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HEYÛLÂ Skip to content Âlemin ilk maddesi anlamında felsefe ve kelâm terimi.
1/2 Müellif: OSMAN KARADENİZ Bölüme Git
Modern Batı dillerinde hyle, hylé şeklinde yazılan Grekçe üle kelimesinden Arapça’ya giren heyûlâ, Aristo felsefesinin İslâm dünyasına geçmesinden son…
2/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
KELÂM. Heyûlâ, kelâm ilminde âlemin yaratılışına ilişkin tartışmalara konu olan bir terimdir. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’den itibaren son döneme kadar öne…
Modern Batı dillerinde hyle , hylé şeklinde yazılan Grekçe üle kelimesinden Arapça’ya giren heyûlâ , Aristo felsefesinin İslâm dünyasına geçmesinden sonra bu felsefedeki terim anlamıyla İslâm düşüncesi alanında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kelime Grekçe’de önceleri “orman, ağaç, bunlardan çıkarılan ham madde” yahut “ağaç yapı malzemeleri” mânasına gelirken daha sonra “canlı cisimlerin maddî yapısı, bileşimi” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Ancak felsefede kazandığı yaygın terim anlamını Aristo’nun ünlü “madde-sûret” (hylomorphism) teorisine borçludur.
Aristo, her tabii cismi meydana getiren iki ilkeden biri olan heyûlâyı “tamamen belirsiz, cisme ârız olan değişmeyi kabul edici kuvve halinde bir cevher” şeklinde tarif etmiştir. Bu cevherin tek başına fiilî varlığı yoktur. Zira fiilî var oluşu sûret temsil eder ve esasen tabii varlık maddede gerçekleşen sûrettir. Madde ise sırf kuvvedir; varlığı da bilkuvvedir, sûretle birleşmeksizin fiilen gerçekleşemez. Bir varlıkta madde (heyûlâ) ne nisbette bulunuyorsa o varlık o nisbette kuvve halindedir. Bu, insan aklının varlığı için dahi söz konusudur. Aristo felsefesinde madde ayrıca sebepliliğin de bir parçasıdır (bk. DETERMİNİZM ). Belirsizliğin ilkesi olan madde, belirliliğin ilkesi olan sûreti alma kabiliyet veya kuvvetinde olduğundan oluş sürecinde değişmenin imkânı anlamında bir sebep teşkil etmekte ve buna maddî (heyûlânî) sebep denilmektedir. Madde, özü itibariyle daima küllî olan sûrete cisim planında ferdiyet kazandırdığı için aynı zamanda tabii âlemde ferdîleşmenin de ilkesidir (Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 129-143; Kaya, s. 212-215; EBr. , XI, 983-984).
Aristocu ve Yeni Eflâtuncu anlamıyla heyûlâ, İslâm felsefe geleneğinde Kindî’den itibaren önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Kindî’nin tarifine göre heyûlâ “sûretleri taşıyan, edilgin, cevherî güç”tür. Kindî bu kavrama özellikle duyulur (mahsûs) âlemi temellendirirken başvurur. Bir varlığı cismanî ve duyulur kılan onun heyûlâsıdır. Metafizik âlem ise duyularla algılanmayan, dolayısıyla heyûlâsı olmayan varlıklar alanıdır. Bu varlıklar metafizik ilminin konusudur ve akılla bilinir (Resâʾil , s. 107-108, 166). Fârâbî de terimin Aristocu muhtevasını tekrar eder. Ona göre heyûlâ sûretleri kabul etme istidadıdır, bilfiil var olmak için sûrete muhtaçtır. Tabii sûretler de heyûlâdan bağımsız var olamaz. Ancak biri diğerinin varlık sebebi değildir; heyûlâ ve sûret bir arada bulunan ayrı ayrı sebeplerdir. Heyûlâ sûreti kabul edip cismanî cevher haline gelince sıcaklık, soğukluk, kuruluk ve yaşlık gibi tabii keyfiyetleri kabul eder ve ilk merhalede “ustukussât” denilen dört basit unsuru kendisinde gerçekleştirir. Sonra bunlardan madenler, bitkiler ve hayvanlar meydana gelir (Fârâbî, ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil , s. 70; a.mlf., el-Mesâʾilü’l-müteferriḳa , s. 108; a.mlf., et-Taʿlîḳāt , s. 8, 16).
