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HESAP Skip to content Mükellef insanların dünyadaki inanç ve davranışlarından dolayı âhirette hesaba çekilmeleri anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “saymak, hesap etmek”, ayrıca mufâale babından olmak üzere “hesaba çekmek” mânasında masdar olan hesap (hisâb ) kelimesi “sayma, sayım” anlamında isim şeklinde de kullanılır. Terim olarak insanların hesaba çekilecekleri âhiret safhalarından birini ifade eder.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de terim niteliğinde olmak üzere hesap kavramı fiil ve ism-i fâil şeklinde geçtikten başka hesap kelimesi yer aldığı kırka yakın âyetin çoğunda yine terim anlamında kullanılmıştır. Bunların dördü yevmü’l-hisâb (hesap günü), biri yevme yekūmü’l-hisâb (hesabın kurulacağı gün) terkipleri içinde geçmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsb” md.). Kur’an terminolojisinde hesap, genellikle kötü davranışların dünyada (et-Talâk 65/8) ve özellikle âhiretteki yansımaları ve sahiplerinin cezalandırılması mânasına gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte iyi davranışların âhirette mükâfatlandırılması anlamı da vardır (krş. İbn Kuteybe, s. 513; İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 250-251). Kıyamet gününde insanların Allah tarafından hesaba çekileceğini haber veren âyetler genellikle hesap konusunun mânevî-ahlâkî olacağını ifade eder.
Yine Kur’an’da aynı konuyu dile getiren ve özellikle hak ile bâtılın ayırt edileceğini ifade eden bir kavram da fasl dır. İki âyette muzâri, bir âyette ism-i fâil sîgasıyla Allah’a nisbet edilen bu kavram altı âyette yevmü’l-fasl (ayırt etme günü) terkibi içinde yer almaktadır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fṣl” md.). Şûrâ sûresindeki (42/21) kelimetü’l-fasl ın da (nihaî hükmün ertelenme vaadi) aynı mânada kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in ilk sûresi olan Fâtiha’dan başlayarak on üç âyette tekrarlanan yevmü’d-dîn (ceza günü) tamlaması da hesap kavramını pekiştirmektedir. “Hükmetmek, bilgisi ve maharetiyle son hükmü vermek” anlamındaki hüküm (hükm ) kavramı da çeşitli fiil ve isim sîgalarıyla kırk iki âyette Allah’a izâfe edilmiştir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥkm” md.; ayrıca bk. HAKEM ).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de âhiretin vukuunu tasvir eden âyetler ilgili hadislerin de yardımıyla bir sıralamaya tâbi tutulduğu takdirde bir sual-kitap-mîzan-hesap tertibinin ortaya çıkabileceğini söylemek mümkündür. Buna göre önce peygamberler ilâhî tebliği ulaştırıp ulaştırmamaktan, bütün mükellefler de onu benimseyip benimsememekten sorguya çekilecek, ardından herkese kitabı (amel defteri) verilecek, kitapta kayıtlı iyilik ve kötülükler değerlendirilecek (mîzan), böylece mükellefin hesabı görülmüş olacaktır (el-A‘râf 7/6-9; el-İsrâ 17/13-14; ayrıca bk. KIYAMET ). Bununla beraber kıyametteki bu hesaplaşma işlemi uzun sürmeyecektir, çünkü “Allah hesabı çok süratli olandır” (el-Bakara 2/202).
