Keldânîce okudu. Bu Doğu dilleri üzerindeki çalışmaları onu Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe öğrenmeye sevketti. Daha sonra hayatını Doğu ve İslâm dünyası üzerine araştırma yapmaya adadı. Bu alandaki bilgisini arttırmak ve Doğu ile daha yakın temas kurmak için iki defa İtalya’ya gitti ve orada uzun süre kaldı. Toskana Grandükü II. Ferdinando di Medici ile tanıştı. Grandük kendisine büyük bir yakınlık gösterdi ve birçok Doğu yazması verip onu sarayına bağlamak istedi. Ancak d’Herbelot, bir buçuk yıl sonra ünlü devlet adamı Colbert’in çağrısı üzerine Fransa’ya dönerek Maliye Bakanı Fouquet’nin maiyetinde görev aldı. 1661’de Fouquet’nin gözden düşmesi üzerine XIV. Louis’nin sekreteri ve Doğu dilleri tercümanı oldu. 1666’da tekrar İtalya’ya gitti; uzun yıllar orada kalarak önemli hümanistlerle ve bilim adamlarıyla dostluk kurdu. Ülkesine döndükten sonra 1692’de Collège de France’ın Süryânîce hocalığına tayin edildi. Bundan sonra, Doğu’ya hiç gitmemiş olmasına rağmen İtalya’dan getirdiği yazmaların yardımıyla ilim âleminde ilk İslâm ansiklopedisi olarak kabul edilen Bibliothèque orientale adlı büyük eserini yazdı; fakat çalışmasının basıldığını göremeden 8 Aralık 1695’te öldü.
Bibliothèque orientale ’in basımı, XIV. Louis döneminde İstanbul’da Fransa Sefâreti’nin kâtipliğini yapan ve ülkesine gidip geldikçe d’Herbelot’ya çalışmalarında yardım eden Antoine Galland tarafından tamamlandı (Paris 1697). Galland, d’Herbelot’nun eserine yazdığı önsözde onu tanımadan önce kendisinin de böyle bir kitap yazmayı düşündüğünü belirtir. İlk defa 1060 sayfalık battal boy bir cilt halinde yayımlanan ve 1776’da Maastricht’te yeniden basılan eserin 1777-1779’da yapılmış dört ciltlik bir La Haye, bir de 1781-1783 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiş altı ciltlik küçük boy halinde Paris baskısı vardır (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 48.074, 48.126). Paris baskısına, XIV. Louis tarafından Siyam (Tayland) ve Çin’e gönderilen Cizvit papazı C. de Visdelou ile Galland’ın Büyük Tataristan ve Doğu Türkleri hakkında verdikleri ilgi çekici bilgiler de eklenmiştir. Ayrıca bu edisyonda, d’Herbelot’nun ilk baskıda yayımlanmamış olan elli maddesiyle Galland’ın yazdığı “Doğulular’ın Hikmetli Sözleri ve Vecizeleri” adlı bir bölüm de yer almaktadır. Aynı dönemde, eserin La Haye baskısına dayanılarak J. Ch. F. Schultz tarafından Albertus H. Schultens ve Johann J. Reiske’nin de katkılarıyla yine dört ciltlik bir Almanca tercümesi yayımlanmıştır (Halle 1785-1790). Eserin d’Herbelot tarafından yazılan kısmı alfabetik sıraya göre düzenlenmiş olup çeşitli isim ve kavramları ihtiva etmektedir. Çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından kaleme alınan ekler kısmı ise müstakil kitaplar halindedir.