İhvân-ı Safâ, heyûlâyı kısaca “sûretleri kabul eden her bir cevher” şeklinde tanımlamıştır. Onlara göre dört çeşit heyûlâ vardır: “Yapı malzemesi” anlamında heyûla’s-sınâa , dört unsuru ifade eden heyûla’t-tabîa , âlemin mutlak maddesi olan “mutlak cisim” anlamında heyûla’l-küll , “duyularla algılanmayan, akılla kavranabilen basit cevher” demek olan heyûla’l-ûlâ (Latinler’in “materia prima” dedikleri ilk madde). İlk heyûlâ ancak sûret alınca cisimleşmekte ve algılanabilmektedir. Varlık mertebeleri içinde alttaki üsttekinin heyûlâsıdır. Dolayısıyla bir şey hem heyûlâ hem sûret olabilir ve bu ilk heyûlâ kavramına ulaşıncaya kadar devam eder. İlk heyûlâ nicelik ve nitelikten yoksundur; o basit bir cevherdir; tabii bir düzene göre bütün tabii sûretleri alabilir ve farklı cisimler böylece oluşur. Aristo’da heyûlâ ferdîleşme ilkesidir; İhvân-ı Safâ’ya göre ise aksine bu farklılığın sebebi heyûlâ değil sûrettir; farklı sûretleri almasına rağmen heyûlâ değişmeden kalır. İhvân-ı Safâ, heyûlâ hakkında düşünce tarihindeki farklı görüşleri de etraflıca ele almış olup başlıcaları şunlardır: a) Heyûlâ farklı niteliklerdeki atomlardan oluşur. Bunlar birleşip çeşitli mürekkep cisimleri meydana getirir. Bu tanımlama Eflâtuncu fikirleri hatırlatmaktadır. b) Heyûlâ mütecânis yapıda atomlardan oluşur. Farklı şekillerde birleşmeleri halinde arazlar ortaya çıkar. Bu da Demokritosçu atom anlayışıyla uygunluk arzetmektedir. c) Heyûlâ basit, ruhanî bir cevherdir ve bütün niteliklerden bağımsızdır. Bu görüş Aristocu ilk madde kavramını hatırlatmaktadır. İhvân-ı Safâ daha sonra heyûlânın ezelî mi, yaratılmış mı olduğunu tartışan görüşleri ele alır ve ikinci görüşü benimser (Resâʾil , II, 5-8; III, 468-473).
İslâm dünyasında heyûlâ kavramına merkezî bir önem atfetmekle birlikte Aristocu madde kavramını kabul etmeyen Ebû Bekir er-Râzî bu tartışmalar arasında çok farklı bir yere sahiptir. Ona göre heyûlâ âlemin yaratılışını mümkün kılan beş ezelî ilkeden biridir (diğerleri tanrı, nefis, mutlak zaman [dehr] ve mutlak mekândır [halâ, boşluk]). Heyûlâ atomlardan başka bir şey değildir. Bu atomlar boyutludur. Eğer öyle olmasalardı birleşerek boyutlu bir birim oluşturamazlardı. Heyûlâ, ezelî bir ilke olarak hâdis olan cisimlerin varlık şartıdır. Cisimlerin ağır veya hafif, karanlık ya da aydınlık oluşu, boşluğun heyûlâyı oluşturan atomlar arasına ne ölçüde nüfuz ettiğiyle ilgilidir (er-Resâʾilü’l-felsefiyye , s. 195-197, 217-227).