Hesap kelimesi çeşitli hadislerde sözlük ve terim mânalarıyla zikredilmiş (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsb” md.), “Cibrîl hadisi” diye bilinen hadisin bazı rivayetlerinde Hz. Peygamber iman esasları içinde âhireti zikrettikten sonra hesabı ayrıca vurgulamış (Müsned , I, 27, 28; IV, 129, 164), diğer bir hadiste de akıllı kimsenin, kıyamette hesaba çekilmeden önce dünyada kendini hesaba çekmesini bilen ve davranışlarına ölümden sonrasını göz önünde bulundurarak yön veren kimse olduğunu bildirmiştir (Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-ḳıyâme”, 25). Dünyanın bir iş görme (amel), âhiretin ise karşılık bulma (ceza) yurdu olduğu şüphesizdir. Karşılık, yapılan işin türüne göre nimet veya azap şeklinde olacak, bunun da tesbiti hesap ilkesi çerçevesinde yapılacaktır. Kur’an’da yer alan hesap kavramına ve hadislerin açık ifadesine göre kıyamet gününde inceden inceye hesaba (nikāşü’l-hisâb, hisâbü’l-münâkaşa) çekilecek kimse hüsrana ve azaba mâruz kalacaktır (Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 35, “Riḳāḳ”, 49; Müslim, “Cennet”, 79, 80). Çünkü yaratana karşı kulluk görevini, yaratılmışlara karşı insanlık vazifesini hakkıyla yerine getirip bunun hesabını vermek imkânsız denecek kadar zordur. Bununla birlikte gönlü Allah’a bağlı olup genel yönelişi hak çizgisi üzerinde bulunan bir müminin yaşı ilerledikçe ruhen erginlik kazanıp Allah’a yaklaşacağı, elli ile yetmiş yaşları arasında kalbindeki ilâhî muhabbet ateşinin alevlenip Allah’ın da kendisini seveceği ve hesabını kolaylaştıracağı Enes b. Mâlik’ten rivayet edilen bir hadiste belirtilmiştir (Müsned , II, 89; III, 217-218). Bütün mükelleflerin hesabını görme yetkisi şüphesiz ki hesap gününün mâliki olan Allah’a aittir. Allah kulların hesabını çabuk görecektir. Ancak hadiste de belirtildiği üzere (Müslim, “Îmân”, 327) kıyamet gününde hesap öncesi bekleyiş (mevkıf) uzun sürecek ve insanlar bundan büyük bir ıstırap duyacaktır. Nihayet son peygamber Hz. Muhammed’in niyazı üzerine başlayacak olan hesaba ilkin onun ümmeti çağrılacaktır (Müsned , I, 282, 296; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 34). Birçok hadis rivayetinde Muhammed ümmetinden 70.000 kişinin hesaba tâbi tutulmadan cennete gireceği haber verilmiştir. Bu rivayetlerin bazılarında yer alan ve her 1000 kişi ile birlikte 1000 kişinin daha bulunacağı, hatta bunun da ilâvelerinin olacağı tarzındaki nakillere bakılırsa bu ifadelerin çokluktan kinaye olup gerçek sayının bilinmediği anlaşılır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsb” md.). Hesaba tâbi tutulmayacak veya hesabı hafif geçecek olan kişilerin başında Allah yolunda savaşıp şehid düşenler gelir (Müsned , V, 287). Buna karşılık zenginlerin çetin bir muhasebeden geçirileceği ifade edilir (a.g.e. , V, 259, 427). İslâm dininde namaz en çok tekrar edilen, bu sebeple de ifası sürekli azim ve irade isteyen, dinî hayatın en belirgin göstergesi konumunda bulunan bir ibadet niteliği taşıdığı için olmalıdır ki imandan sonra en değerli amellerden kabul edilmiş (Müslim, “Îmân”, 140) ve kıyamet gününde hesabın namazdan başlayacağı haber verilmiştir (Müsned , II, 290, 475; Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 188; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 145).
“İçinizdeki duygu ve düşünceleri açıklasanız da gizleseniz de Allah bundan dolayı sizi hesaba çekecektir. Sonra dilediğini affedecek, dilediğini de cezalandıracaktır” (el-Bakara 2/284) meâlindeki âyet ashap döneminden itibaren âlimleri düşündürmüştür. Müfessir Taberî’nin konuyla ilgili olarak naklettiği dört görüşün ilkine göre bu ilâhî beyan şahitlikle ilgilidir. Zira bir önceki âyette anlatıldığı gibi bir konuda bilgisi ve görgüsü bulunan kişinin bunu gizlemesi kalbinin günahkâr olmasına sebep teşkil eder. Birçok taraftarı bulunan ikinci telakkiye göre âyetin hükmü şahitliğe münhasır olmayıp umumidir; fakat aynı sûrenin son âyetinde yer alan, “Allah her kişiyi ancak gücünün yettiğiyle mükellef kılar” (2/286) beyanıyla hükmü kaldırılmıştır. Üçüncü telakkiye göre, samimi müminlerin zihninde ve gönlünde sürekli olarak bulunan fakat eylem haline gelmeyen, ayrıca küfür ve nifak dışında kalan duygu ve düşünceler de kıyamet gününde hesaba tâbi tutulacaktır. Ancak bu hesaba çekme işi, çeşitli hadis rivayetlerinde belirtildiği üzere bizzat Allah tarafından gizli olarak yürütülecek ve kul tarafından itiraf edildikten sonra affa mazhar olacaktır. Küfür, nifak ve dinin temel hükümleri hakkında beslenen sürekli şüphe af kapsamına girmediği gibi böyle bir ilâhî lutuftan kâfirlerin faydalanması da söz konusu değildir. Bu âyet hakkında öne sürülen dördüncü anlayışa göre ise ilâhî beyanda yer alan hesaba çekilme hükmü mensuh olmayıp geçerlidir. Ancak özellikle Hz. Âişe’den gelen ve Resûlullah’a nisbet edilen rivayete göre hesaba çekme işi dünyada gerçekleşmektedir. Şöyle ki, bu tür duygu ve düşüncelere sahip bulunan müminlerin dünyada hissedecekleri vicdan azabı, pişmanlık, karşılaşacakları maddî ve mânevî sıkıntılar onların muhasebesini sağlayacak ve fiil haline gelmeyen günah işleme duygusunun doğurduğu günaha kefâret olacaktır. Taberî bu dört görüşü sıraladıktan sonra âyette nesih olmadığını, Allah’ın müminleri niyetlerinde sakladıkları günahlardan dolayı da hesaba çekeceğini söyler. Ancak bu niyetler fiil haline dönüşmediğinden cezaya konu teşkil etmeyecek ve yukarıda üçüncü şıkta anlatıldığı üzere affa mazhar olacaktır (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , III, 94-100).