D’Herbelot Bibliothèque orientale ’i hazırlarken nisbeten geç dönemlere ait kaynakları kullanmıştır. Bunlar arasında Mîrhând’ın Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâ , Hândmîr’in Ḫulâṣatü’l-aḫbâr , Mîr Yahyâ Kazvînî’nin Lübbü’t-tevârîḫ , Hamdullah el-Müstevfî’nin Târîḫ-i Güzîde , Devletşah’ın Teẕkiretü’ş-şuʿarâʾ , Hüseyin Vâiz-i Kâşifî’nin Ravżatü’ş-şühedâ ile Cevâhirü’t-tefsîr ’i (Tefsîrü’z-zehrâveyn ) gibi Farsça ve Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın Taḳvîmü’l-büldân , İbn Hallikân’ın Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân , Ebü’l-Velîd İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin Ravżü’l-menâẓır , İbnü’l-İbrî’nin Târîḫu muḫtaṣari’d-düvel ve İdrîsî’nin Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ ’ı gibi Arapça eserlerden geniş ölçüde faydalandığı görülür. Ancak kitaplar konusunda Kâtib Çelebi’nin Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’unu takip ettiği halde adından söz etmemesi dikkat çekicidir. A. Adnan Adıvar İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nin önsözünde bu kitabın, tercümesini verdikleri eserin “cedd-i a‘lâ”sı olduğunu ve eksikliklerine rağmen XIX. yüzyıla kadar herkes tarafından başvurulan bir ansiklopedi olarak kaldığını söyler.
Bibliothèque orientale , bir taraftan XVII. yüzyılda yaşamış bir Fransız’ın İslâm dünyasına onu görmeden yalnızca ulaşabildiği kaynaklar çerçevesinden bakışını yansıtması, bir taraftan da çeşitli baskıları ve Almanca tercümesiyle meydana getirdiği etki açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Müellife göre, krala yazdığı ithaf yazısında da ifade ettiği gibi, o dönemdeki İslâm âlemi dünyanın en güzel ve en geniş alanını oluşturmakta ve tarih onun mükemmelliğini anlatmaktadır. Önsözü kaleme alan Antoine Galland, modern dönemde yaygın hale gelen İslâm tarih yazarlığının dayandığı şablonu ana hatlarıyla verirken Doğu’yu anlamak için gerekli unsurların neler olduğunu açıklayarak müslümanları gerçekten tanıma ve tanıtmanın önemini ve gerekliliğini dile getirmektedir. Ona göre Doğu araştırmaları bazı eksikliklerine rağmen mutlaka yapılmalıdır; çünkü müslümanlarla dinleri hakkında tartışabilmek için bu bilgilere ihtiyaç vardır ve onların güçlü veya zayıf oldukları noktalar ancak bu şekilde öğrenilebilir. Kitapta dikkat çeken hususlardan biri, modern şarkiyatçılığın aksine müslüman müelliflerin eserlerinden bir şeyler öğrenme gayreti içinde bulunulmasıdır. Hıristiyan olmayan kişilerin yazdıklarını okumanın insanın kendi imanından vazgeçmesini gerektirmediğini vurgulayan Galland, büyük düşünür ve yazarların eserlerinden onların uzun gayretler sonunda elde ettikleri bilgileri zahmetsizce öğrenerek daha aydınlanmış bir hale gelineceğine işaret etmektedir. Bunun yanında o dönemde müslümanların barbar olduğuna dair yaygın bir propaganda yürütüldüğü, halbuki onların çeşitli ilim dallarında, edebiyat ve sanatta ulaştıkları büyük başarıların bulunduğu ve sınırlı da olsa bunların bir dökümünün yapılması gerektiği, böylece ön yargıların düzeltilmesine de imkân sağlanacağı belirtilmektedir. Önsözde özellikle Türkler üzerinde durularak bu hususta onlara büyük haksızlıklar yapıldığı belirtilmiş ve Türkler’in barbar olduğu hususunun ön yargılar arasında yer aldığı, halbuki onların bütün ilim ve sanatlarda çok önemli eserler verdikleri, sadece şiirlerinin dahi yüksek zevklerini ortaya koymak için yeterli bulunduğu vurgulanmıştır.
Kitabın telif ediliş amacı bir taraftan Doğu hakkında doğru bilgiler aktarmak, diğer taraftan müslümanların kaleme aldıkları eserleri okumak isteyenlerin ellerine alfabetik bir müracaat kitabı vererek onlara yardımcı olmaktır; çünkü Barthélemy d’Herbelot, kavramların orijinalleriyle eserini aynı zamanda bir kavramlar sözlüğü mahiyetinde hazırlamıştır. Bunu yaparken de Galland’ın büyük övgüyle söz ettiği Kâtib Çelebi’nin Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’unu örnek olarak almıştır.