İbn Sînâ, cisimleri oluşturan cevherleri inceleyerek maddenin varlığını kanıtlamaya çalışmıştır. Buna göre cismin mahiyeti onun uzunluk, genişlik ve derinlik denilen üç boyuta sahip oluşudur. Üç boyutluluk her cisim için fiilî gerçeklik arzeden bir sûrettir. Dolayısıyla cisimde, değişken olabilen geometrik şekil yahut niteliklerin ötesinde onun tanımlanmasını mümkün kılan cevher sûrettir. Ancak filozofa göre cismin sûretten ibaret olmadığı da ortadadır. Çünkü süreklilik, bütünlük yahut birleşiklik (ittisâl) kadar süreksizlik, bölünebilirlik ve ayrışabilirlik de (infisâl) cisme ait olgulardır. Bu olguların sûret cevherinden gelmediğini kanıtlarıyla gösteren İbn Sînâ, hem ittisâle hem de infisâle kuvve halinde kabiliyetli olan başka bir cevherin bulunması gerektiğini, bunun da sûretle birleşerek cismi oluşturan madde olduğunu belirtir. Sûret bu maddede bir kısmıyla değil bütünüyle kāimdir; aynı şekilde madde de sûretten bağımsız bir varlığa sahip değildir. O yer kaplamayan, konumu (vaz‘) bulunmayan, duyularla algılanamayan aklî bir cevherdir; fiilî varlığı ancak cismanî sûretle birleşerek, başka bir deyişle cismi oluşturarak kazanır (en-Necât , s. 202-205; ʿUyûnü’l-ḥikme , s. 48).
Aristocu felsefeye bağlılığıyla tanınan İbn Rüşd’e göre heyûlâ varlığın meydana gelmesini sağlayan ezelî bir ilkedir. Varlık fiil halini belirlediğine göre ondan önce bir kuvve ve bir imkân halinin bulunması gerekir; işte bu ezelî imkâna filozof heyûlâ demekte, heyûlâyı oluş ve bozuluşun sebebi veya temeli saymaktadır. Sûretle birleşerek meydana getirdiği cismin oluş ve bozuluşa uğramasına sebep olan heyûlâ esasen sûretten (varlıktan) ayrılamaz. Bir şey oluşup bozuluyorsa heyûlâsı var demektir. Aksini düşünmek, o şeyin birleşik değil basit olduğunu ileri sürmek anlamına geleceğinden saçmadır (Tehâfütü’t-Tehâfüt , I, 197-198, 244, 355).
Burada şu hususu önemle belirtmek gerekir ki düşünce tarihi boyunca heyûlâyı ezelî bir ilke olarak kabul eden hiçbir filozof onu Tanrı’ya eş tutmuş veya O’nunla kıyaslamış değildir. Özellikle İslâm Meşşâîleri’ne göre heyûlâ ezelî bir imkândan ibarettir; bu durumda imkânın ezelî olması ezelînin mümkin olmasını gerektirmez. İnsan, herhangi bir eylem ve olayda kuvve ve imkân halinin fiil durumundan önce geldiğini bilir. İşte âlemin de bilfiil varlık sahnesine çıkmadan önce bir imkân halinden söz etmek gerekir. Kelâmcıların adem (yokluk) dedikleri bu durumu filozoflar “heyûlâ”, “kuvve” ve “imkân” terimleriyle ifade etmekte, âlemi yaratan ilâhî irade ve kudretin yöneldiği bir ezelî imkânın varlığını kabul etmenin, onun mutlak yokluktan (adem-i mahz) meydana geldiğini savunmaktan daha mâkul olduğunu söylemektedirler.
Ünlü mutasavvıf Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’de ve onun ekolünde de heyûlâ kavramı önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. İbnü’l-Arabî’nin çeşitli eserlerinde ‘teayyün’ etmiş yani belirli bir mevcudiyet kazanmış cisim yanında teayyün etmemiş, ilk madde yahut sûretlerin mahalli olan karanlık cevher anlamında “hebâ” terimi kullanılmakta ve bu kavramın felsefî terminolojideki karşılığının heyûlâ olduğu belirtilmektedir (bk. HEBÂ ). Yine İbnü’l-Arabî’nin “tabiat ve âlemin cevheri” anlamında kullandığı “en-nefesü’r-rahmânî” tabiriyle “heyûlânî cevher” arasında paralellikler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , s. 1064, 1095-1097; krş. Kâşânî, s. 45-46).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “heyûlâ” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1534-1536.
Aristoteles, Metafizik (trc. Ahmet Arslan), İzmir 1985, s. 93.
Kindî, Resâʾil , s. 107-108, 166.
Fârâbî, ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil (nşr. Ahmed Nâcî el-Cemâlî, el-Mecmûʿ içinde), Kahire 1325/1907, s. 70.
a.mlf., el-Mesâʾilü’l-müteferriḳa (a.e. içinde), s. 108.
a.mlf., et-Taʿlîḳāt , Haydarâbâd 1346, s. 8, 16.