Âhiret hallerinden biri olarak naslarda açıkça yer alan hesabın, fiil haline gelip amel niteliği taşımayan duygu ve düşünceleri de kapsadığı Bakara sûresindeki âyetle (2/284) sabittir. Bu hükmün neshedilmiş olduğu iddiası isabetli görünmemektedir. Zira bu husus neshin söz konusu olamayacağı akaid esaslarındandır. Aynı âyetin devamında, Allah’ın böylelerinden dilediğini affedip dilediğini cezalandıracağını beyan eden kısım da nesih ihtimalini ortadan kaldırmaktadır. İnsanın zihninde bulunan şey eğer hukuku ilgilendiren bir bilgi ise bunun gizlenmesi günahtır ve cezayı gerektiricidir. Bu nitelikte olmayan duygu ve düşünceler, yukarıda üçüncü ve dördüncü şıklarda anlatılan şekillerden biri statüsünde affa mazhar olabilecektir. Nitekim Fahreddin er-Râzî ile Kurtubî’nin de kanaatleri bu çerçevededir (bk. bibl.).
Bazı Şiî ve Mu‘tezilî kelâmcıları dışında hemen hemen bütün İslâm âlimleri, âhiret hallerinden biri olan hesabın gerçekleşeceğine iman etmenin her müslümana farz olduğu görüşünü benimsemişlerdir. Zira hesap kitap, sünnet ve icmâ ile sabit olduğu gibi aklen de mümkün hatta gereklidir. Bununla birlikte hesabın keyfiyeti, süresi ve kimleri kapsadığı hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. İlk dönem âlimleri, bazı hadis rivayetlerinin zâhirine bakarak (İbn Kesîr, II, 113-117) hesabın hayvanları da kapsayacağını söylerken müteahhir dönem âlimleri hesabın mükellef tutulan yaratıklarla sınırlı olduğu görüşündedir. Dirilişten sonra mahşerde bekleme, amel defterinin verilmesi, sorguya çekilme, her kula ait organların, amellerin işlendiği mekânların ve meleklerin şahitlikte bulunması ile amellerin tartılıp sonucunun belirlenmesi safhalarından oluştuğu kabul edilen geniş anlamıyla hesap Kurtubî, Âlûsî, M. Reşîd Rızâ gibi âlimlere göre bütün mükellefler için aynı anda gerçekleşecek ve bizzat Allah tarafından yürütülecektir. Zira Allah’ın bir kulunu hesaba çekmesi aynı zamanda başkalarının hesabını görmesine engel teşkil etmez. Bu görüşü savunanlara göre hesap, göz açıp kapayıncaya kadar veya yarım günden az bir sürede tamamlanır. Bir grup âlime göre Allah kâfirleri değil sadece müminleri hesaba çekecektir. Başka bir gruba göre ise her mükellefi Allah adına bir melek hesaba çeker. Çünkü hesabı bizzat Allah yürütecek olsaydı kâfirlerle de konuşması gerekirdi, halbuki bu husus Kur’an’da yer alan bilgilere aykırıdır (bk. el-Bakara 2/174; Âl-i İmrân 3/77).
Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye hesabı iki kısma ayırır. Birincisi, kullara ait bütün amellerin tesbit edildiği sayfaların sahiplerine verilmesi şeklinde olup mümin-kâfir herkes için söz konusudur. İkincisi, ağır gelen tarafı belirlemek üzere iyilik ve kötülüklerin tartılması anlamında kullanılan hesaptır. Kâfirlerin kötülükleri iyiliklerini boşa çıkardığından (bk. İHBÂT ) cennetlik veya cehennemlik olduklarını tesbit etmek amacıyla onlar hakkında bu tür bir hesap söz konusu değildir. Bununla birlikte kötülüklerinin sınırını tayin edip buna göre cezalandırılmaları için ikinci tür bir hesaba çekilebileceklerini söylemek mümkündür (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , IV, 305-306).