Müellif, Hıristiyanlık açısından fazla önem taşımayan maddelerde genellikle İslâmî eserlerden konuyla ilgili kısımları aynen veya kısaltarak derlemiş, böylece mümkün olduğu kadar müslümanların fizikî ve mânevî dünyası hakkında okuyucuya doğru bilgi verme gayreti içinde bulunmuştur (meselâ bk. “Allah” md.). Buna karşılık Hıristiyanlık açısından hassas konularda, meselâ İslâmiyet’in din olma özelliği ve Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliği gibi hususlarda açıkça hıristiyanların bakış açısını vurgulayarak İslâmiyet’in din adını almış sapık bir mezhep, Hz. Peygamber’in de onun kurucusu olduğu görüşünü savunmuştur (II, 648). Bundan dolayı eserin bazı kısımları hıristiyanların müslümanlar ve İslâm karşısındaki polemiğine dönüşmüştür (meselâ bk. “Alcoran”, “Mohammed” md.leri). Müellif, birinci elden kaynaklarla sonrakiler arasında bir ayırım yapamadığı için ulaşabildiği eserleri bilinçsizce kullanmış, bunun sonucunda da bir dizi yanlış bilgi toplamıştır (Fück, s. 183). Ancak bu noktada eser, d’Herbelot’ya ulaşan kaynaklarda onun dikkatini nelerin çektiğini ve Avrupa düşünce tarihi içerisinde İslâm dünyasının ve müslümanların nasıl kavrandığını göstermesi açısından tarihî bir değer taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda İslâmiyet ve İslâm ülkelerinin aynı başlık altında incelenmesi, yani İslâm’ın sadece bir dini değil müslümanların yaşadığı coğrafyayı da ifade ediyor olması dikkat çekmektedir. Özellikle kendisinden sonra takipçileri tarafından kullanılan “İslâm’da …” diye başlayan cümlelerde İslâm dininden çok İslâm dünyasının veya İslâm ülkelerinin kastedildiği görülür. Yahudi düşünürlerinin İslâm felsefesi içerisinde ele alınması da bu bakış tarzının bir uzantısı olsa gerektir. Bu husus Batı’daki İslâm anlayışının önemli ipuçlarından biridir (krş. I, 656-658).
Eser, XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupalı aydınların İslâm dünyası hakkında bilgi edinmek için başvurdukları önemli bir kaynak olmuş, bu arada ilkinden sonra yapılan baskılarında birçok ilâve ile genişletilmiştir. Özellikle yapılan ekler arasında yer alan kıssalarla hikmetli sözler birçok mütefekkire ilham kaynağı olmuş ve belki de bu gibi sözleriyle tanınan bir dizi insanın ön plana çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Diğer taraftan eserler, kişiler ve kavramlar hakkında verilen bilgiler daha sonra yapılan şarkiyat çalışmalarına büyük kolaylıklar sağlamıştır.
D’Herbelot, Bibliothèque orientale ’den başka Latince açıklamalı bir Arapça-Farsça-Türkçe sözlükle Doğu yazmaları için bir antoloji hazırlamışsa da bu eserler basılmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
B. d’Herbelot, Bibliothèque orientale , La Haye 1777 → (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1995.
G. Pfannmüller, Handbuch der Islam-Literatur , Berlin-Leipzig 1923, s. 14, 15, 141, 150.
J. Fück, Die arabischen studien in Europa , Leipzig 1955, s. 98-100, 183.
Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1964, I, 159.
Ebü’l-Kāsım-ı Sehâb, Ferheng-i Ḫâverşinâsân , Tahran 1352, s. 179-180.
H. Laurens, Aux sources de l’orientalisme. La Bibliothèque orientale de Barthélemy d’Herbelot , Paris 1978.
E. Said, Oryantalizm (trc. Nezih Uzel), İstanbul 1982, s. 114-120.
Bedevî, Mevsûʿatü’l-müsteşriḳīn , s. 421-423.
D. Torābī, “Das Persien von Barthélemy d’Herbelot”, Spektrum Iran , VI/1, Bonn 1993, s. 3-17.
“Herbelot”, TA , XIX, 176.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 219-220 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.