İbn Sînâ, en-Necât (nşr. Muhyiddin Sabrî el-Kürdî), Kahire 1357/1938, s. 202-205.
a.mlf., ʿUyûnü’l-ḥikme (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî), Beyrut 1980, s. 48.
İhvân-ı Safâ, er-Resâʾil , Beyrut 1376-77/1957, II, 5-8; III, 468-473.
İbn Rüşd, Tehâfütü’t-Tehâfüt (nşr. Süleyman Dünyâ), Kahire 1980, I, 197-198, 244, 355.
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, er-Resâʾilü’l-felsefiyye (nşr. P. Kraus), Kahire 1939 → Beyrut 1982, s. 195-197, 217-227.
Kâşânî, Iṣṭılâḥâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , s. 45-46.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Arisṭû ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1980, s. 129-143.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 1064, 1095-1097.
Cemîl Salîba, el-Muʿcemü’l-felsefî , Beyrut 1982, II, 536-537.
Mahmut Kaya, İslam Kaynakları Işığında Aristoteles ve Felsefesi , İstanbul 1983, s. 212-215.
“Hylomorphism”, EBr. , XI, 983-984.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 294-295 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
KELÂM. Heyûlâ, kelâm ilminde âlemin yaratılışına ilişkin tartışmalara konu olan bir terimdir. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’den itibaren son döneme kadar önemli kelâm kaynaklarında heyûlânın tanımı, türleri ve tenkidine dair açıklamalar yer alır. Mâtürîdî’ye göre heyûlâ, başta Aristo olmak üzere bazı filozoflarca âlemin kendisinden yaratıldığı (tînetü’l-âlem) kabul edilen ve varlığının başlangıcı bulunmadığı (kıdemü’t-tîne) düşünülen ilk veya aslî maddedir. Mâtürîdî, Aristo’nun heyûlâ kavramına yüklediği anlamları da özetler (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 147). Mâtürîdî ekolüne bağlı âlimlerden Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî de heyûlânın ittihad halinde bulunan bir ilk madde olduğunu söyleyerek benzer bilgiler verir. Nesefî’ye göre “ashâbü’l-heyûlâ”dan bir grup, heyûlâda arazların ortaya çıkışını yaratıcı bir varlığın tesirine değil sadece heyûlâya bağlar; çünkü yaratıcı bir varlık yoktur; yalnız ezelî olan heyûlâ, yani âlemin aslını oluşturan belirsiz madde vardır; madde mutlak yokluktan değil var olan başka bir maddeden meydana gelebilir. Başka bir gruba göre ise yaratıcı bir varlık heyûlâda arazları meydana getirmek suretiyle âlemi yaratmıştır (Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 59, 76-77). Aynı ekolün müteahhir dönem âlimlerinden Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, heyûlâ ve sûret nazariyesinin filozoflara ait tabiat felsefesinin ana unsurunu teşkil ettiğini, kelâmcıların ise âlemin ezelîliği fikrine götüren bu görüşü reddederek onun yerine âlemin hâdis olduğunu kanıtlamaya daha elverişli gördükleri atomcu nazariyeyi benimsediklerini, Ebû Hanîfe’nin de akaide dair risâlelerinde buna işaret ettiğini kaydeder (İşârâtü’l-merâm , s. 97-98).