İslâm filozofları, insanların organlarıyla gerçekleştirdikleri fiillerin iyi veya kötü oluşuna göre ruhları üzerinde etkiler yaptığını, bunların da âhirette herkesçe farkedilebileceğini öne sürerek hesap esnasında organların dile gelmesinin bundan başka bir anlam taşımadığını ileri sürmüşlerdir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XIII, 20; XVIII, 19).
Şehâbeddin Mahmûd el-Âlûsî’nin de belirttiği gibi (Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , VII, 178) dünyadan farklı bir âlemde gerçekleşecek olan hesabın mahiyetini akıl yürütmek suretiyle belirlemek mümkün değildir. Bu hususta en isabetli yol nasların bildirdiğini kabul etmekten ibarettir. Âdil olan Allah’ın kullarına asla zulmetmeyeceği gerekçesiyle hesabın gereksizliğini öne sürenlerin aklî dayanakları bulunmadığı gibi bu iddiayı hesabın vuku bulacağını açıkça bildiren naslarla bağdaştırmak da mümkün değildir. Hesapta, bütün kulları sorguya çekip yaptıklarını onlara ikrar ettirmek, peygamberleri, melekleri ve diğer bazı varlıkları şahit tutarak ileri sürülebilecek mazeretleri ortadan kaldırmak, Allah’ın iyi kullarına karşı lutufkârlığını gösterip affediciliğini fiilen ispat etmek, cezalandırdığı kullarına karşı ise âdil davrandığını ortaya koymak, bu vesile ile itaat eden kullarını aziz kılıp isyankârları zelil kılmak, böylece yaratıkları bekleyen âkıbete dikkat çekerek dünyada yararlı işler yapmaya teşvik edip kötülükten sakındırmak gibi hikmetlerin bulunduğu unutulmamalıdır. Hesabın alenî bir şekilde yapılmasında, tartışmacı bir karaktere sahip bulunan (el-Kehf 18/54) insana dünyada işlediği amelleri açıkça gösterip onun itirazda bulunmasına imkân vermemek, ayrıca göreceği ceza veya mükâfatta herhangi bir haksızlığa uğratılmayacağını, dünyadakinin aksine âhiretteki muhasebede hiçbir ihmalin söz konusu olmayacağını, hiçbir tesir altında kalınmayacağını ortaya koymak gibi başka hikmetler de düşünülebilir (M. Ahmed Abdülkādir, s. 42-43).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥsb”, “fṣl” md.leri.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḥsb” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsb” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥsb”, “ḥkm”, “fṣl” md.leri.
Müsned , I, 27, 28, 282, 296; II, 89, 290, 328, 441, 475; III, 217-218; IV, 65, 129, 164, 366; V, 259, 287, 427; VI, 48.
Buhârî, “Riḳāḳ”, 4, 49, “ʿİlim”, 35.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 140, 327, “Cennet”, 79, 80.
Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 188, “Ṣıfatü’l-ḳıyâme”, 25.
İbn Kuteybe, Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Seyyid Ahmed Sakr), Kahire 1393/1973, s. 513.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , III, 94-100.
İbn Mende, Kitâbü’l-Îmân (nşr. Ali b. Muhammed el-Fakīhî), Beyrut 1406/1985, II, 978.
Beyhakī, el-İʿtiḳād (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf), Beyrut 1985, s. 139.
Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn (nşr. H. Peter Linss), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 161.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 250-251.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , VII, 135-137; XIII, 20; XVIII, 18-19; XXXII, 60.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , III, 272-273.
a.mlf., et-Teẕkire fî aḥvâli’l-mevtâ ve umûri’l-âḫire , Beyrut 1985, s. 267-338.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , IV, 305-306; VI, 487.
İbn Kesîr, en-Nihâye (Zeynî) , II, 109, 113-117, 120-122, 147.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 164.
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , İstanbul 1239, II, 592.
Süyûtî, el-Budûrü’s-sâfire (nşr. Ebû Muhammed el-Mısrî), Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 261-290.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , VII, 178.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , II, 240; III, 142; VII, 438, 487.
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Muvazzah İlm-i Kelâm , İstanbul 1339-42, s. 347.
Müctebâ Mûsevî el-Lârî, Uṣûlü’l-ʿaḳāʾid fi’l-İslâm (trc. M. Abdülmün‘im el-Hâkānî), Kum 1403, III, 160.
M. Ahmed Abdülkādir, ʿAḳīdetü’l-baʿs̱ ve’l-âḫire fi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , İskenderiye 1986, s. 42-43.
Hasan Hâlid, el-İslâm ve rüʾyetühû fîmâ baʿde’l-ḥayât , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 286-299.
L. Gardet, “Ḥisāb”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 465-466.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 240-242 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.