Eş‘ariyye âlimleri eserlerinde heyûlâ hakkında kapsamlı ve sistemli bilgiler vermişlerdir. Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî heyûlâyı “arazları (sûretleri) bulunmayan ve ezelî olan ilk maddî cevher” diye tanımlar, bu görüşü benimseyenleri de Dehriyye içinde bir grup olarak kabul eder (Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 55, 57). Gazzâlî, filozofların heyûlâ telakkisini “âlemin yaratılmasından önce sadece bir imkândan ibaret bulunan aslî unsur” olarak özetler (Tehâfütü’l-felâsife , s. 76). Heyûlâya dair ayrıntılı bilgi veren Şehristânî’ye göre filozofların heyûlâya ilişkin görüşlerini iki noktada toplamak mümkündür. 1. Heyûlâ Allah, akıl ve nefsin yer aldığı ezelî ilkelerden biridir. Ezelde bütün sûretlerden soyutlanmış bulunan ve sadece sûret kabul etme istidadından ibaret olan heyûlâ, ilk sûretin meydana gelmesiyle üç boyutlu birleşik bir cisme dönüşerek bilfiil var olmuştur. Bilfiil var olan bu ikinci heyûlâda sıcaklık, soğukluk, yaşlık ve kuruluk keyfiyetlerinin gerçekleşmesiyle ateş, su, hava ve toprak meydana gelir ki bunlar üçüncü heyûlâyı teşkil eder. Son olarak bunlardan da arazları taşıyan birleşik varlıklar doğar ve böylece maddenin bir kısmı diğerinin heyûlâsını oluşturur. 2. Heyûlâ aklî bir cevher olup sûretlerden soyutlanmış maddî bir cevherin fiilî varlığından söz edilemez. Zihnin dışında keyfiyetler ve sûretlerden yoksun bulunan mutlak bir cevher yoktur. Çünkü heyûlânın belirli bir birleşme ve ayrılmadan soyutlanması mümkünse de küllî mânadaki birleşme ve ayrılmadan soyutlandığını söylemek delilsiz bir iddiadan ibarettir. Bu da heyûlânın fiilen sûretlerden soyutlanamayacağını gösterir (Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm , s. 163-165). Şehristânî Aristo’nun heyûlâya ilişkin görüşlerini de nakletmiş ve onu cisimlerin kaynağını teşkil eden bir unsur olarak kabul ettiğini belirtmiştir (el-Milel , II, 126).
Fahreddin er-Râzî, bütün düşünürlerinin her cismin aslını oluşturan heyûlânın varlığını kabul ettiklerini, ancak mahiyeti konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürdüklerini söyler. Râzî’ye göre kelâmcılar, heyûlânın Allah’ın yarattığı cevherlerden ibaret olduğunu savunurken bazı düşünürler uzay boşluğunda tek tek bulunan atomların birleşerek cisimleri oluşturduğu, bazı düşünürler ise atomların birleşik bir durumda iken Allah tarafından parçalanarak farklı özellikler taşıyan cisimler haline getirildiği görüşündedir. Kur’an’da bu görüşü çağrıştıran bilgiler mevcuttur (el-Enbiyâ 21/30). Tevrat’ta da benzer ifadeler yer alır (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , VI, 199-200). Müteahhir devir kelâmcılarından Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, heyûlânın felsefe geleneğinde kazandığı anlamları dikkate alarak onu şöyle tanımlamıştır: “Heyûlâ, cismin mâruz kaldığı birleşme ve ayrılmayı kabul eden, cismanî ve küllî (türe ait) sûretlere mahal teşkil eden cevherdir” (et-Taʿrîfât , “heyûlâ” md., Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , s. 149).
Selefiyye’nin müteahhir devir âlimlerinden Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, filozofların heyûlâyı maddenin iki cevherinden biri (diğeri sûret) olarak gördüklerini ve ona “sûretleri kabul eden mahal” anlamı verdiklerini, bunun da isabetli bir tanımlama olduğunu kaydeder. Ona göre Eflâtun ve taraftarları küllî maddenin sûretlerden soyutlanmış şekline heyûlâ demişler, Aristo ise bunu reddetmiştir (Derʾü teʿâruż , VII, 233-234).
Mu‘tezile kaynaklarında heyûlâ hakkında bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî, Mu‘tezile’nin adem ve ma‘dûm konusundaki görüşlerinin heyûlâ ile aynı şey olduğunu, hatta dinî açıdan daha çok sakıncalar taşıdığını söyler. Zira Mu‘tezile âlimlerinden bazıları, ma‘dûmun yokluk halinde bile cevher olarak var olduğu ve varlıkların mutlak yokluktan yaratılamayacağı görüşünü ileri sürmüştür (Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 74-77). Nesefî’nin bu kanaatini Şehristânî de benimseyip Mu‘tezile için benzer ifadeler kullanmıştır (Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm , s. 169).
Heyûlâya dair bilgileri Aristo ile İslâm filozoflarının yanı sıra daha başka filozofların eserlerinden aslına uygun bir şekilde nakleden kelâm âlimleri (Mâtürîdî, s. 147; Şehristânî, el-Milel , II, 126), belirsiz veya sûretleri kabul eden kuvve halinde bir cevher yahut imkân bile olsa, Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatlarından başka ezelî hiçbir varlığın bulunmadığı gerekçesiyle bu teoriye dayanan bütün felsefî görüşleri reddetmişlerdir. Kelâmcılarla Selef âlimlerinin kanaatine göre heyûlâ nazariyesi akliyyâta değil taklîdiyyâta dayanmaktadır (İbn Teymiyye, V, 136); kesin aklî delillerden yoksun olup zandan, hatta hayâlî birtakım spekülasyonlardan ibarettir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, VI, 214), ayrıca İslâm akaidine de aykırıdır. Çünkü onlara göre kâinat imkân halindeki bir cevherden değil mutlak yokluktan (lâ min şey, lâ an şey) yaratılmıştır (Mâtürîdî, s. 142). Bununla uyuşan yaratılış felsefesi atomcu nazariyedir. Allah kâinatı atomlardan (cevher-i ferd, cüz lâ yetecezzâ) yaratmış, birkaç atomu birleştirerek ve onlarda değişik arazlar (nitelikler) yaratarak cisimleri meydana getirmiştir (İbn Fûrek, s. 58, 91, 253-254). Selef âlimleri ise hem atomcu nazariyeyi hem de heyûlâ teorisini reddetmişlerdir. Ancak İbn Teymiyye Allah’ın önce heyûlâyı, daha sonra ondan yeri ve gökleri yarattığı görüşündedir. Yani ona göre heyûlâ ezelî değil yaratılmıştır, kâinatın aslını teşkil eden heyûlâ bir tür buhardır. Zira Kur’an’da, gökler ve yer birleşik bir halde iken Allah’ın onları ayırdığı ve göklerin bir duman (buhar) halinde olduğu bildirilmiştir (el-Enbiyâ 21/30; Fussılet 41/11). Yaratılmış bir heyûlâ nazariyesi bu bilgilerle örtüşür (Derʾü teʿâruż , I, 123-125; VIII, 287-290). Kelâmcılarla Selef âlimlerinin heyûlâ nazariyesine dair eleştirilerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: 1. Kâinatın aslını teşkil eden ezelî bir heyûlânın varlığını kabul etmek Allah’ın varlığını kanıtlamayı güçleştirir. Zira Allah kavramı kâinatı yoktan yaratan bir varlığı ifade eder; söz konusu teorideki ezelî ve kâinatın kendisinden oluştuğu heyûlâ ise yaratıcı varlık yerine geçer (Mâtürîdî, s. 13, 147; Gazzâlî, s. 141; Şehristânî, Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm , s. 10-11). Bundan dolayı Mâtürîdî, “Bizim Allah dediğimize onlar heyûlâ adını vermişlerdir” der (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 13, 148). 2. Tanımı gereği kadim başkasına bağlı olmaz, tesir altında kalmaz ve değişikliğe uğramaz. Şu halde heyûlâyı hem kadim kabul etmek hem de onun değişikliğe uğradığını söylemek çelişkilidir (Mâtürîdî, s. 13; Nesefî, I, 72-77; İbn Teymiyye, I, 122-123; III, 69-70; VIII, 346). 3. “Her mahlûk mutlaka bir asıldan (mevcuttan) yaratılır, her hâdisin ihdas edildiği bir aslî kaynağa ihtiyacı vardır, zira duyular âleminde hâkim olan mekanizma budur, bunun aksini iddia etmek mâkul değildir” denilmek suretiyle kuvve halinde var olan bir heyûlânın bulunması gerektiğini ileri sürmek tutarlı olamaz. Çünkü bu takdirde varlık alanı sadece duyularla algılanabilen madde âlemine indirgenmiş olur. Meselâ bilgiler duyularla algılanmaz. Bundan başka kâinatın nasıl yaratıldığı müşahede edilmediğinden onun “lâ şey”den değil “şey”den yaratıldığını iddia etmek için tahminlerin ve spekülasyonların ötesinde yeterli bir kanıt yoktur. Ayrıca duyular âleminde her hâdisin aslî bir kaynaktan meydana geldiği iddiası da doğru değildir; nitekim cevherlerde bulunan arazların yokluktan ortaya çıktığı duyularla müşahede edilmektedir. İnsanın fiilleri de yokluktan meydana gelmektedir. Bu da bir şeyin mutlaka bir şeyden yaratılmasının zaruri olmadığını gösterir (Mâtürîdî, s. 15, 142; Bağdâdî, s. 58-59; Nesefî, I, 74). 4. Heyûlânın imkândan ibaret bir cevher olarak kabul edilmek suretiyle de ezelîliğine hükmedilemez. Çünkü kâinat Allah tarafından icat edildiğine göre heyûlâdaki imkân da ancak icat edene atfedilmelidir (Âmidî, s. 274). 5. Bütün arazlardan veya sûretlerden soyutlanmış bir cevher tasavvur etmek mümkün görülmemektedir. Zira heyûlâ tek bir cevher ise ve daha sonra parçalara ayrılarak ondan kâinat meydana gelmişse birleşme arazından yoksun değil demektir. Çünkü bir cevherin parçalanmadan birçok cevher haline gelmesi imkânsızdır. Eğer tek bir cevher olan heyûlâ parçalanmadan kâinatın meydana gelmesini sağlamışsa bu da imkânsızdır. Zira sûretleri kabul etmesi cevherlerini çoğaltmaz (Bağdâdî, s. 57-58; Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , s. 369-370).
Netice itibariyle kelâm âlimleri, kâinatın ezelîliği ve buna bağlı olarak Allah’ın varlığı ile sıfatlarının yetkinliğini tartışmalı hale getirdiğini düşünerek sadece Aristocu anlayışı değil her türlü heyûlâ teorisini İslâm akaidine aykırı bulup reddetmişlerdir. Zira heyûlânın kâinatın bilfiil aslî unsurunu teşkil ettiğini kabul edenler de vardır (Mâtürîdî, s. 30). İslâm filozofları, her ne kadar Aristo tarafından varlığın zorunlu maddî sebebi olarak tanımlanan ve asla hâdis olamayacağı belirtilen (Weber, s. 71-72) heyûlâyı maddî olmayan imkân ilkesi durumundaki bir cevher haline dönüştürerek yumuşatmaya çalışmışlarsa da kelâm âlimleri bunu dahi Allah’ın yaratıcılığını, dolayısıyla yetkinliğini zedeleyici ve sınırlayıcı bir düşünce kabul etmişlerdir. Çünkü yoktan yaratabilen bir yaratıcının vardan yaratabilen yaratıcıdan daha yetkin olduğu şüphe götürmeyen bir husustur. Allah’ın vardan yarattığı kabul edildiği takdirde O’na bir nevi acz nisbet edildiği gibi O’nun fiilleri de yaratıkların fiillerine benzetilmiş olur. Bunun kabul edilmesi ise mümkün değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 13, 15, 30, 142, 147-149.
İbn Fûrek, Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât , s. 58, 91, 253-254.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 55, 57-59.
Gazzâlî, Tehâfütü’l-felâsife (nşr. Süleyman Dünyâ), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif), s. 76, 141.
Nesefî, Tebṣıratü’l-edille (Salamé) , I, 59, 72-77.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , II, 120, 126.
a.mlf., Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm , s. 10-11, 17-18, 33, 35, 163-167, 169.
Muhammed b. Eşref es-Semerkandî, eṣ-Ṣaḥâʾifü’l-ilâhiyye (nşr. Ahmed Abdurrahman eş-Şerîf), Küveyt 1405/1985, s. 266-270.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1407/1987, VI, 5-6, 199-200, 214.
Âmidî, Ġāyetü’l-merâm , s. 272-274.
İbn Teymiyye, Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1979, I, 122-125; III, 69-70, 84-86, 111, 284; V, 136, 202-203, 316, 356; VI, 347; VII, 233-234; VIII, 287-290, 312, 346; X, 286.
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , İstanbul 1239, s. 149, 172, 369-373.
a.mlf., et-Taʿrîfât , “heyûlâ” md.
Beyâzîzâde, İşârâtü’l-merâm , s. 90, 97-98.
A. Weber, Felsefe Tarihi (trc. H. Vehbi Eralp), İstanbul 1991, s. 71-75.
Âdil Avvâ, el-Muʿtezile ve’l-fikrü’l-ḥür , Dımaşk, ts. (el-Ehâlî li’t-tıbâa), s. 144-145.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 295-296 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.